Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Topics
What is Synchronizing
Types of Switching Operation
Types of Synchronizing
Concept of Slip frequency and Advance angle
Load pick-up and Governor droop Characteristics
Synchronizing methods
Generator Synchronizing
General criteria for Generator Synchronisation
Manual Synchronizing
Components used for Synchronisation
Automatic Synchronizing
Choice of Synchronization
( cont..)
Topics (cont
(cont)
Sources of Errors in Synchronisation System
Pre-commissioning Checks for Synchronisation System
Mechanism of Wrong Synchronisation System
Possible out of Synchronisation
Effect of faulty Synchronisation on Generator System
Shortfall in the Conventional Synchronising Scheme
Improvement Suggested in the Synchronisation System
THEME of Presentation
Sources of Errors in Synchronisation System
Mechanism of Wrong Synchronisation
Effect of Wrong Synchronisation on Generator
Pre-commissioning Checks
Drawback in the Present Synchronisation System
Improvements suggested in the Synchronisation System
What is Synchronising ?
Overall operation of ensuring that the two power systems to
be interconnected THROUGH a Circuit Breaker.
To achieve the same the following shall be satisfied on either
side of the circuit breaker
Voltage Magnitudes are same
Voltages are in Phase
Frequencies are equal
Types of Synchronisation
1. System synchronising:
When two different parts of a system are connected together
(i.e. both Voltage Magnitude, Phase and Frequency cannot
be controlled like generator circuits)
For example Closing of a Bus coupler CB fed by two
Transformer feeders, the voltage magnitude can only be
varied through Tap changing mechanism
2. Generator synchronizing
Generator is connected to a Grid. The voltage magnitude,
Phase and frequency of the generator supply can be varied.
Synchronising methods
1) Manual synchronising
It is performed by the operator using following synchronizing
devices. This is generally used for both Generator
synchronisation and System synchronisation
Synchroscope
2) Automatic synchronising
It is performed through Automatic Synchronising Relay.
This provides closed loop control for adjusting Speed & Voltage
of the Generator during synchronization. This is used for
Generator synchronisation
Slip Frequency:
Difference between the incoming voltage and the running voltage
frequency is called Slip frequency. It is the measure of the rate
rate of
change of phase
Say (for 50Hz System)
fs = fi fr
fs
= 50.01 50.06
= 0.05Hz
Ts
= % fs
Advance angle:
The angle in advance of the phase coincidence at the instant when
when the
switch closing impulse is generated
Aa = fs X 360 X tc
Where, tc = Closing time of CB (0.15 sec)
Say, Aa
= 5.40
5.40 electrical
Load Pick-Up
% load pickpick-up ( lp )=
% Slip Frequency ( fs )
X 100
% Speed droop ( nd )
Where, %fs =
slip frequency
system frequency
% Speed droop =
X 100
Slip frequency =
% ( lp ) X % (nd)
100
System frequency
100
2)
Reason
Synchronising Method
Prevent motoring
(Prime mover damage)
Diesel generator
Prevent motoring
(Reverse power relay
tripping)
Super synchronously
Gas Turbine
Generator
Diesel Generator
4747-51 Hz
Steam Turbine
Generator
4747-51 Hz
Voltage Range
8080-115% (nominal)
8585-115% (nominal)
85-115% (nominal) 85-
Voltage error
setting
4% (nominal)
4% (nominal)
Maximum slip
setting
0.2% above
0.2% above
synchronous ( For
synchronous
manual synchronous)
Phase error
8 (elec)
Load pick up
1 5% Full Load
4% (nominal)
0.2% above
synchronous
8 (elec)
8 (elec)
In.Sup Run.Sup
Polarity Polarity
R&Y
R&Y
Y&R
R&Y
R&B
R&Y
B&R
R&Y
Initial Phase
Shift @ fs = 0
0
180
60
120
180
180 : Due to interchange of R & Y at PT secondary
Wiring
60
60 : When R&Y & R&B of I/C & Running circuits
are compared at synchroscope / synchronising
relay
120
120 : When R&Y & Y&B of I/C & Running circuits
are compared at synchroscope / synchronising
relay
150
150 : When R&Y & B&R of I/C & Running circuits
are compared at synchroscope / synchronising
relay
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Conventional Scheme
Improvement Suggested
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Improvement Suggested
THANK YOU
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