TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MATERIALS

Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 117-124, June 25, 2014

pISSN: 1229-7607

Regular Paper

eISSN: 2092-7592

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4313/TEEM.2014.15.3.117

Study of Short-Circuit Currents Around Dtmarovice

Power Station
Shehab Abdulwadood Ali

Department of Physics, College of Saber, Aden University, 867-10B, Sheikh Othman, Aden, Yemen
Received September 15, 2012; Revised February 3, 2014; Accepted March 24, 2014
The calculation of short-circuit currents is important for power systems operation and restoration, and for
determining the means to protect human lives and properties. In this paper, a part of a power system network,
around the Dtmarovice power station in Czech Republic, was simulated by the well known program EMTP-ATPDraw
(Electromagnetic Transients Program-Alternative Transient Program), and short-circuit currents and voltages
were calculated at different points in the electric network and presented as a time function by the PlotXY program.
Calculations were done just for phase-to-ground, and for the three-phase short-circuit at the Kunice substation. The
results were important for determining the characteristics of the equipment required to withstand or break the shortcircuit current; for this reason, the calculations were repeated using earth-fault resistances only for the case of busbar
KUN shown in Figs. 5 and 6.
Keywords:Short-circuit, Short-circuit currents and voltages, Phase-to-ground, Three-phase, EMTP-ATPDraw

1. INTRODUCTION
Normally, short circuit studies involve calculating a bolted
three-phase fault condition, which can be characterized as
all three phases 'bolted' together to create a zero impedance
connection. This establishes the 'worst case' (highest current)
condition that results in maximum three-phase thermal and
mechanical stress in the system. From this calculation, other
types of fault conditions can be approximated. This worst case
condition should be used to specify proper interrupting rating
requirements, selectively coordinate the system and provide
component protection [4].
In a three-phase system, a fault may equally involve all three
phases. A bolted fault acts as if the three phases were connected
together with links of zero impedance prior to the fault, i.e., the
fault impedance itself is zero and the fault is limited by the system and machine impedances only. Such a fault is called a symmetrical three-phase bolted fault, or a solid fault.

Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed:

E-mail: shehababdulwadood@gmail.com

Copyright 2014 KIEEME. All rights reserved.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial
License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

2011 KIEEME. All rights reserved.

117

Generally, such faults give the maximum short-circuit currents

and form the basis of the calculations of short-circuit duties on
switching devices. Faults involving one, or more than one, phase
and ground are called unsymmetrical faults. Unsymmetrical
faults are more common than three-phase faults, but under certain conditions, line-to-ground fault or double line-to-ground
fault current values may exceed three-phase symmetrical fault
currents. Short-circuit calculations are, thus, the primary study
whenever a new power system is designed or an existing system
is to be expanded or upgraded [7].
In a distribution system, several variables affect calculated
bolted three-phase short-circuit currents. Appropriate variable
values must be selected for the specific application analysis. Electrical installations almost always require protection against shortcircuits wherever there is an electrical discontinuity. This most
often corresponds to points where there is a change in conductor
cross-section. The short-circuit current must be calculated at
each stage of the installation to determine the characteristics of
the equipment required to withstand or break the fault current [4].
Sources of a short-circuit current that are normally considered
include utility sources, local sources, synchronous motors, induction motors and alternate power sources [4].
The consequences of short-circuits can vary depending on
the type and duration of the fault, the installation point (as in a

http://www.transeem.org

Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 15(3) 117 (2014): S. A. Ali

118
physical location) where the fault occurred and the short-circuit
power. Consequences include:

(a)

- At the fault location: the presence of electrical arcs, resulting

in damage to insulation, welding of conductors, initiation of
fires and endangerment to life.
- On the faulty circuit: electrodynamic forces, resulting in the
deformation of the bus-bars, disconnection of cables, and excessive rise in temperature due to an increase in Joule losses,
risking damage to insulation.

(b)

- On other circuits in the network or in near-by networks: voltage drop during the time required to clear the fault, ranging
from a few milliseconds to a few hundred milliseconds.
- Dynamic instability and/or the loss of machine synchronization, etc.

Fig. 1. Single-phase and three-phase short-circuits. (a) single-phase

and (b) three-phase.

Short-circuit calculations should be done at all critical points

in the system. These would include the service entrance, transfer
switches, panel boards, load centers, motor control centers, disconnects and motor starters. The various types of short-circuits
that can occur during electrical installations are as follows [3]:

(a)

- Phase-to-ground (80% of faults).

- Phase-to-phase (15% of faults). This fault often degenerates
into a 3-phase fault.
- Three-phase (only 5% of initial faults).

(b)

In networks with isolated nodes, or ineffectively earthed, the

connection of the phase with the earth dose not called singlephase short-circuit, but qualitatively a ground fault.
In this study, only phase-to-ground and three-phase shortcircuits are calculated to investigate short-circuit currents and
voltages.
From Figure 1a, the characteristic equations for a single-phase
short circuit can be written directly as follows [12]:

=
U A 0=
, I B 0=
, IC 0

(1)

In a real single-phase short circuit, the voltage at the damaged

phase does not decrease to zero. This type of short circuit can occur only in networks with earthed nodes of transformers or generators. For short-circuits, phase A current can be written as follows:

IA =

3 E
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 0

(2)

where
E is the phase voltage.
Z1, Z2 and Z0 are the positive, negative and zero impedances,
respectively.
The characteristic equations for a three-phase short circuit is
as follows (Fig. 1(b)):

I=
I=
I C , U=
U=
UC
A
B
A
B

where
1
3
a = + j
2
2

Switching from the state before the fault to the new state is
accompanied by a transient. In single-phase short-circuits (Fig.
2(a)), the transient is caused by the balance capacities in phases
B and C, where its energy shifts to inductance, which will be
transformed into the energy of the coils magnetic field and vice
versa. This results in an oscillating circuit, whose natural frequency depends on the values of capacities and inductance and
oscillates the phase A voltage from the phase value UA to, or near,
zero and UB and UC to the values U'B and U'C calculated by equations 5 and 6 below:

(3)

For the phase currents, assuming a symmetrical short:

E
E
E
, IB =
a 2 , IC =
a ,
I A =
Z1
Z1
Z1

Fig. 2. Network diagram and directions of energy flow. (a) network

diagram and (b) equivalent circuit.

(4)

3 Z 0 / Z1
3
'
j
I B= U A

2
2
+
/
Z
Z
2
0
1

(5)

3 Z 0 / Z1
3
'
+j
U
C= U A

2
2 2 + Z 0 / Z1

(6)

Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 15(3) 117 (2014): S. A. Ali

119

The diagram of Fig. 2(a) can be replaced by Fig. 2(b), and the
frequency of the circuit is calculated by equation 7 below:

1
f0 =

2 3 Lr C

(7)

The results, obtained by ATPDraw [2], which is a graphical,

mouse-driven preprocessor to the ATP version of the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP), are drawn by PlotXY program [11].

2. THE STUDIED CASE

The studied case (Fig. 3) corresponds to a part of a power network around a branch from the Dtmarovice power station (EDE)
- block No. 2 in Czech Republic. Block No. 2 (EDE2) has a generator with a three-phase volt-ampere rating of about SG=235 MVA
and a voltage of about 15.75 kV and it supplies to the power network 110 kV a power of about 160 MW via the block transformer
(EDET). A part of this power, about 100 MW, is consumed in the
Kunice substation (KUN), and 60 MW is fed to the supergrid 220
kV of Lstkovec (LIS2) via the distribution transformer (LIST).
Both parts of the power are transferred via the Vratimov substation (VRA), considered to be under no load. All the substations
are connected by AlFe-110 kV transmission lines. A single line,
No. 692 (two conductors in a bundle 2670 mm 2, length 20.4
km), is connected between the Dtmarovice power station (EDE)
and the Vratimov substation (VRA); a double line No. 605-606 (240
mm2, length 5.168 km) between the Vratimov substation (VRA)
and the Kunice substation (KUN); and a double line No. 641642 (450 mm2, length 8.107 km) between the Vratimov substation
(VRA) and the Lstkovec substation (LIS).

Fig. 3. Scheme of the Dtmarovice power station - block No. 2.

transmission lines and one load of Kunice (KUN). ATPDraw has

sufficient models to represent this power system, but some components are needed to calculate short-circuit currents and voltages, such as measuring probes and a combination of switches
with resistances.

3.1 Supply stations

The synchronous generator (SG=235 MVA/15.75 kV ) of the
Dtmarovice supply stations (EDE) is represented by the ATPDraw model SM59. Parameters of the generator are listed in
Table 1 below. The voltage magnitude is calculated as in equation
8 [14] and represents the steady-state voltage at the terminals of
the machine.

3. CONSTRUCTION OF THE MODELS

The power system has two supply stations, the block of
Dtmarovice (EDE), which contains a synchronous generator
(EDE2) and a block transformer (EDET), and the supergrid 220
kV of Lstkovec (LIS2), in addition to two transformers, three

amp

2
15.75 =
12.860 kV
3

(8)

The supergrid 220 kV of Lstkovec (LIS2) is represented as an

ideal source of voltage (AC3ph- type 14) with amplitude given by
equation 9:

Table 1. The parameters of the generator.

Angle

Volt

Freq

12,860
SMOVTQ

50
RMVA

Phase A in (deg.)
77.47
RkV

No machines in parallel=1
1

3phase volt-ampere rating

235
Xd (pu)

line-to-line voltage
15.75
Xq (pu)

D-axis synchronous reac-

Q-axis synchronous reac-

tance
1.73

tance
1.65
Tdo' (s)

Poles
2
AGLINE
5,000

SMOVTP
No machines in parallel=1
1
RA
Armature resistance (pu)
0

Xd' (pu)

Xq' (pu)

D-axis transient reactance

Q-axis transient reactance

0.206
Tqo' (s)

0.165
Tdo'' (s)

D-axis transient time con-

Q-axis transient time con-

D-axis subtransient time

stant
7.1
RN (pu)

stant
7.1
XN (pu)

constant
0.041
XCAN (pu)

Real part of neutral ground-

Imaginary part of neutral

Canay's characteristic reac-

0.13

ing impedance
0

grounding impedance
0

HICO

DSR

DSD

FM

tance. unknown=XL
0.13
MECHUN

0.0156

XL (pu)
Armature leakage reactance
0.13
Xd'' (pu)
D-axis subtransient reactance
0.154
Tqo'' (s)
Q-axis subtransient time
constant
0.43

Xq'' (pu)
Q-axis subtransient reactance
0.154
Xo (pu)
Zero-sequence reactance

0: English units. 1: Metric

1

Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 15(3) 117 (2014): S. A. Ali

120

amp

2
220 = 179.630 kV
3

Table. 2. Parameters of BCTRAN.

(9)

3.2 Transformers
The power system contains two transformers, the block transformer (EDET), type EC 41 M, manufactured by koda PlzeCzech Republic, and the distribution transformer (LIST), manufactured by koda Plze. Both transformers are modeled by the
ATP-Draw model BCTRAN. Table 2 describes the parameters of
the transformers.
The other values are as follows: three phases, two windings, a
3-legged stacked core, test frequency of 50 Hz and DYn1 connection for EDET and YNyn0 connection for LIST.

3.3 Transmission lines

The 110 kV transmission lines, made of AlFe, are modeled by
the ATP-Draw model Lines/Cables (LCC). The parameters and
location of the conductors on the towers for each line are listed
below:
- The single line No. 692 has two conductors in a bundle: cross
sectional area of 2670 mm2, length of 20.4 km, an overhead
line, 3-phase, type PI, with skin effect, Rho (ground resistivity)
= 120 m, and initial frequency = 50 Hz. The parameters and
location of the conductors on the tower are given in Table 3.
- Double lines No. 605-606 are made of AlFe: cross sectional
area of 240 mm2, length 5.168 km, overhead lines 3-phase,
type PI, with skin effect, Rho (ground resistivity)=100 m, and
initial frequency = 50 Hz. The parameters and the locations of
the conductors on the tower are given in Table 4.
- Double lines No. 641-642 are made of AlFe: cross sectional
area of 450 mm2, length 8.107 km, overhead line, 6-phase,
type PI, with skin effect, Rho (ground resistivity)=100 m, and
initial frequency = 50 Hz. The parameters and the location of
the conductors on the tower are given in Table 5.

3.4 Loads
The load in the Kunice substation (KUN) can be easily modeled by a standard component RLC3 as a resistive load, connected to a star with a grounded node. Load consumed is about
100 MW, with 110 kV. The resistance value will be [14]:

U 2 1102 106
(10)
=
R =
= 121
P
100 106
Finally, the scheme of the Dtmarovice power station - block
No. 2 shown in Fig. 3, will be modeled by ATPDraw as shown in
Fig. 4 below.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this study, we investigate the short-circuit currents and
voltages at the bus of the Kunice substation (KUN), as well as
at some points such as the secondary side of the Dtmarovice
transformer (EDET) and at the secondary side of the Lstkovec
transformer (LIST). The short-circuit calculations will be done
only for phase-to-ground and for three-phase at the Kunice
substation (KUN).
For each analysis in this study, 200 statistical simulations were

Transform-

Power

er

(MVA)

Open-cir-

Short-

Open-

Short-cir-

circuit

circuit

cuit losses cuit losses

voltage (%) current (%)

(kW)

(kW)

EDET
(15.75/

250

13

0,161

853

135

250

13

0,161

853

135

110 kV)
LIST
(220/
110 kV)

Table 3. The parameters of the transmission line No. 692.

Phase no
Rin (cm) Inner radius of the conductor
Rout (cm) Outer radius of the conductor
Resis (/km)
Horiz (m)
Vtower (m)
Vmid (m)
Separ (cm)
Alpha (deg)
NB No. of conductors

1
2
0.63 0.63
1.81 1.81
0.042 0.042
-2
0
14
14
11
11
40
40
0
0
0
2

3
0.63
1.81
0.042
2
14
11
40
0
2

0
0
0.5
0.2
0
18
15
0
0
1

Table. 4. The parameters of transmission line No. 605-606.

Phase no
Rin (cm) Inner conduc. radius
Rout (cm) Outer conduc. radius
Resis (/km)
Horiz (m)
Vtower (m)
Vmid (m)

1
0.4
1.07
0.123
-2.6
16.8
14

2
0.4
1.07
0.123
2.5
18.4
15

3
0.4
1.07
0.123
3.4
15.2
12.5

4
0
0.5
0.2
0
21.2
18.5

Table 5. The cable input data.

Phase

Rin (cm)

Rout (cm)

Resis

Horiz

no
1
2
3
4
5
6
0

Inner radius
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0

Outer radius
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.5

(/km)
0.065
0.065
0.065
0.065
0.065
0.065
0.2

(m)
-4.7
-6.65
-2.95
4.7
2.95
6.65
0

Vtower Vmid
(m)
20
16.3
16.3
20
16.3
6.3
26

(m)
17
13
13
17
13
13
23

performed in total. A switching simulation was represented by a

statistical switch, modeled at ATP as SW_STAT, with a Gaussian
probability distribution and described by a standard deviation
(set to 1 s). For all simulations, the starting time of the fault was
set to 0.0378 s, which is the time the voltage of phase A crosses
the maximum.

4.1 Phase-to-ground short-circuit at the Kunice

substation
Assuming that the fault occurs at phase A, the following figures
illustrate the imbalance situations that could occur at the different points in the network.

4.1.1 Busbar KUN

Figures 5 and 6 show the currents of the three phases of the

Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 15(3) 117 (2014): S. A. Ali

121

Fig. 7. The currents at EDET.

Fig. 4. The ATPDraw model of the network.

Fig. 8. The voltages at EDET.

Fig. 5. The currents to the load KUN.

flowed from the secondary side of the transformer EDET (Fig.

7) are 1,164.1 A at phase A (), 1,207.6 A at B () and 1,184 A at
C ().because the fault, the amplitude of the phase A current
increased to a maximum -3,794.2 A (225.9%). This disturbance
appears in the curves of voltages (Fig. 8), whose the amplitudes at the three phase steady state were almost 89.85 kV,
because the fault decreased to 51.1 kV at phase A (decreased
43.1%).

4.1.3. At the secondary side of the Lstkovec

transformer list

Fig. 6. The voltages at the busbar KUN.

load of Kunice and the voltages at this busbar. The current and
the voltage at the damaged phase A () decreased to zero, while
those at the faultless phases B () and C () were slightly affected. The amplitude of the current at all phases (Fig. 5), in the case
of steady state, reached 752 A and because the fault, the amplitude of the current at phases B and C increased to almost 811.5
A and 861.4 A, respectively (increased about 7.9% and 14.5%,
respectively). In Fig. 6, the amplitude of the voltage reached 88.7
kV at steady state and because the fault increased to 95.7 kV
(7.89%) at phase B and -101.65 kV (14.6%) at phase C.

4.1.2 At the secondary side of the Dtmarovice

transformer EDET
The amplitudes of the three phase steady state currents that

The amplitudes of the three phase steady state currents that

flowed from LIST (Fig. 9) are 441.23 A at phase A (), 451.59 A
at B () and 418.36 A at C ().because the fault the amplitude
of the phases A current increased to a maximum of -8,225.3 A
(1,764.2%). The amplitudes of the three phase steady state voltages (Figure 10) are almost 89.1 kV because the fault decreased
to 41.31 kV (53.6%) at phase A.

4.2 Three-phase short-circuit at the Kunice

substation
Based on the above explanations, the following imbalance
situations occur:

4.2.1 Busbar KUN

Figures 11 and 12 show the currents and voltages at the three
phases. The current and the voltage at the damaged phases decreased to almost zero. The amplitude of the current at all phases
(Fig. 11) at steady state reached 753 A and the amplitude of the
voltage reached 89 kV (Fig. 12).

122

Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 15(3) 117 (2014): S. A. Ali

4.2.2. At the secondary side of the Dtmarovice

transformer EDET

Fig. 9. The voltages at EDET.

The amplitudes of the steady state currents at all phases (Fig.

13) are 1,164.1 A at phase A (), 1207.6 A at B () and 1,184.1 A at
C ().because the fault, the amplitudes of the currents increased
to a maximum -4,219.5 A at phase A (262.5%), 7,135.6 A at B
(490.9%) and -6,979.4 A at C (489.4%). This disturbance appears
in the curves of voltages (Fig. 14), whose amplitudes of the three
phase steady state are almost 90 kV, because the fault decreased
to almost 40 kV (55.6%) in all phases.
The transient disturbance at the start of the fault showed that
the transient voltage at phase A reached the value of 131.16 kV, i.e.
increased by about 45.7% in comparison with that at the steady
state.

4.2.3 At the secondary side of the Lstkovec

transformer LIST

Fig. 10. The voltages at EDET.

The amplitudes of the three phase steady state currents that

flowed from the LIST (Fig. 15) are 443.71 A at phase A (), 451.71
A at B () and 429.37 A at C ().because the fault, the amplitude
of the current increased to a maximum -10,077 A (2,171.1%) at
phase A, 16,019 A (3,446.3%) at B and -16,090 A (3,647.4%) at C.
The amplitudes of the three phase steady state voltages (Fig. 16)
are almost 89.2 kV because the fault decreased to almost 33.5 kV
(62.4%) in all phases.
At the start of the fault, the transient voltage reached the value
of 112.7 kV (26.3%) at phase A.

5. NOTES

Fig. 11. The currents to the load KUN.

A fault such as indirect connection of one phase with the

ground in networks with an isolated node or in compensated
networks (node is connected via arc-suppression coil) is called
an earth-fault (or ground fault). This fault may occur in normal
operation and currents will leak from phase to earth. Earthleakage currents have small values and are capacitive [12], while
short-circuit currents usually reach multiple values higher than
those at steady state operation and are inductive.
In this study, we assumed that the earth-fault resistance was
zero, although it has a decisive influence on the Y-voltage (U0)
value and thereby on earth-fault protections. For example, the
functions of some earth-fault protections, such as GSC12 [12],
are blocked by the value of (U0); protection will not react if the
value does not reached 30~40% of the nominal value.
Short-circuit calculations are possible using earth-fault resistances if the power system is correctly modeled and the study
aims to find the correct configuration for the network to avoid
faults. In ATPDraw, the earth-fault resistance is simply modeled
by the component "Resistor", which will be one-pole or threepole grounded. For example, with earth-fault resistance of 10
for the scheme corresponding to Figs. 5 and 6, the curves of the
currents and voltages will differ as shown below. The amplitude
of the current at phase A reached 538.92 A, not zero (Fig. 5), and
the amplitude of the voltage reached 63.6 kV.

6. CONCLUSIONS

Fig. 12. The voltages to the load KUN.

This study demonstrated the imbalance situations due to

short circuits at different locations in power systems. Shortcircuits may occur in well designed power systems and produce
large decaying transient currents, in most cases much above the
system load currents. Such a case can be studied to identify the

Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 15(3) 117 (2014): S. A. Ali

Fig. 13. The currents at EDET.

Fig. 14. The voltages at EDET.

Fig. 15. The currents at LIST.

123

Fig. 17. The currents to the load KUN - () with and () without earthfault resistance.

Fig. 18. The voltages at the busbar KUN - () with and () without
earth-fault resistance.

worst possible cases in a power system by modeling using a suitable program, such as EMTP-ATPDraw, and simulating the faults
at different locations in the network.
The high oscillations on the voltage curves due to a fault originate from the oscillating circuit described previously in Fig. 2.
The worst case in this simulation (the fault started when the
voltage of phase A crosses the maximum, t=0.0378 s), which need
to be protected against, was the rise of a short circuit current at
the secondary side of the Listkovec transformer LIST for both
phase-to-ground and three-phase faults. Referring to Fig. 9 and
Fig. 15, the amplitude of the current at phase A increased to a
maximum -8,225.3 A (1,764.2%) because of the phase-to-ground
fault and increased to -16,090 A (3,647.4%) at phase C because of
the three-phase fault. These values decreased when the voltage
was not the maximum.
The worst case was the three-phase fault, which is called a
symmetrical three-phase bolted fault. Knowing this, the shortcircuit to the faulty section of the electrical system should be
limited by applying appropriate switching devices that can operate under short-circuit conditions without damage and isolate
only the faulty section.

REFERENCES

Fig. 16. The voltages at LIST.

[1] A. J. Senini, Simulating Power Quality Problems by ATP/EMTP,

Ph. D. Thesis (University of Queensland, Australia, 1998) p. 2534.
[2] ATP-Draw. PC software for windows, version 4.2p1.

124
[3] B. N. de Metz, F. Dumas, and C. Poulain, Calculation of ShortCircuit Currents. Cahier Technique no. 158, (Schneider Electrics, France, 2005) p. 5-31.
[4] Cooper Bussmann, Short Circuit Current Calculations, p. 192198, Retrieved 2012 from http:// www.cooperbussmann.com.
(2005).
[5] J. J. Grainger, and W. D Stevenson, Power System Analysis. (McGraw Hill, New York, 1994) pp. 470-527.
[6] H. K. Hidalen, A. M. Bruce, L. Prikler, and J. L. Hall, Implementation of new features in ATPDraw Version 3 (Paper to the International Conference on Power Systems Transients - IPST 2003,
New Orleans, USA, 2003).
[7] J. C. Das, Power System Analysis - Short-Circuit Load and Harmonics (Marcel Deckker, Inc., New York, 2002) p. 1-5, 39-45.
[8] J. J. Burke, Power Distribution Engineering - Fundamentals and
Applications, Vol. 7 (Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, USA, 1994) p.
36-53.

Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 15(3) 117 (2014): S. A. Ali

[9] L. Prikler and H. K. Hidalen, ATP-Draw Version 5.6 for Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP/Vista, Users' Manual 106-125 (2009).
[10] Mach V. (2006). ATP 2006, Manual. Retrieved 2012 from http://
homen.vsb.cz/~mah30/menu.html.
[11] M. Ceraolo, PlotXY Program (University of Pisa, Italy, 2005)
[12] M. Macenauer, Electromagnetic Transient in Electricity Sector,
Ph. D. Thesis (VB - Technick Univerzita Ostrava, Czech Republic, 2002) p. 9, 25-74.
[13] M. Zvodn and M. Paar, ATP, Application Manual FEKT-High
Technical Teaching in Brno (Czech Republic, 2006) p. 14-20.
[14] M. Milan and V. Havliek, Bases Theory of Electromagnetic Circuits 1 (VUT. Prague - Czech Republic, 1999) p. 159-161, 213220.
[15] T. A. Short, Electric Power Distribution - Equipment and Systems
(Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Boca Raton, USA, 2006) p. 4-22,
33-84, 177-191.