Jaringan Bergerak dan Nirkabel

Introduction to RFID
Dr. I Wayan Mustika, ST., M.Eng.
Jurusan Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi
FT UGM

Outline
What is RFID?
RFID: Applications
RFID System Components
Reader-Tag Coupling

What is RFID?
RFID = Radio Frequency IDentification
Identification system that consists of chip-based tags and
readers
Reader queries using RF, ID sends its ID using RF
Competes with Bar Code, Magnetic stripes, Magnetic Ink
Character Recognition (MICR) on Bank Checks

Bar Code

RFID v.s. Bar Code

Deliberate scan vs. automatic scan
Human bar code scanners error
You might be entering 3 t-shirts on the keypad instead of
scanning the three items

Line of sight vs. random orientation

makes for faster processing, can read through conveyance
walls, is weather resistant

A unique item identifier for every item on earth

Other capabilities: location information
(write many read many)

RFID advantages over bar-codes

No line of sight required for reading

Multiple items can be read with a single scan
Each tag can carry a lot of data (read/write)
Individual items identified and not just the category
Passive tags have a virtually unlimited lifetime
Active tags can be read from great distances
Can be combined with barcode technology

Many Forms of RFID

Smart labels:
EPC (Electronic Product Code) tags
Barcode

EPC tag
Fast, automated
scanning

Line-of-sight
Specifies object type

Radio contact
Uniquely specifies object

Provides pointer
to database entry
for every object,
i.e., unique,
detailed history

2030: Week in the life of a milk carton

30 April: RFID-tagged cow Bessie produces milk

30 April: Milk transferred to RFID-tagged tank

1 May: RFID portal on truck records loading of refrigeration tanks

(Truck also has active RFID (+GPS) to track geographical location and RFID
transponder to pay tolls)

2 May: Chemical-treatment record written to database record for milk barrel

Cow identity and milking time recorded in tank-tag database

Bessies herd recorded to have consumed bitter grass; compensatory sugars added

3 May: Milk packaged in RFID-tagged carton; milk pedigree recorded in

database associated with carton tag
4 May: RFID portal at supermarket loading dock records arrival of carton
5 May: Smart shelf records arrival of carton in customer area
5 May 0930h: Smart shelf records removal of milk
5 May 0953h: Point-of-sale terminal records sale of milk (to Alice)

6 May 0953h: Supermarket transfers tag ownership to Alices smart home

6 May 1103h: Alices refrigerator records arrival of milk

6 May 1405h: Alices refrigerator records removal of milk; refrigerator looks up
database-recorded pedigree and displays: Woodstock, Vermont, Grade A, light
pasturization, artisanal, USDA organic, breed: Jersey, genetic design #81726

6 May 1807h: Alices smart home warns domestic robot that milk has been
left out of refrigerator for more than four hours
6 May 1809h: Alices refrigerator records replacement of milk

7 May 0530h: Domestic robot uses RFID tag to locate milk in refrigerator; refills
baby bottle

6 May 0953h: Supermarket transfers tag ownership to Alices smart home

6 May 1103h: Alices refrigerator records arrival of milk

6 May 1405h: Alices refrigerator records removal of milk; refrigerator looks up
database-recorded pedigree and displays: Woodstock, Vermont, Grade A, light
pasturization, artisanal, USDA organic, breed: Jersey, genetic design #81726

6 May 1807h: Alices smart home warns domestic robot that milk has been
left out of refrigerator for more than four hours
6 May 1809h: Alices refrigerator records replacement of milk

7 May 0530h: Domestic robot uses RFID tag to locate milk in refrigerator; refills
baby bottle
7 May 0531h: Robot discards carton; Smart refrigerator notes absence of
milk; transfers order to Alices PDA/phone/portable server grocery list
7 May 2357h: Recycling center scans RFID tag on carton; directs carton to
paper-brick recycling substation

RFID: Applications
Manufacturing and Processing
Inventory and production process monitoring
Warehouse order fulfillment

Supply Chain Management

Inventory tracking systems
Logistics management

Retail
Inventory control and customer insight
Auto checkout with reverse logistics

Security
Access control
Counterfeiting and Theft control/prevention

Location Tracking
Traffic movement control and parking management
Wildlife/Livestock monitoring and tracking

RFID: Applications
Anti-Theft
Keyless entry
Automobile ignition keys

Automotive anti-theft
Immobilization

 Electronic Product Code (EPC)

Proximity cards

Crate #123
(jet engines)

Smart groceries
Add an RFID tag to all
items in the grocery.
As the cart leaves the
store, it passes through
an RFID transceiver.
The cart is rung up in
seconds.

Smart fridge

Recognizes whats been put in it

Recognizes when things are removed
Creates automatic shopping lists
Notifies you when things are past their expiration

Smart groceries enhanced

Track products through their
entire lifetime.

Animal tracking
Not Really Mad

Livestock

Housepets

The cat came back,

the very next day

People tracking

Schools
Amusement parks
Hospitals
In the same vein: mobile phones with GPS

Privacy Issues

RFID System

RFID System Components

www.datasoft.se
www.eff.org

www.forrester.com
www.kennedygrp.com
www.barcoding.com

TAGS

READER

MIDDLEWARE

RFID Tags
RFID tag is an electronic device that can store and
transmit data to a reader in a contactless manner using
radio waves
Tags can be attached to almost anything:
Items, cases or pallets of products, high value goods
vehicles, assets, livestock or personnel
74AB8

Evian bottle
#949837428

5F8KJ3

Passive Tags

No onboard power, powered by incoming RF.

Activated in presence of the readers radio waves.
Smaller in size, cheaper, long-life.
Approx range 5m.
Harsh Environment

Active tags

Onboard Power Supply: battery

More reliable reading.
Can be read 100 ft away.
Other items processors, i/o ports
Larger in size
Comparatively expensive

RFID Tag Properties

RFID Frequency Types

Low Frequency
High Frequency
Ultra High Frequency
Microware Frequency

Each frequency has different characteristics

Operating Distance
Material Affinity etc.

LF

HF

UHF

Microwave

Freq. Range

125 - 134KHz

13.56 MHz

866 - 915MHz

2.45 - 5.8 GHz

Read Range

10 cm

1M

2-7 M

1M

Market share

74%

17%

6%

3%

Coupling

Magnetic

Magnetic

Electro magnetic

Electro magnetic

Data rate

Slower

Moderate

Fast

Faster

Application

Smart Card,
Ticketing, animal
tagging,
Access, Laundry

Small item
management,
supply chain,
Anti--theft,
Anti
library,
transportation

Transportation
vehicle ID,
Access/Security,
large item
management,
supply chain

Transportation
vehicle ID (road
toll),
Access/Security,
large item
management,
supply chain

Materials

LF

HF

UHF

Microwave

Clothing

Friendly

Friendly

Friendly

Friendly

Paper

Friendly

Friendly

Friendly

Friendly

Metals

Friendly

Friendly

Opaque

Opaque

Graphite

Friendly

Friendly

Opaque

Opaque

Plastic

Friendly

Friendly

Friendly

Friendly

Oil

Friendly

Friendly

Friendly

Friendly

Water

Friendly

Friendly

Absorbent

Absorbent

Other
Liquids

Friendly

Friendly

Absorbent

Absorbent

RFID Reader
RFID Reader is also called
an Interrogator
It is a device that can read
and write data to the RFID
tags
Serial Readers
Network Readers
Directly hook on the
computers serial port using
RS232 or RS485
Communication link is
reliable than network readers

Connected via wire or

wireless network
Remote updates possible
Communication link can
become a bottleneck

Inside RFID Reader

Digital Signal
Processor
(DSP)

Components
Transmitter &
Receiver
Microprocessor
Memory
IO Channels
Communication
Interface
Power supply

Network
Processor

Power
Supply

915MHz
Radio

13.56MHz
Radio

 Reader functions:

Remotely power tags

Establish a bidirectional data link
Inventory tags, filter results
Communicate with networked server(s)
Can read 100-300 tags per second

Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed

point such as
Entrance/exit
Point of sale

Readers can also be mobile/hand-held

Reader-Tag Coupling
Passive tags have capacitor to store energy for replying
(TDD)
Can respond on another frequency while reader is still
transmitting (FDD)

Near-Field = Within a few wavelength

Far-field = Beyond a few wavelengths
Low-Frequency (large ) system operate in near-field
High-Frequency and UHF system operate in far-field

 Both Antennas are coils (like

transformers)
Reader sends a AM/FM/PM
modulated wave
Tag responds by varying its
load on the reader

Inductive Coupling

N
Reader

Inductive Coupling: In near-field

TAG

 Back Scatter: In far-field

Backscatter

Reader

Reflecting the energy back.

Tag changes its reflection to
respond.
TAG

Technical Details: Low Frequency

Technical Details: High Frequency

RFID Printer
Readers are also classified as
stationery and handheld.
RFID Printer is a type of stationery
reader which prints smart label.
A smart label consists of a barcode and
a RFID tag.
Information such as sender, recipient
addresses, product information etc can
be printed
Step towards RFID adoption

RFID Range
Reading range depends upon the transmitted power,
antenna gains, frequency, reader receiver sensitivity.
Affected by the environment: Metal objects (aluminum foil),
Water (Wetness, salt water)

 Middleware
Each reader manufacturer
Commercial middleware
Open source middleware work at UofA

Database
Store attributes related to the serial
Number of the RFID tag
Examples

What is it?
Who made it?
Who bought it?
Where has it been?