Luminous Efficacy - Wikipedia

Luminous efficacy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_efficacy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Luminous efficacy is a measure of how well a light source produces visible light. It is the ratio of luminous
flux to power. Depending on context, the power can be either the radiant flux of the source's output, or it can
be the total power (electric power, chemical energy, or others) consumed by the source.[1][2][3] Which sense
of the term is intended must usually be inferred from the context, and is sometimes unclear. The former
sense is sometimes called luminous efficacy of radiation, and the latter luminous efficacy of a source.
The luminous efficacy of a source is a measure of the efficiency with which the source provides visible light
from electricity.[4] The luminous efficacy of radiation describes how well a given quantity of
electromagnetic radiation from a source produces visible light: the ratio of luminous flux to radiant flux.[5]
Not all wavelengths of light are equally visible, or equally effective at stimulating human vision, due to the
spectral sensitivity of the human eye; radiation in the infrared and ultraviolet parts of the spectrum is useless
for illumination. The overall luminous efficacy of a source is the product of how well it converts energy to
electromagnetic radiation, and how well the emitted radiation is detected by the human eye.
1 Efficacy and efficiency

2 Luminous efficacy of radiation
2.1 Explanation
2.2 Mathematical definition
2.3 Examples
2.3.1 Photopic vision
2.3.2 Scotopic vision
3 Lighting efficiency
3.1 Examples
4 SI photometry units
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
In some systems of units, luminous flux has the same units as radiant flux. The luminous efficacy of
radiation is then dimensionless. In this case, it is often instead called the luminous efficiency, and may be
expressed as a percentage. A common choice is to choose units such that the maximum possible efficacy,
683 lm/W, corresponds to an efficiency of 100%. The distinction between efficacy and efficiency is not
always carefully maintained in published sources, so it is not uncommon to see "efficiencies" expressed in
lumens per watt, or "efficacies" expressed as a percentage.
The luminous coefficient is luminous efficiency expressed as a value between zero and one, with one
corresponding to an efficacy of 683 lm/W.
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Explanation
Wavelengths of light outside of the visible spectrum are not useful
for illumination because they cannot be seen by the human eye.
Furthermore, the eye responds more to some wavelengths of light
than others, even within the visible spectrum. This response of the
eye is represented by the luminosity function. This is a standardized
function which represents the response of a "typical" eye under
bright conditions (photopic vision). One can also define a similar
curve for dim conditions (scotopic vision). When neither is specified,
photopic conditions are generally assumed.
The response of a typical human eye
Luminous efficacy of radiation measures the fraction of
to light, as standardized by the CIE in
electromagnetic power which is useful for lighting. It is obtained by
1924. The horizontal axis is
dividing the luminous flux by the radiant flux. Light with
wavelength in nm
wavelengths outside the visible spectrum reduces luminous efficacy,
because it contributes to the radiant flux while the luminous flux of
such light is zero. Wavelengths near the peak of the eye's response contribute more strongly than those near
the edges.
In SI, luminous efficacy has units of lumens per watt (lm/W). Photopic luminous efficacy of radiation has a
maximum possible value of 683 lm/W, for the case of monochromatic light at a wavelength of 555 nm
(green). Scotopic luminous efficacy of radiation reaches a maximum of 1700 lm/W for narrowband light of
wavelength 507 nm.
Mathematical definition
The dimensionless luminous efficiency measures the integrated fraction of the radiant power that contributes
to its luminous properties as evaluated by means of the standard luminosity function.[6] The luminous
coefficient is
where
y is the standard luminosity function,
J is the spectral power distribution of the radiant intensity.
The luminous coefficient is unity for a narrow band of wavelengths at 555 nanometres.
Note that
is an inner product between
and
and that
is the one-norm of
Examples
Photopic vision
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Luminous
efficiency[note 1]
Luminous efficacy of
radiation
(lm/W)
Type
Typical tungsten light bulb at 2800 K
15[7]
2%
Class M star (Antares, Betelgeuse), 3000 K
30
4%
Ideal black-body radiator at 4000 K
54.7[8]
8%
Class G star (Sun, Capella), 5800 K
93[7]
13.6%
Ideal black-body radiator at 7000 K
95[8]
14%
Ideal 5800 K black-body, truncated to 400700 nm

(ideal "white" source) [note 2]
251[7][note 3][9]
37%
5800 K black-body truncated to 2% photopic

sensitivity range[note 4]
292[10][9]
43%

299[10][9]
44%

343[10][9]
50%

348[10][9]
51%
Ideal monochromatic 555 nm source
683[11]
100%
Scotopic vision
Type
Luminous efficacy of radiation Luminous efficiency[note 1]

(lm/W)
Ideal monochromatic 507 nm source 1699 lm/W[12] or 1700 lm/W[13] 100%
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Spectral radiance of a black body. Energy outside

the visible wavelength range (~380750 nm, shown
by grey dotted lines) reduces the luminous
efficiency.
Artificial light sources are usually evaluated in terms of luminous efficacy of a source, also sometimes
called overall luminous efficacy. This is the ratio between the total luminous flux emitted by a device and
the total amount of input power (electrical, etc.) it consumes. It is also sometimes referred to as the
wall-plug luminous efficacy or simply wall-plug efficacy. The overall luminous efficacy is a measure of
the efficiency of the device with the output adjusted to account for the spectral response curve (the
luminosity function). When expressed in dimensionless form (for example, as a fraction of the maximum
possible luminous efficacy), this value may be called overall luminous efficiency, wall-plug luminous
efficiency, or simply the lighting efficiency.
The main difference between the luminous efficacy of radiation and the luminous efficacy of a source is that
the latter accounts for input energy that is lost as heat or otherwise exits the source as something other than
electromagnetic radiation. Luminous efficacy of radiation is a property of the radiation emitted by a source.
Luminous efficacy of a source is a property of the source as a whole.
Examples
The following table lists luminous efficacy of a source and efficiency for various light sources. Note that all
lamps requiring electrical/electronic ballast are unless noted (see also voltage) listed without losses for that,
reducing total efficiency.
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Category
Combustion
Type
Overall
luminous
efficacy (lm/W)
candle
0.3[note 6]
0.04%
gas mantle
12[14]
0.150.3%
100200 W tungsten incandescent

(230 V)
13.8[15]15.2[16]
22.2%
100200500 W tungsten glass halogen 16.7[17]17.6[16]

(230 V)
19.8[16]
Incandescent
512.6[18]17.5[18] 0.71.82.6%
2.6 W tungsten glass halogen (5.2 V)
19.2[19]
2.8%
tungsten quartz halogen (1224 V)
24
3.5%
photographic and projection lamps
35[20]
5.1%
4.5150 [21][22]
[23][24]
0.6622%
4.1 W LED screw base lamp (120 V)
58.582.9[25]
8.612%
5.4 W LED screw base lamp (100 V

50/60 Hz)
101.9[26]
14.9%
55.181.9[25]
8.112%
7 W LED PAR20 (120 V)
28.6[27]
4.2%
7 W LED PAR30 (110-230 V)
60[28]
8.8%
8.7 W LED screw base lamp (120 V)
6993.1[25][29]
10.113.6%
Theoretical limit for a white LED with

phosphorescence color mixing
260300[30]
38.143.9%
carbon arc lamp
2-7[31]
0.29-1.0%
xenon arc lamp
3050[32][33]
4.47.3%
mercury-xenon arc lamp
5055[32]
7.38%
UHP ultra-high-pressure
mercury-vapor arc lamp: initial, free
mounted
5878[34]
8.511.4%
UHP ultra-high-pressure
mercury-vapor arc lamp: rated, with
reflector for projectors
3050[35]
4.47.3%
Light-emitting diode 6.9 W LED screw base lamp (120 V)
Fluorescent
2.42.62.9%
540100 W tungsten incandescent

(120 V)
white LED (raw, without power supply)
Arc lamp
Overall
luminous
efficiency[note 1]
very low pressure mercury-vapor

gas-discharge lamp with fluorescence as 60[36]
T12 tube with magnetic ballast
9%
932 W compact fluorescent (with

ballast)
811.45%[39]
4675[16][37][38]
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Category
Gas discharge
Type
Overall
luminous
efficiency[note 1]
T8 tube with electronic ballast
80100[36]
1215%
PL-S 11 W U-tube, excluding ballast

loss
82[40]
12%
T5 tube
70104.2[41][42]
1015.63%
70-150W Inductively Coupled

Electrodeless Lighting System
71-84[43]
10-12%
1400 W sulfur lamp
100[44]
15%
metal halide lamp
65115[45]
9.517%
high pressure sodium lamp
85150[16]
1222%
low pressure sodium lamp
100200[16][46][47] 1529%
Plasma display panel
2-10[48]
0.31.5%
30
5%
Truncated 5800 K blackbody[note 3]
251[7]
37%
Green light at 555 nm (maximum

possible luminous efficacy)
683.002[11]
100%
Cathodoluminescence electron stimulated luminescence

Ideal sources
Overall
luminous
efficacy (lm/W)
Sources that depend on thermal emission from a solid filament, such as incandescent light bulbs, tend to
have low overall efficacy because, as explained by Donald L. Klipstein, An ideal thermal radiator produces
visible light most efficiently at temperatures around 6300 C (6600 K or 11,500 F). Even at this high
temperature, a lot of the radiation is either infrared or ultraviolet, and the theoretical luminous [efficacy] is
95 lumens per watt. No substance is solid and usable as a light bulb filament at temperatures anywhere close
to this. The surface of the sun is not quite that hot.[20] At temperatures where the tungsten filament of an
ordinary light bulb remains solid (below 3683 kelvins), most of its emission is in the infrared.[20]
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Quantity
Name
Unit
Symbol[nb 1]
Name
Dimension
Symbol
Symbol
Notes
Luminous energy
Qv [nb 2]
lumen second lms
TJ [nb 3]
Units are sometimes called

talbots.
Luminous flux /
luminous power
v [nb 2]
lumen
(= cdsr)
lm
J [nb 3]
Luminous energy per unit time.
Luminous
intensity
Iv
candela
(= lm/sr)
cd
J [nb 3]
Luminous power per unit solid

angle.
L2J
Luminous power per unit solid

angle per unit projected source
area. Units are sometimes called
nits.
Luminance
Lv
candela per
square metre
Illuminance
Ev
lux (= lm/m2) lx
L2J
Luminous power incident on a

surface.
Luminous
exitance /
luminous
emittance
Mv
lux
lx
L2J
Luminous power emitted from a

surface.
Luminous
exposure
Hv
lux second
lxs
L2TJ
lumen second
per cubic
lmsm3 L3TJ
metre
Luminous energy
density
Luminous
efficacy
Luminous
efficiency /
luminous
coefficient
[nb 2]
lumen per
watt
cd/m2
lm/W
M1L2T3J
Ratio of luminous flux to radiant

flux or power consumption,
depending on context.
1
See also: SI Photometry Radiometry
1. Standards organizations recommend that photometric quantities be denoted with a suffix "v" (for "visual") to
avoid confusion with radiometric or photon quantities. For example: USA Standard Letter Symbols for
Illuminating Engineering USAS Z7.1-1967, Y10.18-1967
2. Alternative symbols sometimes seen: W for luminous energy, P or F for luminous flux, and or K for luminous
efficacy.
3. "J" here is the symbol for the dimension of luminous intensity, not the symbol for the unit joules.
Photometry
Light pollution
Wall-plug efficiency a related principle, but slightly different
Coefficient of utilization
List of light sources
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1. Defined such that the maximum value possible is 100%.

2. most efficient source you can do that mimics solar spectrum only within range of visual sensitivity
3. Integral of truncated Planck function times photopic luminosity function times 683 W/sr, according to the
definition of the candela.
4. Truncates the very poor sensitivity (2% of the peak) and as such insignificant parts of the visible spectrum
5. Truncates the very poor sensitivity (5% of the peak) and as such insignificant parts of the visible spectrum
6. 1 candela*4 steradians/40 W
1. Allen Stimson (1974). Photometry and Radiometry for Engineers. New York: Wiley and Son.
2. Franc Grum, Richard Becherer (1979). Optical Radiation Measurements, Vol 1. New York: Academic Press.
3. Robert Boyd (1983). Radiometry and the Detection of Optical Radiation. New York: Wiley and Son.
4. Roger A. Messenger; Jerry Ventre (2004). Photovoltaic systems engineering (2 ed.). CRC Press. p. 123.
ISBN 978-0-8493-1793-4.
5. Erik Reinhard, Erum Arif Khan, Ahmet Ouz Akyz, Garrett Johnson (2008). Color imaging: fundamentals and
applications. A K Peters, Ltd. p. 338. ISBN 978-1-56881-344-8.
6. Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. Princeton, New Jersey, Toronto, London, New York: D. Van
Nostrand Company, Inc. January 1958.
7. "Maximum Efficiency of White Light" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-07-31.
8. Black body visible spectrum
9. Murphy, Thomas W. (2012). "Maximum spectral luminous efficacy of white light". Journal of Applied Physics
111 (10): 104909. arXiv:1309.7039. Bibcode:2012JAP...111j4909M. doi:10.1063/1.4721897.
10. Murphy Jr, T. W. (2013). "Maximum Spectral Luminous Efficacy of White Light". Journal of Applied Physics
111 (10): 104909. arXiv:1309.7039. Bibcode:2012JAP...111j4909M. doi:10.1063/1.4721897.
11. Wyszecki, Gnter and Stiles, W.S. (2000). Color Science Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and
Formulae (2nd ed.). Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 0-471-39918-3.
12. Kohei Narisada; Duco Schreuder (2004). Light Pollution Handbook. Springer. ISBN 1-4020-2665-X.
13. Casimer DeCusatis (1998). Handbook of Applied Photometry. Springer. ISBN 1-56396-416-3.
14. Westermaier, F. V. (1920). "Recent Developments in Gas Street Lighting". The American City (New York: Civic
Press) 22 (5): 490.
15. "Bulbs: Gluehbirne.ch: Philips Standard Lamps (German)". Bulbs.ch. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
16. Philips Product Catalog (http://www.lighting.philips.com/de_de/tools_downloads/pricelist_lamps/downloads
/preisliste_dede_20081023.pdf) (German) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110715074805/http:
//www.lighting.philips.com/de_de/tools_downloads/pricelist_lamps/downloads/preisliste_dede_20081023.pdf)
July 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
17. "Osram halogen" (PDF). osram.de (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 7, 2007. Retrieved
2008-01-28.
18. Keefe, T.J. (2007). "The Nature of Light". Archived from the original on 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
19. "Osram 6406330 Miniwatt-Halogen 5.2V". bulbtronics.com. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
20. Klipstein, Donald L. (1996). "The Great Internet Light Bulb Book, Part I". Retrieved 2006-04-16.
21. "White LED Offers Broad Temp Range And Color Yield". Electronicdesign. 2001-04-02. Retrieved 2013-05-16.
22. "Nichia NSPWR70CSS-K1 specifications" (PDF). Nichia Corp. Retrieved 2013-05-16.
23. Klipstein, Donald L. "The Brightest and Most Efficient LEDs and where to get them". Don Klipstein's Web Site.
Retrieved 2008-01-15.
24. "Cree XLamp XP-G LEDs Data Sheet" (PDF).
25. "Toshiba E-CORE LED Lamp". item.rakuten.com. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
26. "Toshiba E-CORE LED Lamp LDA5N-E17". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19.
27. "GE 73716 7-Watt Energy Smart PAR20 LED Light Bulb". Amazon.com. 2008-12-12. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
28. "Lite Gear LED PAR 30 7W Light Bulb". Bax-shop.nl. 2010-07-01. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
29. Toshiba to release 93 lm/W LED bulb (http://ledsreview.com/news/367/) Ledrevie
30. White LEDs with super-high luminous efficacy (http://www.physorg.com/news202453100.html) physorg.com
31. "Arc Lamps". Edison Tech Center. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
32. "Technical Information on Lamps" (PDF). Optical Building Blocks. Retrieved 2010-05-01. Note that the figure of
150 lm/W given for xenon lamps appears to be a typo. The page contains other useful information.
01-Jun-16 17:17
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33. OSRAM Sylvania Lamp and Ballast Catalog. 2007.

34. REVIEW ARTICLE: UHP lamp systems for projection applications (http://www.koti.mbnet.fi/jahonen
/Electronics/Stuff/UHP_Lamp.pdf) Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
35. OSRAM P-VIP PROJECTOR LAMPS (http://www.beamerlampen.biz
/EASYLAMP_OSRAM_VIP_Projector_Lamp.pdf) Osram
36. Federal Energy Management Program (December 2000). "How to buy an energy-efficient fluorescent tube lamp".
U.S. Department of Energy.
37. "Low Mercury CFLs". Energy Federation Incorporated. Archived from the original on October 13, 2008.
38. "Conventional CFLs". Energy Federation Incorporated. Archived from the original on October 14, 2008.
39. "Global bulbs". 1000Bulbs.com. Retrieved 2010-2-20. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)|
40. Phillips. "Phillips Master". Retrieved 2010-12-21.
41. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australia. "Energy LabellingLamps". Archived
from the original on July 23, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
42. "BulbAmerica.com". Bulbamerica.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2012. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
43. SYLVANIA. "SYLVANIA ICETRON QUICKTRONIC Design Guide" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-06-10.
44. "1000-watt sulfur lamp now ready". IAEEL newsletter (1) (IAEEL). 1996. Archived from the original on
2003-08-18.
45. "The Metal Halide Advantage". Venture Lighting. 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
46. "LED or Neon? A scientific comparison".
47. "Why is lightning coloured? (gas excitations)". webexhibits.org.
48. "Future Looks Bright for Plasma TVs" (PDF). Panasonic. 2007. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
Hyperphysics has these graphs of efficacy (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision

/bright.html#c2) that do not quite comply with the standard definition
Energy Efficient Light Bulbs (http://www.cus.net/electricity/subcats/eleclighting.html)
Other Power (http://www.otherpower.com/otherpower_lighting.html)
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Luminous efficacy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1 Efficacy and efficiency