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Maher K. Tadros
Ph.D., P.E.
Cheryl Prewett Professor
of Civil Engineering
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Omaha, Nebraska
Panchy Arumugasaamy
Ph.D., P.E.
Research Associate Professor
Center for Infrastructure Research
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Omaha, Nebraska
et al. 7 and Kennedy and Abdalla" developed de sig n procedures for prestressed concrete beam s with web
openings.
Based on thi s prior research, several
conclusions can be made:
The deflection of beams with web
openings is similar to that of beams
without web openings.
Web openings need to be placed
outside of the strand development
length.
Beams with web openings placed in
high shear regions do not perform as
well as beams with web openings in
predominantly flexural areas.
Vertical stirrups need to be placed
on each side of an opening to control cracks extending from the edges
of the openings.
The chords below an opening may
crack at loads less than the service
load.
The beams with openings behave
similarly to a Vierendeel truss.
The shear in a beam at an opening
should be di stributed between the
top and bottom chords in proportion
to their stiffness.
Kennedy and Abdalla9 have recently
completed a comprehensive study of
beams with one opening. They have
proposed a rather involved procedure
to design for the opening; however,
they have not considered simplification and poss ible standardization of
beams with a large number of openings. Their paper gives a good discussion of the types of cracking that can
occur around an opening in a prestressed concrete beam and how these
cracks form.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The first published work on precast,
prestressed concrete beams with web
openings was conducted by Ragan and
Warwaruk.' Since then , several other
researchers have investigated prestre sse d concrete beam s with web
openings, including Suave,' LeBlanc, 3
Salam and Harrop ,' Din akaran and
Sastry, 5 and Kennedy and El-Laithy. 6
Two of the more comprehensive studies conducted on prestressed concrete
beams with web openings were done
by Barn ey , Han so n , Corley, and
Parmelee, 7 and Kennedy and Abdalla.
Based on their research, both Barney
January-February 1996
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
The double tees with web openings
are envisioned primarily for use in office construction. Based on thi s, a
span of 45 ft ( 13.7 m) was chosen for
analysis, and an office live loading of
50 psf (245 kg/m ') plu s a 20 psf
(I 00 kg/m' ) superimposed dead load
plus 25 psf ( 122 kg/m' ) to represent a
2 in. (50 mm) topping was used. This
is a total superimposed uniform service load of 95 psf (464 kg/m' ) and an
ultimate load of 150 psf (730 kg/m').
The PCI Desig n Handbook '0 show s
that a 24 in. (600 mm) deep double tee
c
_____
)
c
_____
)
)
11'-6"
I:
11'-0"
22'-6"
Depression Points
r- 4'-0"1
=====rr====.===:;,=---------r-1
Y======
2'~0"
Section @ Midspan
End Section
2"
2"
fi3 ) (
L 4jf 4'J-
11
2'-8"
1'-6" II
2'-4J_4"
CJ
!: . : :!
be at least half the width of the opening. This allowed five openings between depres sion points . One additional opening was placed at each end
of the tee outside of the depression
points . These openings had sloped
bottoms to accommodate the depressed strands. No openings were
placed in the length required for strand
development or in areas of high shear
(see Fig. 1).
One of the major variables investigated in this project was the effect of
using two-point depression vs. onepoint depressed or straight prestressing strands used in previous research
projects. Two-point depression allows
placement of more larger openings in
the webs than one-point depression or
straight strands do. The depression
points needed to be placed as far apart
as poss.ible in order to have the maximum number of web openings in the
tee. However, if the depression points
were placed too close to the ends of
the tees, the force required to depress
the strands during casting may be too
great. Accordingly, the depression
point should be approximately beJanuary-February 1996
1:
49
DESIGN
Concrete Industries of Lincoln, Nebraska, fabricated four single tees (one
leg of a double tee) for use in this project. Fabrication of the tees is shown
in Fig. 3. Tee 70 I was designed as a
solid tee in order to compare the be50
except for the additional reinforcement around the web openings. The
specimens had five 112 in. (12 mm) diameter 270 ksi (1860 MPa) prestressing strands; four were depressed at the
one-quarter points, and the fifth strand
was placed 22 in. (550 nun) above the
bottom of the tee and was not depressed. Because the prestressing bed
has holes already drilled in it at a fixed
spacing of 24 in. (600 nun) on center
for the depression device, the location
of the depression points may be 12 in.
(300 mm) away from where they were
designed.
To reduce the required strand depression force at the ends of the tees,
the strands were placed as close to the
bottom as possible. The strands were
all stressed to 0 . 75~>u The concrete
used had an f~ = 5500 psi (38 MPa)
and anf/ = 7000 psi (48 MPa). Fig. 1
shows the prestressing strand layout
and open ing locations.
PCI JOURNAL
t - - - - - - - - - - - 22'-6"
from the bottom corners of the openings and to control shear cracking in
the tension chords. Because the stiffness of the tees was already reduced
by the openings, it was desired to prevent shear cracking of the tension
chord, which would reduce the stiffness of the tees even more.
The #3 U stirrups on each side of
the openings did not allow the Ushaped WWF below the openings to
be run continuously. This meant that
there had to be several small pieces of
WWF across the length of the tee. The
TESTING
Instrumentation
Fig. 5. Measuring deflection near failure.
CONSTRUCTION
During the construction of the tees
several problems were encountered. In
Tee 702, the #5 bars were placed after
the blackouts for the openings were in
place, so the bottom of the #5 bar had
to be placed by hand moving in a constricted area. Also, tying the bottom of
the stirrups in Tees 703 and 704
proved difficult. Because neither side
of a double tee form is removable,
200
100
400
300
300
400
275
350
250
225
250
175
:::E
150
.,
"'
8.
'0
-~
Vl
200
.,
s
0
i:i
300
.,
s
:::E
'0
.,
i:i
0
200
125
150
100
"'0
.:S'
<FJ
75
L/360
50
25
)(
100
7Gl
7G2
7G3
7G4
50
0
0
12
16
Deflection (in.)
ANALYSIS
Deflection
dalla9 have reported similar cracking.
Also , the blackout for the middle
opening in Tee 7G2 floated 2 to 3 in.
(50 to 75 mm) upward during production. However, the opening was still
below the depth of the compression
block, so the ultimate strength of the
tee was not affected. In commercial
production, the blackouts should be
adequately secured and should perhaps be made of steel rather than
polystyrene.
Loading
The tees were loaded using large
blocks of concrete at the casting yard
of Concrete Industries. The blocks
were placed on the tees one at a time
and provided a realistic uniform loading. Strain and deflection measureJanuary-February 1996
PCI method
-
Initia l camber
at release
0.68 t
( 17)
Camber at
erection
1.2 1 t
(3 1)
Service load
0.51 t
(13)
7G I
7G2
7G3
7G4
0.75 t
(19)
0.75 t
(19)
1.00 t
(25)
0.88 t
(22)
1.38 t
(35)
1.25 t
(32)
1.69 t
(43)
1.44 t
(37)
1.05 t
(27)
0.83 t
(2 1)
--
- - r-
0.66 t
(17)
0.49 t
( 12)
a high degree of ductility before failure (see Fig. 5). The deflection of the
solid tee did not increase as rapidly
after cracking as the deflections of the
tees with openings did.
This shows the contribution of the
concrete in the tension region to the
stiffness of the solid tee. Fig. 7 shows
a graph of superimposed moment vs.
deflection up to the point of failure for
the tees. Note that the final deflection
shown in the graph is not the actual
deflection at failure because the
gauges had to be removed to avoid
damage.
The deflection of the tees during the
testing was compared with the theoretical values calculated using the
method presented in the PCI Design
Initial Cracking
70% ofMu
80%ofMu
90%ofMu
PCI JOURNAL
Initial Cracking
70%ofMu
80%ofMu
90%ofMu
Cracking
Although the finite element analysis
conducted for these tees indicated that
they may crack under service loads,
none of the tees showed any cracks
under service load levels. Thi s is probably because the finite element analysis did not account for the added stiffness of the longitudinal wires of the
WWF in the tension chord. The cracks
that had been observed at the corners
of the openings before testing began
did not propagate as the tees were
loaded.
Tee 7G 1, the solid tee, did not display any cracks until approximately
179 percent of the superimposed service load moment had been applied.
When thi s load level was reached, uniformly spaced flexural cracks appeared
across the middle half of the tee. Additional loading caused additional uniformly spaced flexural cracks across
the middle portion of the tee.
January-February 1996
Strains
The strains that were measured during testing were used to calculate the
midspan curvature of the tees. A superimposed moment vs. curvature
graph is given in Fig. 11 . As can be
seen, the curvature for all of the tees is
very consistent up to the point of
cracking. Also, the plots of the strains
at the left, center, and right sections of
the second opening (first full openi ng)
clearly showed that the chords were
behaving like members of a Vieren55
RECOMMENDED
DESIGN PROCEDURE
Based on this research project and
the research done by Barney et al.,' the
design of double tees with web openings should follow the following steps.
The tees should be designed with high
stre ngth concrete [>7000 psi (48
MPa)] in order to reduce deflections
and increase the shear strength of the
tees. Because the diagonal bars used in
Tee 7G2 did not significantly improve
the performance of the tee, and the diagonal bars were difficult to place, it
12
3000
300
2000
200
,.-...
.5
'?
e"
i:!
i:!
the chords below the opening at transfer of prestressing force using working
stress design procedures.
11. Desig n shear reinforcement for
the tee as if it had no openings.
12. Design additional stirrups to be
placed adjacent to the openings to
control cracks extending from the corners of the openings. These stirrups
should be placed with 1 in. (25.4 mm)
cover next to each side of the openings. Calculate the total factored shear
force at the center of the opening with
the highest applied shear, and size the
stirrups to carry this shear force. Use
the same sized stirrup adjacent to all
of the openings. The required area of
the stirrup is given by :
(1)
::E
1000
El=59.8 x 10 6 k-iif
=172 X 10 9 kN-Illlli
[]
t
.&
X
100
7G1
7G2
7G3
7G4
where
Av =required area of stirrup
Vu =ultimate shear at center of
opening
1/> =
100
Curvature
200
300
1/in. x10"6
ject, and the posts should not be narrower than half the width of the openings until further testing confirms otherwise. The openings should not be
placed in the area required for strand
development. The comers of the openings should be chamfered. The chamfers used in this project were equal to
one-third the depth of the openings,
which worked well.
6. Place the strands so that the centroid of the strands coincides with the
centroid of the bottom chord. This is
the most favorable arrangement for
counteracting localized tensile stresses
due to chord bending. The force in the
tension chord under service loads can
be calc ulated approximately usi ng
standard working stress calculations.
Mild steel reinforcing bars should be
added to the tension chord to prevent
January-February 1996
(2)
where
V, = 2[1+
20~6Ag )R
Material properties:
2"
4"
IV11
4 prestressing strands
1-#4
2"
vc =[l+~)II
14A
6 b
g
IV
(3 b)
where
bw = width of compression chord
= width of top flange (in., mm)
d = depth of flange (in., mm)
J;_.' = concrete strength (psi, MPa)
Ag =cross-sectional area of compression chord (sq in., mm 2)
N 11 = axial compression = C (lbs, kN)
Vc = nominal shear strength provided
by concrete (lbs, kN)
The value of Vc should be compared
to the applied shear:
Vu
58
chord below the openings to help prevent shear cracks under service loads.
The dimensions of the U-shape should
be made as large as possible while still
maintaining the required concrete
cover. The WWF can be the same size
as the WWF used in the flange, but it
s hould not be les s than the 4x4W4.0xW4 .0 WWF that was used in
this project until further testing shows
that a smaller WWF is acceptable. The
WWF should be run as continuously as
possible below the openings. The spacing of the vertical wires of the WWF
should be approximately one-half the
depth of the tension chord.
18. Deflections should be checked
using any recognized method of analysis for tees without openings.
Vc
where
V11 = factored applied shear
= strength reduction factor = 0.85
In the unlikely event this is not true,
special slab shear reinforcement may
be required.
17. A U-shaped welded wire fabric
(WWF) should be placed in the tension
Using the tables given in the PCI Design Handbook, 10 select eight strands
for the given span and loading. Place
four strands in the bottom of each leg
and a fifth strand at the top of each leg.
1" =25.4mm
SI units:
DESIGN EXAMPLE
Design web openings for a 54 ft
(16.5 m) span, 24 in. (610 mm) deep,
8 ft (2.4 m) wide double tee. Design
for a 50 psf (2.39 kPa) live load, 52 psf
(2.49 kPa) dead load, and a 10 psf
(0.48 kPa) superimposed dead load.
/3 1 =0.70
r,) = 0.28
Calculating:
Pp
~:~~ ( 0.000638 ~
2 0
270[ I -
+ 0)]
L..
_..
13'-6"
c~
13'-6"
27'-0"
1" = 25.4 mm
Fig. 13. Double tee of design example.
+A;ty(~ -d')]
=
0 7
~ )
JC~)
w = Ph
t:
0.00168
0 2
~ )
~ )JC~)
0 2
bottom strands
28(4.9)
612
200
612
=2.34 ksi (16.1 MPa) compression
200
1531
1531
= 0.04 ksi (0.28 MPa) compression
59
(1)
Load
Prestress
Self weight
Release
1.54 (39 . 1)
0.85 (2 1.6) J,
0.69 (17 .5)
Multiplier
Erection
1. 80x(l)
2.77 (70.4)
1. 85
1.57 (39.9) J,
(I)
Superimposed
dead load
Nu = 165,000
A8
96
(3)
Multiplier
2.45
Final
3.77 (95.8)
X (I)
2.30 (58.4) J,
2.70 x (l )
1.20 (30.5) i
1.47 (37.3)
0.19 (4.8) J,
3.00
0.57 ( 14.5) J,
X (2)
1.0 1 (25.7)
Live load
0.04 ( 1.0) J,
163(12)
497
112(14.41) 28(22-18.41)
+
---~----~
497
497
= 0.109 ksi (0.75 MPa)
compression
140
1636
112(14.41) 28(22 -18.41)
--------+--~----~
1636
1636
= 1.27 ksi (8.76 MPa)
compression
v;,
54
= 0.687( 2 -11 .25)
j, = 112+28 + 163(12)
M = 134(2?
v;, _
~
10.8
0.85(60)
A ,(req)
0.153)
20~~Ag
) .JJ:bwd
163(12)
140
497
94.9(14.41) 23.7(22 -18.41)
+
------'--------'497
497
= 0.508 ksi (3.50 MPa)
b -
Tension:
Letting N, = C:
6.Jf7=6.,)7000=0.502 ksi (3.46 MPa)
165 000
vc =2[1+ 2000(2)(
,
].,)7000(48)(2)
48)
=29.7 kips (132 kN)
Vc=25.4 kips (113 kN)
> 11 kips (49 kN) o.k.
Check upper limit of shear strength
using Fig. 11.3 in the ACI 318-89
Code.9 Use the area of the compression chord for A 8 .
Check Deflections:
Material properties:
Eci = 4273 ksi (29.5 MPa)
Ec = 4821 ksi (33.2 MPa)
L1 =
Section properties:
I= 10,492 in.< (4367300 mm4 )
L = 648 in. (16460 mm)
P0 = 112 kips (498 kN) bottom strands
P0 = 28 kips (125 kN) top strand
ee = 10.15 in. (256 mm)
ec = 13.15 in. (334 mm)
e' = 3 in. (75 mm)
a = 13.5(12) = 162 in. (4114 mm)
~)
L1 == P0 eeL + P0 e' ( L
8EcJ EcJ 8
~eL
.
L1 = - - = 0 .16m. (4.1 mm) -.v
8,,/
Self weight:
5wL4
.
6
I
= 0.85 m. (21. mm) -.v
384EcJ
Service loads:
Because the working stress analysis
for a section at midspan showed that
cracking will not occur, the service
load deflections will be calculated
using the uncracked section properties.
Superimposed dead load:
w = 4(10 psf) = 40 lbs per linear ft
(1.92 kPa)
L1=
5 4
wL =0.188 in. (4.8 mm) -1.
384/
(2.92 kN/m)
January-February 1996
Allowable deflection:
L
648
.
-=-==1.8 m. (45.7 mm)
360 360
CONCLUSIONS
Top strands:
L1 =
Initial camber:
Bottom strands:
2
5 4
wL = 0.939 in. (23.9 mm) -1.
384/
behavior.
5. Adding a prestressed strand
above the openings was effective in
counteracting the localized tensile
stress concentrations caused by end
moments acting on the compression
chords.
6. The behavior of tees with twopoint depression was not sensitive to
variation in the depression point location relative to the openings. In some
instances, the depression point was
under the corner of an opening, yet it
did not appear to cause damaging
stress concentrations.
7. When properly reinforced, the
deflection of tees with web openings
is comparable to tees without web
openings.
8. Due to the nonlinear behavior of
the tees with openings after cracking,
it is advised that they be designed not
to crack under service loads.
In a follow-up project sponsored by
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, researchers at the University of Nebraska are continuing to optimize the
opening size and spacing for the double tee and to simplify the reinforcement details. Results of this additional
work are expected to be finalized by
the end of 1996.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the
University of Nebraska Center for Infrastructure Research and Concrete Industries for their financial support. They
would also like to thank the Prestressed
Concrete Association of Nebraska; University of Nebraska graduate students
Tom Taylor, Say-Gunn Low, and
Mohsen Saleh; Deborah Derrick; Dr.
Amin Einea; and Merwyn Pearson.
61
REFERENCES
1. Ragan, H. S.. and Warwaruk, J., "Tee
2.
3.
4.
5.
9.
10.
11.
12.
APPENDIX- NOTATION
a = depth of compression block
A = cross-sectional area
Ag = gross concrete area of beam
Aps
As(req)
ds
Nu = axial compression = C
P = prestress force after losses
P0 = prestress force at transfer
sb
t1 = flange thickness
crete at 28 days
J;; = compressive
fse
= effective
fps
/pu
ft
!y
I = moment of inertia
L = span length
ld = development length
length of beam
pP = prestressed reinforcement
ratio
PCI JOURNAL