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Broadband Seismic
Technology and Beyond
PART VII: CGGs BroadSeis A Change of Thinking
Our brain is substantially shaped by what we have learnt
and by the experience of daily life. As geophysicists, we
learnt and believed that seismic deghosting through
ghost notches in pressure-only recordings in towed
streamers was impossible when the sensors were deep.
CGG changed that way of thinking. Instead of fighting
the ghost in acquisition, they made a different set of
rules, deliberately taking advantage of the fact that the
ghost notch varies along the cable. This notch diversity
can be fully exploited in data processing and imaging.
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Courtesy of CGG
Variable-Depth Streamer
The streamer does not typically have a variable-depth profile
over its entire length. Typically, the first portion is curved
and the second portion is flat. One example of a variabledepth streamer is described by the following equations:
for
and
for
Reflected upgoing event (red) and associated receiver ghost (blue) for deep flat streamer (left) and
BroadSeis streamer (right). The wavelet is high frequency so that the events are well separated.
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Associated frequency spectra of data with offset. The blue lines show the notches in the
spectra caused by the ghosts. For the BroadSeis streamer (right) the notches in the spectrum
vary more significantly with offset. This is often referred to as notch diversity.
Courtesy of CGG
Deghosting
BroadSeis, therefore, is a data acquisition
technique that widens the seismic band
width at both ends of the frequency spect
rum by using a single spread of Sentinel
cables towed with a variable-depth config
uration. Starting from the nearest channel,
the receiver depth increases with offset,
introducing diversity in the receiver ghosts.
This diversity enables CGG to remove the
receiver ghost. One advanced method
developed by Soubaras (2010) is normal
plus mirror imaging followed by joint
deconvolution that produces a broadband
wavelet with high signal-to-noise ratio.
The issue of receiver ghosts is longstanding in the seismic industry. We
are starting to see a range of solutions
which are helping to overcome this
challenge, and a number of alternative
pre-imaging
deghosting
algorithms
have been developed. Such solutions are
offered by Wang (2013) and Poole (2013)
who describe pre-migration processing
approaches. Of particular interest in these
methods is the derivation of a surface datum
ghost-free model of the data. This model
may be used to receiver-side deghost and
re-datum data so that conventional flat
streamer algorithms can be used.
Shot gathers, acquired in marginal weather, show how BroadSeis deep tow reduces weather-related
noise and so extends the weather window.
Acknowledgement:
The authors would like to thank Vetle Vinje of
CGG for assistance with this article.
Poole, G., 2013. Pre-Migration Receiver DeGhosting and Re-Datuming for Variable
Depth Streamer Data: SEG.
References:
Amundsen, L., and Reitan, A., 2014.
Deghosting of marine pressure recordings
along curved streamers: EAGE.
Courtesy of CGG
Deghosting by joint deconvolution. After conventional migration, the upgoing primary energy is focused at the reflector position while the downgoing
ghost energy is unfocused, appearing as a fuzzy, polarity-reversed event after the reflector. Mirror migration treats the data as though they had been
recorded at a mirror cable, positioned as far above the sea surface as the real cable
is below. After mirror migration the downgoing ghost energy is focused at the
reflector position, while the upgoing primary energy is unfocused and
appears as a precursor to the event. CGGs proprietary joint
deconvolution combines the conventional and the
mirror migration to provide deghosted
broadband data, with a
datum at sea level.
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