1.

Describe the concept of Six Sigma.

Six Sigma is a set of techniques and tools for process improvement. It was introduced by engineer
Bill Smith while working at Motorola in 1986.[1][2] Jack Welch made it central to his business strategy
at General Electric in 1995.[3] Today, it is used in many industrial sectors.[4]
Six Sigma seeks to improve the quality of the output of a process by identifying and removing the
causes of defects and minimizing variability inmanufacturing and business processes. It uses a set
of quality management methods, mainly empirical, statistical methods, and creates a special
infrastructure of people within the organization, who are experts in these methods. Each Six Sigma
project carried out within an organization follows a defined sequence of steps and has specific value
targets, for example: reduce process cycle time, reduce pollution, reduce costs, increase customer
satisfaction, and increase profits.
2. Explain the following six sigma process models:
DMAIC
DMAIC is a data-driven quality strategy used to improve processes. It is an
integral part of a Six Sigma initiative, but in general can be implemented as a
standalone quality improvement procedure or as part of other process
improvement initiatives such as lean.
DMAIC is an acronym for the five phases that make up the process:

Define the problem, improvement activity, opportunity for

improvement, the project goals, and customer (internal and external)
requirements.

Measure process performance.

Analyze the process to determine root causes of variation, poor

performance (defects).

Improve process performance by addressing and eliminating the root

causes.

Control the improved process and future process performance.

DMADV
DMADV is a part of their Six Sigma management philosophy. DMADV is
applied to new processes to make sure that they achieve Six Sigma quality.
Six Sigma sets extremely ambitious goals to minimize the occurrence of
flaws in products and services.
The letters in the abbreviation DMADV stand for "define, measure, analyze,
design, verify," the steps in the ordered process. Those steps can be
summarized as follows.

Define: State the problem, specify the customer set, identify the goals,

and outline the target process.

Measure: Decide what parameters need to be quantified, work out the

best way to measure them, collect the necessary data, and carry out the
measurements by experiment.
Analyze: Identify performance goals and determine how process inputs

are likely to affect process outputs.

Design: Work out details, optimize the methods, run simulations if

necessary, and plan for design verification.

Verify: Check the design to be sure it was set up according to plan,
conduct trials of the processes to make sure that they work, and begin
production or sales.
3.

Describe the new management tools:

Affinity diagram- The affinity diagram is a business tool used to organize ideas and data. It is

one of the Seven Management and Planning Tools. People have been grouping data into
groups based on natural relationships for thousands of years; however, the term affinity
diagram was devised by Jiro Kawakita in the 1960s[1] and is sometimes referred to as the KJ
Method.

relationship diagrams-