Deposit insurance

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to:navigation, search

Experiences from bank runs during the Great Depression led to the introduction of deposit
insurance in the US.

Public finance

Sources of government revenue

Tax and non-tax revenue

Government policy

Fiscal · Monetary · Trade · Policy mix

Fiscal policy

Tax policy · Government revenue

 Government spending · Government debt
Deficit spending · Budget deficit and surplus

Monetary policy

Money supply · Central bank · Gold standard

Fiat currency · Fractional-reserve banking

Trade policy

Balance of trade · Tariff · Tariff war

Free trade · Trade pact

See also

Taxation series · Taxation project

v•d•e

Explicit deposit insurance is a measure implemented in many countries to protect bank

depositors, in full or in part, from losses caused by a bank's inability to pay its debts when due.
Deposit insurance systems are one component of a financial system safety net that promotes
financial stability.

Contents
[hide]
• 1 Why it exists
• 2 How it works
• 3 Overview by country
○ 3.1 North America
 3.1.1 United States
 3.1.2 Canada
 3.1.3 Mexico
○ 3.2 Caribbean & South America
○ 3.3 European Union
 3.3.1 By EU country
 ○ 3.4 Rest of Europe
 3.4.1 Turkey
 3.4.2 Iceland
 3.4.3 Norway
 3.4.4 Russia
 3.4.5 Switzerland
○ 3.5 British Isles Offshore
○ 3.6 Australia & New Zealand
○ 3.7 Asia
 3.7.1 India
 3.7.2 Hong Kong
 3.7.3 Malaysia
• 4 Economic impact
• 5 Deposit insurance organizations and programmes
• 6 See also
• 7 References
• 8 Research and guidance papers on deposit insurance
• 9 External links

[edit] Why it exists

Banks are allowed (and in most places, encouraged) to lend or invest most of the money
deposited with them instead of safe-keeping the full amounts (see fractional-reserve banking). If
many of a bank's borrowers fail to repay their loans when due, the bank's debtors, including its
depositors, risk loss. Because banks rely on customer deposits that can be withdrawn on little or
no notice, banks are prone to a Bank run, where depositors seek to withdraw funds quickly ahead
of a possible bank insolvency. Because banking institution failures have the potential to trigger a
broad spectrum of harmful events, including economic recessions, policy makers maintain
deposit insurance schemes to protect depositors and to give them comfort that their funds are not
at risk.
Many national deposit insurers are members of the International Association of Deposit Insurers
(IADI), an international organization established to contribute to the stability of financial
systems by promoting international cooperation and to encourage wide international contact
among deposit insurers and other interested parties, in particular, IADI.
Detractors of deposit insurance claim the schemes introduce a moral hazard issue, encouraging
both depositors and banks to take on excessive risks.[1]
[edit] How it works
Deposit insurance institutions are for the most part government run or established, and may or
may not be a part of a country’s central bank, while some are private entities with government
backing or completely private entities.
There are a number of countries with more than one deposit insurance system in operation (e.g.
Austria, Canada (Ontario & Quebec), Germany, Italy and the United States).
On the other hand, one deposit insurance system can cover more than one country: the Marshall
Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, and Puerto Rico are insured by the US Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon will also
be covered by a single system.
[edit] Overview by country
According to IADI, as of June 2008, there are currently 119 countries with a deposit insurance
system in operation, pending, planned or under serious study (i.e. 99 in operation, 8 pending, 12
planned or under serious study).
[edit] North America
[edit] United States
The United States was the first country to establish an official deposit insurance scheme, the
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, during a Great Depression banking crisis in 1933.
A separate fund, the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF) administered by the
National Credit Union Administration (NCUA), was created in 1970 to insure deposits at credit
unions.
In Massachusetts, the Depositors Insurance Fund (DIF) insures deposits in excess of the FDIC
limits at participating savings banks.[2]
[edit] Canada
Canada created its own Deposit Insurance Corporation in 1967. It is similar to the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation in the United States. Since 1967, 43 financial institutions have
failed in Canada and all were members of CDIC. There have been no failures since 1996.
Information on the Canadian system is found at http://www.cdic.ca. Insurance is restricted to
registered member institutions, and covers only the first C$100,000 in very specific categories of
accounts. Credit unions and Quebec’s caisse populaire system are not insured Federally, because
they are created under Provincial charters and backed by Provincial insurance plans, which
generally follow the Federal model. Funds in a foreign currency, not Canadian dollars, are not
insured, such as a US dollar accounts even when held in a registered CDIC financial institutions.
GICs with a longer term than 5 years are also not insured. Funds in foreign banks operating in
Canada may or may nor be covered depending on whether they are members of CDIC [3]. Some
funds in the RRSP or RRIF at their bank may not covered if they are invested in mutual funds or
held in specific instruments like debentures issued by government or corporations. The general
principle is to cover reasonable deposits and savings, but not deposits deliberately positioned to
take risks for gain, such as mutual funds or stocks.
The roots of all of this well organized reform can be traced back to the 19th century, such as the
Upper Canada’s financial problems of 1866, the North American panic of 1872 and the 1923
failure of Toronto’s Home Bank, symbolized today by Casa Loma. Historically in Canada
regional risk has always been spread nationally within each large bank, unlike the uneven
geography of US unit banking. layered with savings & loans of regional or national size, who in
turn disperse their risk through investors. Generally speaking, the Canadian banking system is
well regulated, in part by the little known Inspector of Financial Institutions, who can in an
extreme case close a financial institution. That, plus Canada’s tight mortgage rules, mean the risk
of bank failures similar to the US are slim, but not impossible.
[edit] Mexico
Mexico’s Banking Act of 1897 established the legal possibility of failure of a credit institution,
but set up some mechanisms in the banking law itself to prevent bank failures -- but the law itself
did not create a formal insurance scheme. In 1981 the General Law of Credit Institutions and
Auxiliary Organizations provided for the creation of a fund to protect credit obligations assumed
by banks.
[edit] Caribbean & South America
[edit] European Union
Directive 94/19/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 1994 on deposit-
guarantee schemes [4] requires all member states to have a deposit guarantee scheme for at least
90% of the deposited amount, up to at least 20,000 euro per person. On October 7, 2008, the
Ecofin meeting of EU's ministers of finance agreed to increase the minimum amount to 50,000.[5]
Timelines and details on procedures for the implementation, which is likely to be a national
matter for the member states, was not immediately available.
The increased amount followed on Ireland's move, in September 2008, to increase its deposit
insurance to an unlimited amount. Many other EU countries, starting with the United Kingdom,
reacted by increasing its limit to avoid that people transfer savings to Irish banks.
[edit] By EU country
As from October 2008, many EU countries were in the process of increasing the amounts
covered by their despoit insurance schemes. Since these amounts are typically encoded in
legislation, there was a certain delay before the new amounts were formally valid. Countries
have varied in their approach; some have permanently increased the amount, while other have
implemented temporary measures.
Savings
Country Coverage Valid since Comments and previous amounts
limit
Divided into initial compensation of up to
EUR 40,000
Belgium 100% 20,000 euro and additional compensation of
(*)
up to 20,000 euro.[6]
BGN
100,000 15 April [7]
Bulgaria 100%
(EUR 1998
51,129)
The coverage of the sector's trust fund
Garantifonden for Indskydere og Investorer
Unlimited
DKK remains at DKK 300,000. For the two year
from
Denmark 300,000 + 100% period from October 5, 2008 to September 30,
October 5,
unlimited 2010 an unlimited governmental guarantee
2008
for deposits in excess of that amount has been
added.[8][9]
Increased from EUR 25,000 on October 8,
Finland EUR 50,000 100% 1998 2008.[10] The increased amount is valid until
December 31, 2009.
 [11]
France EUR 70,000 100%
Additional voluntary guarantee schemes run
by different banking associations (private
banks, cooperative banks, savings banks). An
EUR 50,000
Germany 90% July 2009 unlimited state guarantee was announced in
(*)
October 2008 (and extended in July 2009), if
one of those schemes failed. The legal details
are nevertheless unclear.[12]
EUR October
Greece Was 20,000 EUR, increased in October 2008
100,000 2008
September Amount raised to unlimited in September
Ireland Unlimited
2008 2008
EUR December 4, [13]
Italy 100%
103,291.38 1996
Before October 7, 2008 coverage was 100%
of first EUR 20,000, 90% of next EUR
EUR October 7,
Netherlands 100% 20,000 (hence a compensation of up to EUR
100,000 2008
38,000). The raised amount is valid until
December 31, 2010[14].
EUR 50,000
October Amount raised from EUR 22,500 in October
Poland (PLN 100%
2008 2008
175,000)
EUR November Amount raised from EUR 25,000 to EUR
Portugal 100%
100,000 2008 100,000 in November 2008.[15]
EUR 20,000 [16]
Spain 100% 1998
(*)
October 6, From 1996 to October 2008, amount was
Sweden SEK 500,000 100%
2008 SEK 250,000.[17]
Amount raised from 35,000 to GBP 50,000
effective October 7, 2008. Before October 1,
United October 7,
GBP 50,000 100% 2007 coverage was 100% of the first GBP
Kingdom 2008
2,000 and 90% between 2,000 and GBP
35,000.[18]
Footnote: (*) Those countries which have a deposit insurance of less than EUR 50,000 are
expected to increase the amount following an October 7, 2008 meeting of the Ecofin.
[edit] Rest of Europe
[edit] Turkey
Deposit insurance in Turkey is handled by Savings Deposit Fund Insurance (Tasarruf Mevduatı
Sigorta Fonu) and covers a maximum of 50,000 TL.[19]
[edit] Iceland
Deposit insurance in Iceland is handled by Depositors' and Investors' Guarantee Fund
(Tryggingarsjóður) and covers a minimum of 20 887 euros.[20]
[edit] Norway
Deposit insurance in Norway is handled by the Norwegian Banks' Guarantee Fund (Bankenes
sikringsfond) and covers deposits up to 2 million NOK.[21]
[edit] Russia
Russia enacted deposit insurance law in December 2003 and established the national deposit
insurance agency (DIA) in 2004.[22][23] Until 2004, Russian banking system was divided:
obligations of state-owned Sberbank were guaranteed by law, while other banks were not insured
in any way, creating an unfair advantage for Sberbank.[24] The law addresses only individuals'
deposits. Maximum compensation is limited to 700,000 roubles (equivalent to 23 thousand US
dollars or 17 thousand Euro at February 2009 exchange rate). As at January 2008, DIA funds
exceeded 68 billion roubles (2.8 billion US dollars). There were 15 "insured events" (bankruptcy
cases involving DIA intervention) in 2007 with resulting payout reaching 350 million roubles.[25]
The agency is set up as a state-owned corporation, managed jointly by Central Bank and the
government of Russia. DIA membership is mandatory requirement for any bank operating with
private investors' money. Central Bank of Russia used admission of banks into DIA system to
weed out unsound banks and money launderers. The murder of Andrey Kozlov, the Central Bank
executive in charge of DIA admission, was directly linked to his non-compromising attitude to
money launderers.[26]
[edit] Switzerland
Switzerland has a privately operated deposit insurance system called Deposit Protection of Swiss
Banks and Securities Dealers [27]. It guarantees up to CHF 100 000 per bank customer per bank.
Membership is compulsory for all banks and securities dealers that are regulated by the Swiss
Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) [28] . See the list of members of the Deposit
Protection of Swiss Banks and Securities dealers at
http://www.einlagensicherung.ch/en/bankkunden-link/bankkunden-unterzeichner.htm
It had covered depositors in 1993 in the case of the failure of Spar- und Leihkasse Thun SLT,
Thun. The next cases happened in 2007 with the liquidation of AB FIN SA (a securities dealer)
in Lugano and with Kauphting (Luxembourg) SA, Geneva branch which was closed on October
9, 2008. Clients of this bank received the payments (at the time up to CHF 30'000 per customer)
within 3 weeks.
For further information see the FAQ at http://www.einlagensicherung.ch/en/bankkunden-
link/bankkunden-faq.htm
[edit] British Isles Offshore
Although many offshore subsidiaries of mostly British-based banks and building societies in the
Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey offer a parental guarantee for all sums deposited with them, the
Crown Dependencies fall outside the jurisdiction of both the United Kingdom's Financial
Services Authority guarantee to underwrite the first £50,000 per depositor per bank and the
European Economic Area 'passport scheme' that pays a minimum of £16,000 per depositor per
bank in the case of a default. In 1991, the Isle of Man introduced a bank depositors' insurance
scheme to cover 75 percent of the first £15,000 per depositor per bank, but it was the October
2008 crisis-stricken Icelandic government's seizure of Kaupthing Bank hf in Iceland after the
United Kingdom suspended the trading licence of Kaupthing's British subsidiary that compelled
a radical revision of deposit insurance in the Isle of Man. Unable to secure reserves held by
Kaupthing hf in Iceland or Kaupthing's British subsidiary to facilitate customer withdrawals,
Kaupthing Singer and Friedlander (Isle of Man) Ltd. saw its Isle of Man banking licence
suspended after operating less than a year, compelling the firm to request to be wound up. The
Isle of Man government called an emergency session of the Tynwald parliament which voted
unanimously to bring the Isle of Man depositors' compensation scheme into line with the newly-
enlarged scheme in the United Kingdom, guaranteeing with immediate effect 100 percent of the
first £50,000 per depositor per bank, and studying amendments for the subsequent inclusion
within the scheme of corporate and charitable accounts. The Isle of Man government also
pressed the Icelandic government to honour Kaupthing hf's irrevocable and binding guarantee of
all depositors' funds held by Kaupthing, Singer and Friedlander (Isle of Man) Ltd. In Jersey and
Guernsey, deposit insurance schemes for non-residents have yet to be enacted.[29]
[edit] Australia & New Zealand
The Australian Prime Minister announced on October 12, 2008 that, in response to the Economic
crisis of 2008, 100% of all deposits would be protected over the subsequent three year period.
This measure comes on top of existing mandates of APRA and ASIC to monitor Australian
banks and deposit taking authorities to ensure that their risks do not compromise the safety of
depositors funds.
New Zealand has announced on October 12, 2008, that an opt-in scheme for retail deposits will
be introduced.[30] 100% cover. Banks and other institutions. First NZ$5billion free, excess
amounts charged at 10 basis point pa.
[edit] Asia
[edit] India
India was the second country in the world to introduce Deposit Insurance in 1962. The Deposit
Insurance Corporation commenced functioning on January 1, 1962 under the aegis of the
Reserve Bank of India (RBI). 1971 witnessed the establishment of another institution, the Credit
Guarantee Corporation of India Ltd. (CGCI). In 1978, the DIC and the CGCI were merged to
form the Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC).
[edit] Hong Kong
• Deposit Protection Scheme
Hong Kong Deposit Protection Board, which is an independent and statutory institution formed
to manage and supervise the operation of Deposit Protection Scheme. The maximum protection
amount of deposit is HKD$100,000.
[edit] Malaysia
Malaysia introduced its Deposit Insurance in 2005. Malaysia Deposit Insurance Corporation
(MDIC) or locally known as Perbadanan Insurans Deposit Malaysia (PIDM), is a statutory body
formed under the Akta Perbadanan Insurans Deposit Malaysia 2005. Until December 2010, all
deposit in Malaysia is fully guaranteed under the Government Deposit Guarantee Scheme.
[edit] Economic impact
When a nation state has a deposit insurance scheme, foreign investors (aka non-resident bank
depositors) are more likely to passively deposit larger amounts of money in the banks of said
nation state (that has a bank deposit insurance scheme).
Having a bank deposit insurance scheme (for all practical purposes) guarantees that a nation state
will more likely have a higher rate of passive foreign investment (within the margin of insurable
amount).
Passive foreign investment in a nation state’s finance system allows for more lending to be made
when global finance system conditions constrict the amount of lendable money. There has been
substantial research done over the years on the impact on foreign investment of bank deposit
insurance schemes.
[edit] Deposit insurance organizations and programmes
These are the Crown or State run deposit insurance corporations
• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) (USA)
• National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (part of NCUA) (USA)
• American Share Insurance (ASI) (USA, private)
• Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC) (Canada)
• Financial Services Compensation Scheme (United Kingdom)
• Deposit Insurance Agency (DIA) (Russia)
• Instituto para la Protección al Ahorro Bancario (IPAB) (Mexico)
• Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) Nigeria
• Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation (PDIC) (Philippines)
• Bulgarian Deposit Insurance Fund (BDIF) (Bulgaria)
• Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation (KDIC) (South Korea)
• Fonds de Garantie des Depôts (FDG) (France)
• Malaysia Deposit Insurance Corporation (MDIC) (Malaysia)
• Depositors' Compensation Scheme (Isle of Man)
• Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC) (India)
• Savings Deposit Insurance Fund (TMSF) (Turkey)
[edit] See also
Related topics
• Moral hazard, from the finance system point of view
• Bank run
• Financial crisis
• Diamond-Dybvig model, a model relating to runs on banks
[edit] References
1. ^ Sebastian Schich (July 2008). "Financial turbulence: some lessons regarding deposit
insurance". Financial Market Trends. OECD.
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/32/54/41420525.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
2. ^ http://www.difxs.com
3. ^ CDIC Members, showing foreign entities such as HSBC, ING and UBS
4. ^ Directive 94/19/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 1994 on
deposit-guarantee schemes
5. ^ International Herald Tribune, October 7, 2008: Europe seeks unified policy on bank
crisis
6. ^ Protection Fund for Deposits and Financial Instruments: Frequently Asked Questions,
accessed October 6, 2008
7. ^ Bulgarian Deposit Insurance Fund [1]
8. ^ The Danish Banker's Association, October 6, 2008: The Danish financial sector and the
Danish government agree on 2-year guarantee scheme for Danish banks
9. ^ The Danish Banker's Association, October 6, 2008: The Danish Parliament has adopted
the financial guarantee
10. ^ Deposit Guarantee Fund, accessed October 8, 2008
11. ^ Fonds des garantie des depôts: FAQ, accessed March 5, 2009
12. ^ BBC Business Editor's blog, accessed October 8, 2008
13. ^ Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi: Deposit Guarantee, accessed October 6,
2008
14. ^ Deposit guarantee scheme, accessed October 7, 2008
15. ^ Fundo de Garantia de Depósitos: Deposit Guarantee Fund, accessed November 3, 2008
16. ^ Fondos de Garantía de Depósitos: Money Deposits Guaranteed, accessed October 6,
2008
17. ^ National Debt Office, October 6, 2008: Expanded deposit insurance
18. ^ Financial Services Compensation Scheme: Deposit claims FAQs, accessed October 6,
2008
19. ^ Tasks and Duties (in English)
20. ^ Depositors’ and Investors’ Guarantee Fund, accessed on February 4, 2009
21. ^ The Norwegian Banks' Guarantee Fund, accessed on October 9, 2008
22. ^ (English) Federal law on insurance of housenhold deposits in banks of the Russian
Federation, full text
23. ^ (English) Deposit insurance agency, DIA official site
24. ^ (English) Banking and Deposit Insurance in Russia. World Bank, 2006, p.14 [2]
25. ^ (English) Results of DIA Activities in 2007 and DIS Development Issues DIA official
site
26. ^ Arrest over Russian banker murder. BBC, January 15, 2007 [3]
27. ^ [4]"Deposit Protection of Swiss Banks and Securities Dealers"
28. ^ FINMA
29. ^ "Tynwald Approves Raising of £50,000 Savings Guarantee", Isle of Man Today (9
October 2008). Retrieved on 2008-10-12; "Isle of Man Pledges Action on Kaupthing
Collapse", Isle of Man Today (10 October 2008). Retrieved on 2008-10-12; Lewis, Paul
(11 October 2008). "Offshore Icelandic Funds At Risk", BBC News. Retrieved on 2008-
10-12.
 30. ^ "Deposit guarantee scheme introduced". Reserve Bank of New Zealand. 2008-10-11.
http://www.rbnz.govt.nz/news/2008/3462912.html. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
[edit] Research and guidance papers on deposit insurance
Related research papers
• Research and Guidance Committee(2006), "General Guidance to Promote Effective
Interrelationships among Financial Safety Net Participants", IADI, January 2006
• Research and Guidance Committee(2005), "General Guidance for the Resolution of Bank
Failures", IADI, December 2005
• Research and Guidance Committee(2005), "General Guidance for Developing
Differential Premium Systems", IADI, February 2005
• Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Baybars Karacaovali, Luc Laeven (2005), "Deposit Insurance
Around the World: A Comprehensive Database", World Bank Policy Research Working
Paper 3628, June 2005
• Working Group on Deposit Insurance (2001), "Guidance for Developing Effective
Deposit Insurance Systems", Financial Stability Forum, September 2001
• Working Group on Deposit Insurance (2001), "Volume II: Guidance for Developing
Effective Deposit Insurance Systems", Financial Stability Forum, September 2001
• Mark D. Flood (1992), "The Great Deposit Insurance Debate", Federal Reserve Bank of
St. Louis, Review, July/August 1992
[edit] External links
International
• International Association of Deposit Insurers (IADI)
Africa
• Deposit Protection Fund Board (Kenya)
• Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC)
• Deposit Protection Board (DPB) (Zimbabwe)
Americas
• Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC)
• Deposit Insurance Corporation of Ontario (DICO)
• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
• Instituto para la Protección al Ahorro Bancario (IPAB) (Mexico)
• Fundo Garantidor de Créditos (FGC) (Brazil)
• Fondo de Garantias de Instituciones Financieras (Fogafin) (Colombia)
• Fondo de Seguro de Depósitos (Peru)
• Instituto de Garantía de Depósitos (IGD) (El Salvador)
• Jamaica Deposit Insurance Corporation (JDIC)
• Autorité des Marchés Financiers (Québec)
 • National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF) (USA)
• Seguro de Depósitos Sociedad Anónima (SEDESA) (Argentina)
• Agencia de Garantía de Depósitos (AGD) (Ecuador)
Asia
• Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC) (India)
• Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation (KDIC)
• Deposit Insurance Corporation of Japan (DICJ)
• Malaysia Deposit Insurance Corporation (MDIC)
• Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation (PDIC)
• Deposit Insurance of Vietnam
• Hong Kong Deposit Protection Board
• Singapore Deposit Insurance Corporation (SDIC)
• Central Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC) (Taiwan)
Europe
• European Forum of Deposit Insurers (EFDI) (Europe)
• Financial Services Compensation Scheme (United Kingdom)
• Beschermingsfonds / Fonds de Protection / Protectionfund (Belgium)
• National Debt Office - Deposit Insurance (Sweden)
• Bulgarian Deposit Insurance Fund (BDIF)
• Deposit Insurance Agency (DIA) (Russian Federation)
• Albanian Deposit Insurance Agency
• Deposit Insurance Fund (Czech Republic)
• Deposit Guarantee Fund (Finland)
• Fonds de Garantie des Dépôts (FGD) (France)
• National Deposit Insurance Fund (NDIF) (Hungary)
• Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi (FITD) (Italy)
• Savings Deposit Insurance Fund (Turkey)
• Depositors' Compensation Scheme (Isle of Man)
• Fondos de Garantía de Depósitos (FGD) - Deposits Guarantee Funds (Spain)
• Deposit Protection of Swiss Banks and Securities Dealers (Switzerland)
Others
• Kazakhstan Deposit Insurance Fund (KDIF)
• Jordan Deposit Insurance Corporation (JDIC)
Criticisms
• The Moral Hazard of Implications of Deposit Insurance
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposit_insurance"
Categories: Banking | Types of insurance
Personal tools
• New features
• Log in / create account
Namespaces
• Article
• Discussion
Variants
Views
• Read
• Edit
• View history
Actions
Search
Top of Form
Special:Search

Search
Bottom of Form
Navigation
• Main page
• Contents
• Featured content
• Current events
• Random article
Interaction
• About Wikipedia
• Community portal
• Recent changes
• Contact Wikipedia
• Donate to Wikipedia
• Help
Toolbox
• What links here
• Related changes
• Upload file
 • Special pages
• Permanent link
• Cite this page
Print/export
• Create a book
• Download as PDF
• Printable version
Languages
• Česky
• Dansk
• Deutsch
• Français
• Italiano
• Nederlands
• 日本語
• Русский
• Suomi
• Svenska
• 中文
• This page was last modified on 2 May 2010 at 21:01.
• Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit
organization.
• Contact us
• Privacy policy
• About Wikipedia
• Disclaimers
•
•