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CONTENTS
01 Feature
The Role of the Surveyor in Building Better Ships
11 Focus
Rule C100
Technical Challenges and Daring Innovation
13 Report
The ClassNK Research Center
Column - Pitting Corrosion
15 Rule
Ship Condition Assessment Program (CAP)
17 Watch
CSR- bring changes to ship structural standards
ClassNK's Rule C100 project played an essential
part in their development
19 Service
CSR Related Services
20 Topics
21 World Class & NK Now
Bulk Carrier
Feature
02
03
Bulk Carrier
Feature
Bulk Carrier
04
Feature
any shipyards already consider ClassNK surveyors to be their trusted advisors. A veteran
surveyor told us, Currently, our role as surveyors has definitely expanded to serving as advisors, as well.
The reason for this is that the job of the surveyors is no longer confined to just classification matters. Their work now
also covers ISM Code certification and work related to the
ISPS Code. As a result of the many marine casualties that
occurred in the 1990s, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) decided to make the ISM Code mandatory.
Under the ISM Code, shipping companies are required to
establish a Safety Management System (SMS) which must
be certified by the flag state or a recognized organization
working on its behalf. This work is often undertaken by
classification societies. In light of recent terrorist attacks,
the IMO has also made the ISPS Code mandatory in order
to increase maritime security. Certification of shipboard security systems in line with the ISPS Code is also now a job
undertaken by classification societies as recognized organizations of the flag state. At ClassNK, many surveyors undergo qualification training for ISM Code and ISPC Code
related certification, but for most surveyors, this is a job
that is done in addition to their ordinary class survey work.
Class surveyors are increasingly working as agents on behalf of flag states, and this is expanding the scope of each
individual surveyors work. As ClassNK surveyors take on
these roles, it is only natural that the shipyards would begin
to look to them as advisors as well as surveyors.
05
Bulk Carrier
were increasing and there was a growing need for ships that
could carry loose, unpackaged dry cargos.
The first bulk carrier built in Japan was the Nichiryu Maru,
a twin engine twin shaft ship, fitted with two diesel engines,
with a length of 153 metres, breadth of 21 metres, depth
of 11.5 metres, and a deadweight of 15,368 tons. The ship
was designed to carry iron ore as its main cargo and was
completed at Nippon Kokans (NKK)
Shimizu Shipyard in August 1954.
The rst bulk carriers built by various Japanese shipyards
After the Nichiryu Maru, the conShip Name
Completion
Shipbuilder
DWT
Type
struction of bulk carriers to carry coal
Nichiryu Maru
1954
NKK Shimizu
15,368
Ore/Bulk
and grain became prominent in Japan
Nikitas Roussos
1960
Shin-MHI Kobe
21,110
Bulk
around 1960.
Laconia
1960
Harima S&E
20,853
Bulk
The table shows the first bulk carriAmorgos
1961
IHI Tokyo
22,850
Bulk
ers built at several of Japans leading
Bintan Maru
1961
Uraga Dock
15,355
Bulk
shipyards.
Moshill
1961
MHI Nagasaki
24,717
Bulk
Corsair
Eastern Sakura *7.5
1962
MES Tamano
24,911
Bulk
1962
Hakodate Dock
15,700
Log
Fugo Maru
1964
IHI Aioi
34,986
Bulk
Arthur Stone
1965
Hitachi Innoshima
39,277
Bulk
Aegean Sky
1966
MHI Yokohama/Hiroshima
40,783
Bulk
Source: Tsuneo Yoshiki, "Systematic Survey of the Development of Specialized Shipbuilding Technologies", National Museum of Nature and Science, Survey reports on the systemization of
technologies, vol. 5, 2005, p. 247.
*Note:
Rational Structure
hip designers often say that the bulk carrier is a rational structure with a minimal amount of waste.
The triangular shaped topside tanks situated under
the main deck and the double bottom and hopper tanks at
the bottom of the ship help to strengthen the hull, enabling
the cargo holds to be made larger. Furthermore, the hold
structure makes it possible for the cargo to be loaded without the need for trimming, allowing bulk carriers to carry
large volumes of cargo efficiently.
It is important for ships carrying cargo in bulk to have
as large a hold capacity as possible, and current bulk carrier designs have been refined
to meet such objectives. Hopper tanks not only play a role in
strengthening the hull, but they
also make it easier to unload
cargo. This multi-functionality
is a perfect example of why the
bulk carrier is considered to be
an extremely rational structure. Single-Sided Bulk Carrier
Bulk Carrier
06
Side shell
on the upper deck, the width of the opening, and discontinuity of the strength properties.
B The underside of the topside tank (upper deck) and
lower part of the topside tank are prone to corrosion.
C Due to the configuration of the single
Acid production process
side structure, proper
Coal
(self-heating)
maintenance of the
Moisture
frames inside the hold
is important from a
Condensation
strength point of view.
Sea water
(cool)
Once cracks develop
Reacts with sulfur
on the frames in the
in coal
hold, there is a conFormation of acids
cern that such cracks
may propagate to the
shell plate. Frames in
holds are likely to be
07
Bulk Carrier
The key characteristics of each bulk carrier type are shown below.
Ore Carriers
Handysize:
Capesize:
handymaxes.
Lakesizes:
Panamax:
specific port.
Bulk Carrier
08
09
Bulk Carrier
round the year 2000, while bulk carrier safety discussions were still ongoing, IACS began studying
ways to improve the safety of tanker hull structures in response to a number of accidents involving oil
tankers. At this point, investigations into bulk carrier safety
were already well underway and IACS moved to include oil
tankers in its efforts as well. In 2003, as the investigations
into bulk carrier safety were coming to a close, IACS decided to proceed with the development of common structural
rules (CSR) for both bulk carriers and oil tankers. In so
doing, the individual structural rules of each classification
society were to be unified, with the hope of developing a
more rigorous and transparent set of rules.
Bulk Carrier
10
Focus
Rule C100
Technical Challenges
and Daring Innovation
When ClassNK commenced work on its Rule C100 Project some
ten years ago, it was the largest research and development project ever undertaken by the Society. This advanced structural
rule development project not only greatly improved ClassNKs
technical capabilities and expertise, but also greatly contributed to the development of the IACS Common Structural Rules.
Starting From Scratch
11
Bulk Carrier
An Abundance of Data
from Actual Ships
A Technical Guidance
Becomes a Design Standard
12
Report
Opened in Chiba in March 1993, the ClassNK Research Center combines the research capabilities of the ClassNK's Research Institute, formerly based in Mitaka, and the computer facilties
from the ClassNK Administration Center in Tokyo into a single, state-of-the-art research facility.
13
Bulk Carrier
Bulk Carrier
14
Rule
15
Bulk Carrier
he results of the assessment are provided by assigning an accurate rating for each survey item.
The definition of each rating is shown below
Programme (CAP)
Unsatisfactory Condition
(d) Rate Grade 4:
Defects which greatly affect performance were found
during the inspections or effectiveness tests of the items
or system. Upkeep records and maintenance practices
are considered to be unsatisfactory.
W
T
(1) CAP-HULL
(a) Overall Assessment and Assessment of
Hull Strength Study for each structural part
(b) Inspection Report
(c) Fatigue Strength Study Report
(d) Corrosion Protection Assessment
(e) Photographic Report
(f) Plate Thickness Measurement Records
Bulk Carrier
16
Watch
Background to the CSR
17
Bulk Carrier
ClassNK:
Leadership and Contribution
One development that has certainly drawn the attention of the shipping and shipbuilding industries
over the past few years has been the introduction of the IACS Common Structural Rules (CSR). The
CSR represent IACS's greatest undertaking since its founding. The CSR are a dramatic achievement,
not only in the way they are affecting ship structure and design, but in the sense that for the rst time
standards have been unied among the class societies. Thanks to research and development on Rule
C100, ClassNK was able to play a central role in the development and implementation of the IACS CSR.
18
Service
CSR Related Services
19
Bulk Carrier
Topics
Mr. Ueda becomes the new Chairman and President of ClassNK
GASTECHBangkok
VietShipHanoi
CMA ShippingStamford
Asia Pacific MaritimeSingapore
SEA JAPANTokyo
ShiptekKochi
PosidoniaAthens
Asia Maritime and LogisticsKuala Lumpur
China (Nangton) International Ship Industry ExpoNantong
SMMHamburg
Shiport ChinaDalian
Seatrade Middle East MaritimeDubai
Bulk Carrier
20
World
Class
www.classnk.or.jp
Plan Approval Center
Oslo
Copenhagen
Newcastle
Gdansk
Hamburg
London
Milford Haven
Rotterdam
Antwerp
Genova
Bilbao
Marseille
Barcelona
Lisbon
Cadiz
Constantza
Piraeus
Amman
Las Palmas
Beijing
Dalian
Tianjin
Ulsan
Seoul
Qingdao
Mokpo Busan
Tokyo/Chiba
Shanghai Koje
(Head Ofce)
Zhoushan
Istanbul
Alexandria
Kuwait
Jeddah
Dubai
Mumbai
(Bombay)
Taipei
Dhaka
Guangzhou
Kaohsiung
Haiphong
Hong Kong
Visakhapatnam
Kochi
Chennai
(Madras)
Miri
Kota Kinabalu
Kuala Lumpur Johor Bahru
Batam Singapore
Balikpapan
Jakarta
Cape Town
Durban
Surabaya
Fremantle
Melbourne
NK Now
104 Locations
B
y the end of August 2008, the ClassNK service network had grown to a total of 104
exclusive service sites. This includes 21 service sites in Japan and a total of 83 service
sites in key locations around the world, with Kochi in India, Tianjin and Zhoushan in
China, and Mokpo in Korea being the latest additions. In addition to this service network,
ClassNK also maintains a total of 21 international committees so that the Society can
exchange information and ideas with maritime leaders throughout the world. The Society
established its newest committee, the Middle-East Technical Committee at the end of 2007.
In order to provide better local service customer oriented service, ClassNK established
three new plan approval centers in Istanbul, Mumbai and Busan in 2008. These centers
join the Societys existing plan approval centers in Tokyo, Singapore and Shanghai, allowing plan approvals to be conducted quickly and effectively around the globe.
21
Bulk Carrier
Vancouver
Seattle
Montreal
New York
Norfolk
Los Angeles
Houston
New Orleans
Miami
Veracruz
Panama
Guayaquil
Rio de Janeiro
Santos
Brisbane
Sydney
Valparaiso
Auckland
160
A
Million
gross tons
t the end of November 2008, ClassNK had 7,017 ships on its register, totaling some 160,522,744 gross tons. ClassNK is the first classification society
in the world to surpass the 160 million gross ton mark for tonnage registered under class and ClassNK remains the worlds largest classification society in terms
of gross tons. On a tonnage basis, more than 20% of the worlds fleet is registered
with ClassNK. 549 newbuildings totaling 14,420,125 gross tons were registered
to ClassNK in 2007, surpassing the previous record set in 2006 by more than
120,000 gross tons. When combined with other ships newly registered during the
year, a record 584 ships totaling 14,978,670 gross tons were added to the ClassNK
register in 2007. Due to the large number of newbuildings registered, the ClassNK
fleet continues to be comparatively young with an average age of 11.1 years.
Buenos Aires
51%
B
22