Numerical Methods

Matrices And Determinants

Matrices

Given by the expression
a11
a
21

A = (aij ) =
M

am1

a12
a22
M
am 2

L a1n
L a2 n
O M

L amn

where 1 i m (rows) and 1 j n (columns)

Dimensions read as m by n (m n)

Types Of Matrices
1. Column or row vector
R = {r1

2. Null matrix

r2 L rn }

0
0
N =
M

0 L 0
0 L 0
M O M

0 L 0

c1
c
2
C=
M
cn

Types Of Matrices
3. Square matrix

s11
s
S = 21
M

sn1

s12
s22
M
sn 2

L s1n
L s2 n
O M

L snn

4. Triangular matrix
u11 u12
0 u
22

U=
M
M

0
0

L u1n
L u2 n
O M

L unn

l11 0
l
l
21
22

L=
M
M

ln1 ln 2

0
0
O M

L lnn
L
L

Types Of Matrices
5. Diagonal matrix d11
0
D=
M

6. Identity matrix
1
0
I =
M

0
d 22
M
0

0 L
1 L
M O
0 L

0
0
O M

L d nn
0
0
M

1
L
L

Types Of Matrices
7. Scalar matrix 1 0 L 0 k 0 L 0
0 1 L 0 0
=
kI = k
M M O M M

0 0 L 1 0
a11 a21 L
8. Transpose matrix
a
a
L
12
22
T
A =
M
M O

a1n a2 n L

k L 0
M O M

0 L k
am1
am 2
M

amn

Types Of Matrices
9. Symmetric matrix if A = AT
10. Inverse matrix AA1 = A1A = I
11. Singular matrix matrix that has no inverse
12. Orthogonal matrix if AT = A1, then A is an
orthogonal matrix.

Types Of Matrices
13. Submatrix
A1 A2
A=

A3 A4
a11 a12
A1 =
, A2 = {a13 }

a21 a22
A3 = {a31 a32 } , A4 = {a33 }

Operations
1. Addition/Subtraction
C = A B
cij = aij bij

dimensions should be congruent mA = mB

and nA = nB
Properties:
a. Commutative Property
b. Associative Property
2. Scalar multiplication kA = kaij

Example
Given:
Evaluate:
Solution:

2 1
5 3
A=
, B=

3
4
0

3 A 4B
2 1
5 3 6 3 20 12
3
4
=

3
4
0

9
12
0

6 ( 20 ) 3 12
3 A 4B =

9
0
12
8

( )

Final Answer:

26 15
3 A 4B =

9
20

Operations
3. Matrix multiplication C = A B
Conditions
1.Inner dimensions must conform, nA = mB
2.Dimensions of the product becomes mA nB
Properties
1.Non-commutative AB BA
2.Associative A(BC) = (AB)C
Algorithm cij = aik bkj
k

Example
Given:
Evaluate:

5 2
3 1 6
3 7
=
A=
,
B

2
4
0

4 1
AB

Solution:

( 3)( 5 ) + ( 1)( 3) + ( 6 )( 4 )
AB =
( 2 )( 5 ) + ( 4 )( 3) + ( 0 )( 4 )

Final Answer:
6 5
AB =

22
24

( 3)( 2 ) + ( 1)( 7 ) + ( 6 )(1)

2
2
+
4
7
+
0
1
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

Operations
4. Elementary Row Operations the following
are the only valid elementary row operations
a. Interchanging two rows, R1 R2
b. Scalar multiplication, kR1 R1
c. Row addition, R1 + R2 R1 or R2

Determinants
Determinant a scalar value obtained after
simplifying a square matrix

det ( A ) or A

Properties of Determinants
1. The determinant of a matrix is the same to
that of its transpose.
2. The determinant of a zero matrix is equal to
zero.
3. If a column/row is directly proportional to
another column/row, the determinant is equal
to zero.
4. Switching two rows will switch the sign of its
determinant.

Properties of Determinants
5. A scalar value k multiplied to a row will result to
the same value of determinant times k.
6. Using valid elementary row addition/subtraction
will not change the value of the determinant.
7. The determinant of the inverse of a matrix is
equal to the reciprocal of its determinant:
det ( A1 ) =

1
det ( A )

8. The determinant of a triangular matrix is equal to

the product of its diagonal elements.

Methods of Determinants
A. Basket Method

Only valid for matrices with dimension n = 2
or n = 3.
a11 a12
, then det ( A) = a11a22 a21a12
If A =

a21 a22
b11 b12 b13
If B = b21 b22 b23 ,
b31 b32 b33
then det ( B ) = ( b11b22b33 + b12b23b31 + b13b21b32 ) ( b31b22b13 + b32b23b11 + b33b21b12 )

Example
Given

2 1 3

A = 5 3 6
4 2 3
A = ( 2 )( 3)( 3) + ( 1)( 6 )( 4 ) + ( 3)( 5 )( 2 )
( 4 )( 3)( 3) + ( 2 )( 6 )( 2 ) + ( 3)( 5 )( 1)
A = 99

Methods of Determinants
B. Cofactor Expansion

An n 1 reduction formula

involves following any row or column of a
determinant and multiplying each element of
the row or column by its cofactor. The sum of
these products equals the value of the
determinant.
i+ j

Cofactor of an element aij is Aij = ( 1) det ( M ij )

Example
2 1 3
A = 5 3 6
4 2 3

Given

choosing the 2nd row

1 3
2+ 2
A = 5 ( 1)
+ 3 ( 1)

2 3
A = 45 54 + 0
2 +1

A = 99

2 3
2 +3
4 3 6 ( 1)

2 1
4 2

Methods of Determinants
C. Chios Condensation Method

An n 1 reduction method using the first
element a11 as its reference

A = ( a11 )

2n

a11 a12

a21 a22
a
a
11 12
a31 a32

a11 a12

an1 an 2

a11
a21

a13
a23

a11

a13

a31

a33
M

L
L

a11
a21
a11
a31

a11

a12

an1

an 3

a11
an1

a1n

a2 n
a1n

a3n

a1n

ann

Example
Given

2 1 3
A = 5 3 6
4 2 3
2

2 3 5
A = ( 2)
2

4
1 11 27
A=
2 0 18

1
3
1
2

2 3

5 6
2 3

4 3

= 99

Methods of Determinants
D. Pivotal Method

An n 1 reduction method selecting any
element as its pivot element

For a 3 3 matrix, selecting a23 as the pivot
element:
A = ( a23 )( 1)

2+3

a11
a21
a23
a
31

a12
a22
a23

a32

a13

2+3
1 = ( a23 )( 1)
a33

a11 a13 aa21

23

a
a31 a13 a2321

a22
a32 a13 a23
a12 a13

a22
a23

Example
Given

2 1 3
A = 5 3 6
4 2 3

choosing element a32 as pivot element

A = ( 2 )( 1)

3+ 2

A = ( 2 )( 1)

3+ 2

A = ( 2 )( 1)

3+ 2

2 1 3
5 3 6

3
2 1

2
2 ( 1)( 2 ) 3 ( 1) ( 32 )

3
5

3
(
)(
)
(
)
(
2 )

9
0
2
11 21 = 99

Methods of Determinants
E. Triangular Matrix Method

Converting a given matrix into an upper/lower
triangular matrix by means of valid elementary
row operations.

The determinant of a triangular matrix is equal
to the product of its diagonal elements.

Example
Given 2 1

3
A = 5 3 6
4 2 3
R2 + ( 5 ) ( 12 ) R1 R2 ' R3 + ( 4 ) ( 12 ) R1 R3 '
2 1 3
A = 0 112 272 ,
0 0 9

A = ( 2 ) ( 112 ) ( 9 ) = 99

Inverse Matrix
A. Generating the inverse matrix by using
Elementary Row Operations

Augment the given matrix with an identity
matrix of the same size, [A:I], then convert to
augmented matrix to [I:A1].

Example
Given:
Solution:

2 1 3
A = 5 3 6
4 2 3
2 1 3 : 1 0
5 3 6 : 0 1

4 2 3 : 0 0
R2 + ( 5 ) ( 12 ) R1 R2 '

0
0
1
R3 + ( 4 ) ( 12 ) R1 R3 '

2 1 3 : 1 0 0
0 11 27 : 5 1 0
2
2
2

0 0 9 : 2 0 1

Example
Continuing

R1 + (1) ( 112 ) R2 R1 '

2 0 116 : 116 112
0 11 27 : 5 1
2
2
2

0 0 9 : 2 0
R1 + ( 116 )( 91 ) R3 R1 '
2
0

0
11
2

0
0
1
R2 + ( 272 )( 91 ) R3 R2 '

2
2
0 : 14
33
11
33
0 : 12 1 23
9 : 2 0 1

Example
Finally,

Therefore

1
2

R1 R1 '

2
11

R2 R2 '

1
1 0 0 : 337 111
33
0 1 0 : 1 2 3
11
11
11

0 0 1 : 92 0 19
1
337 111
33
A1 = 111 112 113
92 0 19

19 R3 R3 '

Inverse Matrix
B. Generating the inverse matrix by using the
Adjoint Matrix and the determinant
Adj ( A )
A =
A
1

where

Adj ( A ) = cof ( aij )

Example
Given:

2 1 3
A = 5 3 6
4 2 3

Solution:
A = 99,

2
1
Adj ( A ) =
2

1
3

6
3

5 6

4 3

4 3

3
6

2 3

5 6

5 3

4 2
2 1

4 2

2 1
5 3

Example
Simplifying

Therefore,

21 9 3
further: 9 18 27

22 0 11
1
A =
99
1
337 111
33
A1 = 111 112 113
92 0 19