BAB I

INTRODUCTION
I.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of making this report is:

Meet one of the graduation requirements English language

Increase knowledge about water
can provide a solution to cope with flooding

I.2 background
At the present time we have been very difficult to find clean water, especially in the big
cities, the causes of water scarcity occurs because many people who do not care about the
surrounding environment. For example there are many people who throw garbage into the river,
so the garbage piled up in the river will cause clogging and eventually there will be flooding,
especially in the rainy season.
Therefore with this task report is expected to realize the importance of clean water
themselves for life, both for humans and animals who depend on water.

BAB II
BASIC THEORY
II.1

Clean Water Shortage

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The water you drink today has likely been around in one form or another since dinosaurs
roamed the Earth, hundreds of millions of years ago.
While the amount of freshwater on the planet has remained fairly constant over time
continually recycled through the atmosphere and back into our cupsthe population has
exploded. This means that every year competition for a clean, copious supply of water for
drinking, cooking, bathing, and sustaining life intensifies.
Water scarcity is an abstract concept to many and a stark reality for others. It is the result
of myriad environmental, political, economic, and social forces.
Freshwater makes up a very small fraction of all water on the planet. While nearly 70
percent of the world is covered by water, only 2.5 percent of it is fresh. The rest is saline and
ocean-based. Even then, just 1 percent of our freshwater is easily accessible, with much of it
trapped in glaciers and snowfields. In essence, only 0.007 percent of the planet's water is
available to fuel and feed its 6.8 billion people.
Due to geography, climate, engineering, regulation, and competition for resources, some
regions seem relatively flush with freshwater, while others face drought and debilitating
pollution. In much of the developing world, clean water is either hard to come by or a
commodity that requires laborious work or significant currency to obtain.

II.2 Dirty Water

3.575 million people die each year from water-related disease. Less than 1% of the
world's fresh water (or about 0.007% of all water on earth) is readily accessible for direct human
use. Over 40 billion work hours are lost each year in Africa to the need to fetch drinking water.
At any one time, it is estimated that half the world's hospital beds are occupied with
patients suffering from waterborne diseases. 90 percent of wastewater in developing countries is
discharged into rivers and streams without any treatment. (UNDP,UNEP,World Bank, and the
World Resources Institute. Many sub-Saharan Africans get less than 20 litres of water a day and
two-thirds have no proper toilets. Many countries spend less than 1% of national income on
water. In the world's worst slums, people often pay five to 10 times more than wealthy people in
the same cities or in London. There is plenty of water globally but it is not evenly distributed and
is difficult to transport. The Middle East is the world's most "water-stressed" region, with
Palestinians, especially in Gaza, suffering the most.
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II.3

Flood

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land which is normally dry.The European
Union (EU) Floods Directive defines a flood as a covering by water of land not normally covered
by water. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide.
Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies, such as a river or lake, in which
the water overtops or breaks levees, resulting in some of that water escaping its usual boundaries,
or it may occur due to an accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an areal flood. While
the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and
snow melt, these changes in size are unlikely to be considered significant unless they flood
property or drown domestic animals.
Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river channel,
particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway. Floods often cause damage to homes and
businesses if they are in the natural flood plains of rivers. While riverine flood damage can be
eliminated by moving away from rivers and other bodies of water, people have traditionally lived
and worked by rivers because the land is usually flat and fertile and because rivers provide easy
travel and access to commerce and industry.
Some floods develop slowly, while others such as flash floods, can develop in just a few
minutes and without visible signs of rain. Additionally, floods can be local, impacting a
neighbourhood or community, or very large, affecting entire river basins.

II.4

Impact To Health
Digestion and better metabolism
Drinking water in sufficient amount to make good digestion or metabolism can work on
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maksimalnya capacity. In fact, recent research from the University of Utah stated that the
lack of water can cause metabolic decline.
- Improve the capacity and resilience of the body
You will be able to work harder / weight when you get enough water. In addition, water
can strengthen your immune system. Because water can increase glycogen storage, a
form of carbohydrate stored in the muscles and used as energy as you work.
- lasting hungry
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Sometimes hunger is the camouflage of thirst. When you become dehydrated (lack of
water) You may feel like eating when you really need is water. You can also make sense
of satiety effect of drinking water to prevent overeating.
- Reduce the risk of some kinds of diseases
Researchers now believe that the accuracy of the fluid or water can play an active role in
reducing the risk of some diseases such as kidney stones, urinary tract cancer, bladder
cancer, and cancer of the large intestine (colon). Drinking enough water can also avoid
constipation.
- Potent weapon against colds or colds
Antibodies in the mucus lining the esophagus serves to trap cold viruses. This endurance
will weaken when you dehydrated (lack of water) because it will cause dry mucus. For
the record many health professionals recommend water as an effective expectorant to
reduce coughing.
- Most potent moisturizing facial
By drinking plenty of water helps keep your skin supple and taut and reducing lines and
wrinkle on your face.
- Ward off fatigue due to travel
Your hot air can cause dehydration and will give rise to feeling tired at the time and after
the trip. Drink plenty of water before traveling and a glass every hour you travel.
Coping with migraines / headaches
The researchers stated that dehydration can cause migraines / headaches, so if you often
suffer from migraine is very important to drink adequate amounts of water.

II.5

Preventation And Solution Of Flood

Methods of control
- Dams
Many dams and their associated reservoirs are designed completely or partially to

aid in flood protection and control. Many large dams have flood-control reservations in which
the level of a reservoir must be kept below a certain elevation before the onset of the
rainy/summer melt season so as to allow a certain amount of space in which floodwaters can fill.
The term dry dam refers to a dam that serves purely for flood control without any conservation
storage (e.g. Mount Morris Dam, Seven Oaks Dam).
- Self-closing flood barrier
The self-closing flood barrier (SCFB) is a flood defense system to protect people
and property from inland waterway floods caused by heavy rainfall, gales or rapid melting snow.
[citation needed] The SCFB can be built to protect residential properties and whole communities,
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as well as industrial or other strategic areas. The barrier system is constantly ready to deploy in a
flood situation, it can be installed in any length and uses the rising flood water to deploy. Barrier
systems have already been built and installed in The Netherlands, Thailand, Belgium, Italy,
Ireland, UK, Vietnam, Australia, Russia and the U.S.A. Millions of documents at the National
Archivesbuilding in Washington DC are protected by two SCFBs.[citation needed]
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River defences
In many countries, rivers are prone to floods and are often carefully managed.

Defences such as levees, bunds, reservoirs, and weirs are used to prevent rivers from bursting
their banks. When these defences fail, emergency measures such as sandbags or portable
inflatable tubes are used.
A weir, also known as a lowhead dam, is most often used to create millponds, but
on the Humber River in Toronto, a weir was built near Raymore Drive to prevent a recurrence of
the flood damage caused by Hurricane Hazel in 1954.
- Coastal defences
Coastal flooding has been addressed in Europe and the Americas with coastal
defences, such as sea walls, beach nourishment, and barrier islands.
Tide gates are used in conjunction with dykes and culverts. They can be placed at
the mouth of streams or small rivers, where an estuary begins or where tributary streams, or
drainage ditches connect to sloughs. Tide gates close during incoming tides to prevent tidal
waters from moving upland, and open during outgoing tides to allow waters to drain out via the
culvert and into the estuary side of the dike. The opening and closing of the gates is driven by a
difference in water level on either side of the gate.
II.6.Water Consumtion
The single most important fact to know about household water consumption is that
standard shower heads and faucets flow at a rate of about 5-6 gallons per minute. This means a
10-minute shower will consume 50-60 gallons of water. This was enough water for an entire
family for a whole week prior to the convenience of modern plumbing and is the reason we
consume 800% more water per person today compared to 100 years ago. Today, a single flush of
the toilet or a tap running for 1 minute while you brush your teeth, consumes enough water to fill
a 5 gallon water cooler.
Showers consume more water per households each year than any other area; about 2535% of all household consumption. Flushing toilets, bathroom faucets, and outdoor taps are the
next biggest water consumption areas. Voluntarily cutting back on the utilization of these items
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by 50% is a no-cost method of conserving 50,000 gallons a year per average household. This
means 200 homes could conserve 10 million gallons of water per year; enough water to meet the
basic drinking needs of about 30,000 people that same year. Yet this type of voluntary reduction
is difficult to maintain and achieve on one's own without having to compromise or change your
habits.
However, The WaterGeeks can help you achieve these savings without compromise or
habit changes. Our low-flow shower heads, faucet aerators and garden hose nozzles each utilize
new flex-regulating technology that reduces water consumption by up to 50% while maintaining
the high output water pressure consumers have come to expect. You experience conservation
without compromise while also slashing your water consumption, heating, and disposal costs by
up to 50%. Best of all, you can replace your shower head, garden nozzle, and bathroom and
kitchen sink aerators with these simple to install, low-flow replacements, for around $30.

BAB III
CLOSING
III.1.CONCLUSION

Water is essential for life, not just for humans only, but many organisms that depend on
water, because water is the source of life for all organisms then the existence of this report is
expected to be able to fit all of uss aware and concerned to maintain the survival of all living
things, maybe that's all that can fit in this report, the shortcomings we are sorry

III.2.RESOURCE LINK
- en.wikipedia.com
- www.floodpreventionsociety.com
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