Glossary of Terms Used in Well Logging

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GLOSSARY
USED
IN
OF
%VELL
TERIS
LOGGIiG
By
R.
E.
SHERIFF
Reprintedfrom
GEOPHYSICS
VOL. 35, No. 6, December, 1.970
Society of Exploration
P.O.
Geophysicists
Box 3098
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74]35
GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 35, NO. 6 (DECEMBER
GLOSSARY OF T/F!$
ROBERT
E.
1970), P. 1116-113% 15 FIGS
USED IN WELL LOGGING-t'
SHERIFF*
The "Glossary of Terms Used in Geophysical

Exploration" publishedin Geophysicsin February 1968 met with some justified criticism becauseof the emphasison seismicexplorationfor
oil. The Addendum published in April 1969
attempted to restore balanceas far as mineral
explorationwas concerned.But onemajor area of
geophysicshad sti!l been slighted:that of well
logging. This present addendum is intended to
complete our coverageof geophysicalexploration
terms.
Well loggingtechnologyhas seenrapid development in the last few years with the advent of several types of acoustic and radioactive logging
methodsand other new loggingtools. Computers
are beginningto have an impact on this field by
making readily available, from combinationsof
logs, information which previously could be extracted only by tedious methods.
The author believes that a "geophysicist"
should be conversantwith aspectsperipheral to
his central concern and central application, and
that a geophysicalinterpretation ought to be consistent with all available data of all kinds, not
merely with that portion of the data in which the
A revision of the "Glossaryof Terms Used in

Geophysical
Exploration"is now underwayand it
is intendedthat this "Glossaryof Terms Used in
Well Logging" should be included as an integral
part of the revision. The present publication is
made, therefore,in the samesenseas the previous
publications:as a semifinaldraft of the entriesaccessiblefor proofreadingby a much wider group
of knowledgeablegeophysiciststhan we could
otherwise reach. Comments, corrections, or disagreementsare invited, so that they may receive
consideration before the revision is finalized.
Readerswill note that someentriesappearboth

in the previousglossaryand in the present one
with somewhat different specializedmeanings,
dependingon the area in which the word is used.
Becausesuchdifferencesinvolve vocabularyoutside of well loggingusage,it did not seem appropriate to includethem here. The forthcoming
revisionwill attempt to clarify such differences.
Groundruleshave beenessentiallythe sameas
those laid down for the precedinggeophysical
glossary:
1. An equal sign indicatesthat what follows is
an equivalent.Logsindicatedas beingequiv-
interpreter specializes.
Sonic logginginformation
is vital to seismic interpretation and density
logginginformationto gravity interpretation.But
vital also are measurementsof other physical
propertieswith which an interpretationought to
be consistent, just as a seismic interpretation
oughtto be consistentwith gravity and magnetic
observations.In a rapidly changingfield such as
ours,the boundaries
betweenareasof specilization
must be crossed more and more often as we ad-
vanceinto the future. Hence it seemsappropriate

to present a "Glossary of Terms Used in Well
Logging."
alent, however,may not be identical (e.g.,

neutronlifetime log and thermal decaytime
log).
2. A colon indicates that what follows is a defi-
nition or explanation.
3. Wordsunderlinedwith a singleline are listed
themselves and should be referred to in order
to complete the defintion.
4. Wordshavebeendefinedastheyareactually
used.
5. The numberingof differentmeaningsdoes

not indicatepreferenceas to usage.
6. Whereseveraltermsare essentially
equiva-
? Manuscriptreceivedby the Editor June 8, 1970.
* ChevronOil Company,Houston,Texas.
Copyright() 1970by the Societyof ExplorationGeophysicists.

All rightsreserved
1116
Glossary of Terms Used in Well Logging
lent, the principal entry is that most used,

even where this gives preference to a trade
name over a generic name.
Trade names are included where they are
in general use. Such entries begin with a
lower caseletter wheretheir usageis for the

classof devices;althoughthe namefor a specific loggingtool may begin with a capital.
An attempt has been made to include trademark registration where 17 was aware of
such. Neither
inclusion nor exclusion should
I wish to expressmy appreciationto the companiesand peoplewho have helped me, including
do not know.
Oil Company, Jackson,Mississippi; Mr. E. E.

Finklea of Schlumberger
Limited, Ridgefield,Connecticut; Mr. Noel Frost of the Birdwell Division
of SSC, Tulsa, Oklahoma; Dr. D. W. Hilchie of

Dresser Atlas, Houston, Texas; Mr. John I.
Myung of the Birdwell Division of SSC, Tulsa,
Oklahoma; Mr. R. A. Robertson of Standard Oil
Companyof California, San Francisco;Mr. Terry
Walker of Welex, Houston, Texas; and Mr. J. E.
Walstromof StandardOil Companyof California,
San Francisco. I also want to thank the Chevron
imply any judgments about the merits of

specific devices.
some whose names I
I want to
Oil Companyand the StandardOil Company of

California for permissionto publishthis glossary.
I again remind you that I do not regard this
draft as final and invite suggestionsfor corrections,additions,or revisions.
thank especially' Mr. G. W. Burns of Chevron
Fro.
1. Idealized
1117
acoustic wave train.
R. E. Sheriff
1118
Sheriff
BEFORE
SQUEEZE
AFTER
SQUEEZE
,diP*
I,,,
FIc. 2. Microseismogram
log usedas cementbond log. CourtesyWelex.
Gossary of Terms Used in Well Logging
MUDCAKE
Fr:... (a) Schematicof compensateddensity log sonde. (b) Compensateddensity log.

Courtesy Schlumberger.
O
rn
TRUE DIP ANGLE
IDEPTH I
INTERVAL
TRUE
DRIFT
DIRECTION
OF HOLE
Fro. 4. () Dipmeter log. (b) Calculateddipmeter log (tadpole plot). CourtesySchlumberger.
1120
Sheriff
SPOHTANEOUS
POTEHTIAI
1E$ I $ T I V I TY
mllllval,i
//
ohms,.m'/m
AMPLIFIER
AND
OSCILLATOR
RECEIVER
,/ HOUSING
/ COIL
RECEIVER
AMPLIFIER
GROUND
LOOP
FOUCAULT
CURRENT
T RANSM
ION
I TTER
IITRANSMITTER
::R
OSCILLATOR
COIL
Fro. 5. (a) Schematicof two-coil inductionsonde.(b) Dual induction--laterolog. CourtesySchlurnberger.
Glossary of Terms Used in We Logging
? oo.....
o-
..
RADIAL
FOR MATION
WATER
)__! ..........
........................
DISTRIBUTION
OF
FLUIDS
i
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
Rxor ....
RrncI" -If
Rm
iRADIAL DISTANCE
i
RADIAL
II
DISTRIBUTION
I
I
I
OF RESISTIVITY
II
ii
itz
i1 i
!1
11:::)I
I I
II
MUD ;
CAKE I
Rt
!1
11LI
BOREHOLE
ABOUT
ABOUT BOREHOLE
-I . iNVADED I
I
ZONE
I
I
1
UNCONTAMINATED
ZONE
Fro. 6. Invaded zone. Courtesy Schlumberger.
1121
1122
Sheriff
LXTEROLOG
CONDUCTIVITY
400
200
.:_:::::.=5:::::
Fro. 7. (a) Schematicof laterolog7 showingcurrentflow lines.(b) Laterologwith hybrid scale.

GJossa':y
of Tea'msUsed in Well Logging
RESISTIVITY
RESISTIVITY
ohml - ml/m
ohml - m/m
1123
Fro. 8. Microlog and microcaliperlog (on left), nd

microlaterolog(on right). CourtesySchlumberger.
io
cro
Nm.mal 2"
I0
MICROCALIPER
ORRELATioN
.....
CUEVE
COUNTS
PER
MINUTE
..........
....
SIGMA
.
_..
...................................
POROSITY
Per
Cent
Fro. 10. Neutron lifetime log.

Courtesy Dresser Atlas.
Fzo. 9. Movable oil plot. Courtesy Schlumberger.
1124
Sheriff
NEUTRON
160
GENERATOR
METER
a
GENERATOR
ME TE R
CING
Glossaryof Terms Usedin We Logging
1425
14'iC;.
1l. (a) Neutron log. (b) Sidexvallneutronlog. CourtesySchlumberger.
CALIPER
HOLE
BHC
iNCHES
SONIC
LOG
2 SPAN
DIAM.
At u SEC/FT.
!oo
7o
40
,.
Ri
LOWER
TRANSMITTE/
1/////////
a
!3. (a) Schema'it BHC sonic log sonde. (b) Sonic log. Courtesy Sclllumberger.
12. Basicelectric1o arrangements'(a) Normal configuration.(b) Lateral configuration.

1126
Sheriff
S.R
o rnv
--
I+
RESISTIVITY
0 SHORT
0
NORMAL
LONG
NORMAL
!0
I0
SAND-LINE
F'm. 14. SP log in a sand shale serieswith

fresh mud in borehole. Courtesy Schlumberger.
J SHALE
?AS,E
-LINEI
,
i!'i
'
,,
Gossay of Terms [Jsed in We Logging
1127
MICROSECOND----.>
1000
BOUNDARY.WAVE
SHEAR
'
WAVE
Fro. 15. Three-dimensionalvelocity log. CourtesyBirdwell Division of SSC.
1500
1128
Sheriff
a9.stial.l_o.o_: (1) a generic term for well logs

which display
gation.
an aspect
of acoustic
In some acoustical
logs
tinuous velocity
log),
the traveltime
of the
compressional wave between two points is mea-
sured.
sured perpendicular
to the buddn
sured parallel
to the bedding.
wave propa-
(soni,
con
In others (amp_l.
itud.e...].,o.), the ampli-
tude of part of the wave train is measured.

Still
other acoustical
logs (character
log, three
a__nn_o_U]_u.s:
(1) That space between a drill ;i:, and
the formations through which the returr,]ng olling fluid (mud) returns to the surfcu.
2) Tne
space between tubing and casing or between casing
and formation.
(3) A low resistance ring seinetimes produced by invasion processes in hydrocarbon-bearing beds.
Because of their greater
orol,
VDL
log,
microseismogram
log,
display
most
of the v&avetrain
insignature
wiggle
variable density form. Still
others (cement
bond log, fracture log) are characterized
the objective
of the measurements rather
their
form.
tical
log also--pically,
wave:
from
'
Borehole
: elastic
Specifically,
the
emission
of
televiewer
is
mobility,
by
than
tion
an acous-
a sonic log_,
pulse
of various
by a
of energy transfer.
The first arrival usually
results from compressional (P or longitudinal)
Figure
ity
as
in the
API cali-
wit
fresh
water)
is
defined
units.
arrival.
The resistivity
log,
ence of
adjacent
)
A
which
mud column,
beds, etc.
fo rm 1ai:
tween
the
times
written
zone,
Empirical
formation
recurdd
from the
influence
of
relationships
resistivity
FR), porosity
factor
water
F (some-
saturation
in clean granular rocks.
F : R0/R
w= a c-m,
R0/Rt : Sw ,
(t_G__JYj=JL
(electrochemical):
a substance
where m
some nuclei
into
radioisotopes
is measured after
a time lag.
: acoustic velocity
to enter
into
log = sonic log.
The relative
a reaction.
electrochemical
SP can
be
found
from
tendency
= proportionality
to
or cementation
facbetween 1.5 and 3,
constant
varying
from
1.5,
R0 : resistivity
of the formation
when 100
percent saturated
with formation
water,
When
the
= porosity
exponent
tor, which varies
0.6
the shales adjacent to a reservoir

are perfect
cationic
membranes and the permeable bed is clean.
Rw = formation water resistivity,
ac-
tivities
(equiValent concentrations of dissolved
salts) of the formation water and mud fittrate.
Rt : true formation resistivity,

n
saturation
exponent;
often
n = 2.
j=p( S__P
:S :). Theratioofp.s_eudostatic
SPto static
"ArchiJ'sLaw"assumes
that m: 2 anda = 1
_.D.._l_._.__9.q,:_
heborehole
ofused
theamplitude
a portion of t A
acoustic lo
w ve
in acoustic of
The Humble formula
logging,
by
true
because of the pres-
invaded
Sw, and resistivities
See
differs
of the formation
that
transmute
whose radiation
the
between t))e hgh
sections
saturated
API
resistivity
CtJv_o__t]o.n_
19:
Awe.
techniqeUe
in
-E5
-ormation
is ll
irradloqing
ated with
n utrons
of
and is
lOO0
an electrical
t.
forma-
6.
The difference
LS,....i]:
Rayleigh arrivals
(not Rayleigh waves as used
in seismology).
Compressional waves travelling
through t13e mud usually have relatively
high
frequency content.
One or more modes of high
amplitude, low frequency tube waves or Stonetey
a very distinct
farther
conductive
modes
waves travelling
in the formation;
h inverse of
its velocity
is measured by the sonic 1o.
A
second arrival
is sometimes iden"Ffied as shear
(S) wave travel
in the formation,
sometimes as
waves are usually
See Figure
than
bration pit is defined as 200 API units.

(2) The
reading in the Indiana limestone portion of the
API calibration
pit (which has 19 percent poros-
pects of it are measured (see acoustical io_9).

is a composite
water.
zone
and low radioactivity
sonic logging sonde. This wave train is detected

by one or more nearby detectors and various asThe wave train
invaded
g9m_9-r.
which results
an acoustical
the
I==UJ.___.._..t,:
(l) A unit of counting rate for the
wave : seismic wave - sonic
the wave train
hydrocarbons are displaced
beyond
See cement bond log and fracture
2.15
and
is
the special
case where m =
a = 0.65.
log,
j gg'nlJa
bow
spring
orlever
connected
a
sonde
which
presses
against
the o
ore.,_
._: olheVariation
of aalephYnsical
depending
orientation
g whic roperty
it is
hole wall to centralize
the tool, to push the
measured.
(2) "Microscopic
anisotropy"
is a
variation
of a property
of a formation
measured
perpendicular
to the bedding from that measured
parallel
to the bedding because plate-like
mineral grains and interstices
tend to orient
themselves parallel
to the sedimentation.
(3) "Macroscopic anisotropy"
is a variation
due to the volume over which a measurement is made, including
.thin
(4)
beds whose properties
differ
tool
to the opposite
side
of the borehole,
to hold a sensor pad to the borehole wall.

To prepare a perforating
gun for firing.
.azro:::plo
or
drift
: _a_dole plot:
A display
of dipmeter
data.
appreciably.
The resistivity
anisotropy
coefficient
square root of the ratio of the resistivity
is the
mea-
= lO-
cm: A unit for measuring.c-
- ture cross-section.
or
(2)
Gossary of Terms Used in Wet Logging
ease-line
silift:
A change i. the icat_or.
shale
base line
occur
when
separated
fect
on the
waters
of
by shale
cationic
SP curve.
differerst
when
depth
in
the
the
are
beds %.,'hlch do not
membranes,
water salinity
changes
or when the resistivity
it
A $hkft
sllnities
the
act
,G.,aQ$_U_.
e._C,
rQ_S
-__s
_6_]0.: ( 1 ) "A t omi c c a pt u r e c r o s s -'--
for neutrons
is the effective
area within which a neutron
has to pass in order to be
as per-
captured
bilistic
formation
',vithin a permeable
bed,
of the mud changes ,zith
of
: borehole
compensated
sonic
log.
a Dresser
Atlas
by an atomic nucleus.
value dependent on the
particle
as
well
nucleus.
as
Atomic
the
It is a probanature and energy

nature
capture
of
the
cross-section
is often measured in Darns (1 barn : 10-cm),

(2) "Macroscopic capture cross-section"
is the
See com-
BHCis a Schlumberger
BHC Acoustilog
the
capturing
borehole.
pensated lo.
1t29
effective
cross-sectional
area per unit
volume
of material
for
capture
of neutrons;
hence,
it
depends on the number of atoms present
as well
traderlame.
as
their
atomic
capture
cross-sections.
The
B....H_=
: bottom hole temperature.
unit of measure for 7] s cme/cm or reciprocal

cm (cm'); :C is often measured in "capture units"
B__H._T_]
: borehole
r
units."of1 c.u.
: ]O'cm
TM
. ith
3)The
-ate "sigma
of absorption
therma
neutrons
a
televiewer.
.b._!..]_n__.z..A?:
A portion
of a formation
in which a
logging tool response is too low; also called
"shadow
zone."
A blind
zone
occurs
because
of
the finite
size or configuration
of tha logging
tool.
For the lateral
curve,
a blind
zone (ab-
normally
low reading)
is recorded
velocity
A distortion
cause
of the size
hole
or sometimes
borehole
and
the
of
influence
invaded
a well
of
zone.
A unit
tem wherein a pulsed,
log
the
laterolog,
sidewall
of macroscopic
capture
cross-
microlaterolog,
sonic,
density,
and
neutron logs which includes
a secondarz
]'9]ltFndex
be-
bore-
curve and a movable oil
1ot.
.9=,,,,0_,._C]-!..r. a t_.r: A mag ne t i c o r sc r a t c he r

device for locating
casing collars,
whict are
used for correlating
collars
with other logs and
hic.h often
serve as reference
depths in subsequent completion
operations.
A well
narrow acoustic
log sys-
(sonar)
beam scans the borenole wall in a tight

helix as
the tool moves up the borehole.
A display of the
amplitude of the
tube (television
ing a picture of
fractures,
rugs,
of measure
section.
1o__.9_
= wel 1 1og.
b.ou%e_b_9_]e
!;..e]_?__v_i_ewec
: seisviewer'
tqus
when a bed
which is highly
resistive
compared to the overlying and underlying
formations
is present between current
and measuring electrodes.
b__f_ehf_e_6_ii:
v is
=Fture un. = c.u. = s.u. = sigma unit = lO'cm - .
reflected
wave on a cathode ray
screen) is photographed yieldthe borehole wall, revealing
etc.
BHTV is a Mobil Oil trade-
c..a_t_i.=_nJ,,,...,m_,mb.e:
A me mb r a n wh i c h p e r mi t s t h e
passage of cations
but not of artions.
Shale
ac:s as such a membrane, allowing

5odium ions
Co pass but not chloride
ions.
Important
in
generating
the electrochemical
SP.
,.% : cement bond lo.
mark.
b_o._.n.d.
wat_e/_: Water absorbed in or chemically
bined with shales,
gypsum, or other material
which
is
not
free
to
flow
under
natural
comand
condi-
= continuous
dmeter.
rti_a._G.,.E.:
The exponent
m in
the
rchie
formula.
tions.
nt=
b_r_i_d/: The insulation-covered
lower
the cable to which the logging tool
portion of
is con-
nected.
_b_J_ktc
k _e_]_E.6_t_r__4__
: Lu_a
rd el ec trodes.
b_u]]_t:
cores.
(t) A device for obtaining

sidewall
(2) A device for e.r__ati_.
butl;or[:
The small
resistivity
circular
electrode
of
bo_n_d
..]._:
the
acoustic
before
sonde.
and/or
after
test
records run
a log run and attached
to the
logs.
cal.j_er
Awell
logwhich
measures
di........
=m'e"e
r,lo:
-open
hoe caliper
logging
too ole
s some
times
have 1, 2, 3, or 4 arms.
Also
called
section gage. See Figures 8 and 13. Tools

for studying the corrosion of casing or tubing
use many "fingers."
tne
degree
(CBL) which repre-
sents the amplitude

of a portion
of the longitudinal
acoustic wave train or (2) a display
of
Calibration
indi.cates
sist of (1) an ltude_l
on a micro-
the
ter log,
acoustic
_81ib_ati:
A wel I log of the amol i rude

wave which
of bonding of the cement to the pipe.

If the
casing is poorly cemented, energy travel
through
the casing at the fast speed of acoustic
waves
in steel
is strong and little
energy travels
in
the formation;
if the casinq is well cemented,
the casing signal nearly disappears
and the
formation
signal
is strong.
The log may con-
c.ba.
acoustic
wave
three-D,
signature
train
such
as
the
charac-
microseismogram,
VDL, or
log.
See Figure 2.
: signature
log:
A display
of the
acoustic
wave train
to the similar
sort
in wiggle form, as opposed

of display
in variable
form in the three-D lo, microseismo-
density
gram, or VDL log.
1,
See also sonic

and cement bond l o.
1o,
fracture
.G.hl_oni_ne
:
A log based on the counting rate of
capture gamma rays produced by capture of thermal
neutrons by chlorine
in the formation.
By limiting the count to a certain energy range, the tool
30
is
Sheriff
made
more
sensitive
to
chlorine
and
rela-
continuous
tively
insensitive
to formation
porosity.
The
chlorine
log is now essentially
replaced
by the
neutron lifetime
loq and thermal decay time log.
cvcleskip.:
arrival
the
cbro_at:
See
arion
gas chromatograph.
locator.
.c_O_l_p_a_j_on
c_,_r_e_.LJD_:
An empirical
correction
applied to porosity
derived
from the sonic log in
uncompacted
formations
such
depths or formations
under
sures.
Undercompaction
is
mally low sonic velocities
as sands
at
log (FDC) uses the signal
from a secondary
detector
to
effect
of mud cake and small
correct
for
the
irregularities
in
the borehole wall.
The compensated sonic log
(BHC) uses a special arrangement of the trans-
ducers
hole
to correct
size
and
for
sonde
irregularities
in
is
sometimes
receiver
closest
= sonic
long_.
logging
strong
enough to
to
transmitter
the
the firs1
trigger
but
not
shallow
abnormally high presindicated

by abnorin adjacent
shales.
.cm_.__n__s
t_e:
Awel
1 1og
madte
a sonde
designed
to correct
out
unwan
ed with
effects.
The
compensated density
log
or sonic
the farthest
receiver,
which may then be triggered by a later
cycle resulting
in an erroneously high transit
time.
This situation
is
called
"cycle skipping."
Its onset is characterized
by an abrupt deflection
corresponding
to an added cycle of travel
between receivers.
"Short cycle skipping"
where the near receiver
is triggered
a cycle too late can also occur,
resulting
in an abnormally
short traveltime.
J_et_: Containing
no appreciable
amount of clay
or shale.
Applied to sandstones and carbonates.
Compare _!_tjL.
;_O_l]_dc__]_D:
: ccollar
velocity
In acoustic
bore-
A unit
of permeability;
the permeability
which will
allow a flow of one milliliter
per
second of fluid
of one centipoise
viscosity
through one square centimeter
under a pressure
gradient
of one atmosphere per centimeter.
The
commonly used unit is the millidarcy
or 1/1000
darcy.
_DarcJL_s
law'
rate
A relationship
for the fluid
flow
q.
tilt.
kA
QJ]_cLc_t_i_v_i: The ability

of a material
to conduct electrical
current.
See m.ho per meter.
Conductivity
is the reciprocal
of resistivity.
,ojl_n___te__%_ej:
(1) Water trapped in sediments at
the time of deposition.
_ec_t.OL:
against
(2)
A microloE
the
borehole
Formation
wall.
Welex tradename.
_Q..e
_n_a_l:
Cores from boreholes
as
are analyzed
See core analysis.
and up to three
smooth
sity.
(1) The determination
stratigraphic
ferent
well
tures
long from the
wells.
position
of
Similarities
serve
as
markers
(2)
wel I data
or
.rossplotz:
in
different
the
in dif-
char. acter
of distinctive
from
the next are used.

wel 1 1 ogs and other
well
is
one
well
of
feato
The matching of different

either
in
the
same
wells.
A graph to determine
the relationship
between two different

measurements.
A crossplot
of porosity
measured from a sonic log against
porosity
from a density
log, for example, is used
to show secondary porosity
effects.
cr__c9_Sse
icLi_O_: See cpture
cross-section.
pressed
and detector
against
compensated density
are
on a skid
the borehole
logging
tool
wall.
The
(FDC) includes
a secondary detector
which responds more to the
mud cake and small borehole
irregularities;
the
response of the second detector
is used to correct the readings of the main detector.
Density
is related
to porosity
by the equation
q= Pma
' Plog,
side
of equivalence
formations
in
togs and the occurrence

which
The source
which
Pma-
borehole.
c r_r:
in
feet
log which records the forma-
so shielded
that it records backscattered
gamma
rays from the formation.
This secondary
radiation
depends on the density
of electrons,
which is roughly proportional
to the bulk den-
c.q._=__5_l.,._i_g_ez:
device
using
which cuts aA
triangular
corediamondt-edged
abou one incbades
on
a side
A well
is a Dresser
tiondensity.
Th
logging
tool
consists
ofa
e.g.,
Cs?)
and
a detector
depth.
of
Densilog
tradename.
area,
across
gamma-ray source
for porosity,
permeability,
fluid
content
and identification,
lithology,
and structure
(fractures,
cross bedding, etc.).
Results are
often illustrated
on a log or coregraph on which
porosity,
permeability,
water saturation,
oil
saturation,
and lithology
are graphed against
._r_:
Atl
.dei_...t._..
:
CVL i s a
1 trademark.
where k : permeability,
A : cross-sectional
= viscosity,
,p = pressure differential
the thickness,
x.
.d9...si]_ = densi.
in which the sonde is held
n_g9_u_s ._e]_zJ___y.
_ : son i c l og.
Bi rdwel
water.
q --- --x
'
Pf
wherePmais the densityof the rock matrix, Plog

is the density recordedon the log, and pf is the
density of the fprmation fluid.
Sometimes called
gamma-gammaqg.
Compare nuclear cement log and
hotS.
a__tur
See Figure
curve:
3.
Graphs which allow one to cor-
rect for measuring conditions

which differ
from
standard.
Such curves,
for example, might
correct
for differences
in temperature,
hole diameter, mud type, adjacent
beds, invasion,
etc.
de?thof
..nvasio...n.: See invaded zone.
ep.th of investJ.gation:
The radius about a logging
Gossay of Tems Used n Wel Logging
sonde within
which material
nificantly
to the readings
contributes
sigfrom the sonde.
of the hole.
The tape is
the log.
Welex tradename.
dual inducti'
._.d_e_t.i:
A borehole log plotted at a scale
larger than conventional
(1 inch per 100 ft);
specifically,
inches
an electric
per
eLi:
log at a scale
of
Departure of a borehole from vertical.

directional
_d_iP_.og= dieter.
survey_and
two
played
back to obtain
An induction
induction
curves
with
log consisting
different
deoths
of
investigation.
Usually
run with a focused resistivity
device with a shallow
depth of investigation,
such as a shallow laterolog.
of 5
100 ft.
See drift,
13
rectify.
= deep well
temperature
thermometer:
A sonde for recording
logs,
Diplog is a Dresser Atlas
tradename.
.c[!'._p____..:
(1) A well
log from which formation dip
magnitude and azimuth can be determined.

The
resistivity
dipmeter includes
three or four
microresistivity
readings
made using sensors
distributed
in azimuth about the logging sonde
and a reading of the azimuth of one of these;
a reading of the hole deviation
or drift
angle
and its bearing;
and one or two caliper
measurements.
The microresistivity
curves are
correlated
to
determine
the
differences
in
depth of bedding markers on.different

sides
the hole.
(2) Other types of dipmeter use
three
(3)
SP curves,
three
wall
scratchers,
A log showing the formation
lated
stick
azimuth
sur_e:
and
vertical.
inclination
of
a borehole
survey
is
measurements
with
are
made
at
plot
with
the
the
made
discrete
levels
amount of
shale dispersed
in the interstices.
Such shale
lowers the permeability
and effective
porosity
and affects
the readings
of many types of logs.
down.hole_____ground:
A long electrode often attached
to the logging cable some distance (perhaps 100
ft)
above an electrical
just
below the casing,
logging sonde or hung

used as the reference
electrode
instead
of a reference
the surface,
Used in the case
ference
from electrical
surface
tell
uric
__.f.t_:
borehole
azimuth
through
axis
a borehole.
and
is the angle
the borehole
is the angle
the
vertical;
formation,
often
between
the
between a vertical
and north.
indicative
of
which
: electrolog:
usually
consists
a unit
wave
a Dresser
A borehole log
resistivity
Atlas
elec-
of SP and two or more
logs, such as ort
and long normal
logs.
Electrolog
tradename.
The component of the SP comprised of the sum of the liquid-junction

potential
and the shale potential,
both of which are
determined
formation
by the ratio
water
The liquid
drift
plane
penetration
into
to
that
junction
of the activits.
of
the
potential
of the
mud filtrate.
is produced in
the formation
at the contact
between
the invasion
filtrate
and the
formation
water
as a result
of the differences
in ion diffusion
rates
from the more concentrated
to the more dilute
solution
("concentration
cell").
The negatively
charged chloride
ions have greater
than the positive
sodium ions and an
excess negative
charge tends to cross the
boundary, resulting
in an emf.
The shale po-
mobility
tential
results
because
the
shale
bed
acts
as
a cationic
membrane permitting
the sodium
cations to flow through it but not the chloride
anions.
The liquid
junction
potential
and
shale potential
are additive.
See also SS_____.P.
elect__r_
k_c__
?._Lte__.nij...a_..]
: streaming potential
=
----ectrofiltration
potential:
A component of the
as a result
of movement of the
through the mud cake.
Variations
inva-
in
ion concentration
produced by the processes which
generate the electrochemical
SP tend to be swept
along by the movement of the invading
fluid
and
this flow of charge results
i n the el ectrokinetic
potential.
The electrokinetic
potenti al i s usual 1 y cons i dered smal 1 compared to
the electrochemical
SP and is often
neglected
when estimating
formation
water resistivity
from
the
SP.
zone.
elecron.__denit:
!]...ling
= seismic
A generic term including all

Compare electrical
surve_..
e]_e_c]ric 1%=
-fon fluid
The drif
?i]]ing___bak:
An increase in the penetration
speed of the drill
bit caused by a change in
a porous
ee]_e_l;ric_al_
10:
trical
logs.
SP produced
of
angle or hole deviation

the
electrode
at
of bad SP interfacilities
or
currents.
The attitude
wave
wave.
e_]eCrochem:
often
Containing appreciable
wall.
or
a photoclinometer.
dir_fw = shaly:
borehole
w__a_v_e.
= acoustic
sonic
is
as part of a dipmeter survey or sometimes as a

continuous
log with a poteclinometer.
Sometimes
elastic
A device which presses a sonde
the
and long lateral
calcu-
Measurements of drift,
A directional
against
resistivity
etc.
dips
from the above, such as a tadpole

plot.
See Figure 4 and HDT.
dire_ti_o]
of
_5?c.n_t.e
'._:
%jm]_O:
thickness
A record of he time to drill
of
formation.
or
d__i._]__l_p_i_p_e
Awell
obtained
from
a logging lo_:
instrument
wog
i chwich
as a is
self-contained
recording
mechanism.
The log consists
of an SP
and short and long normals.
The tool is lowered
through the drill
pipe and the flexible
electrode assembly is pumped through a port in the
bit.
The log is recorded by a tape recorder
within
the tool during the process of coming out
See density
1og.
mp:_h_o_],l:A borehole which is filled

e__:
gas.
A s ne
e=oo_ithe_r_m
.1.n:
E..S: electrical
1og.
See neutron loq.
survey.
with air
1132
Sheriff
F__&_]
: formation
anal sis lo .
as measured by the nu___clear

m_a neti.
gives
F_D_C.
= compensated formation
F
: formation
F_F__=
= free
ifl_,?,
_f__%h_:
Very low in dissolved salts.
,used
densi.
fluid
Gas
a low FFI.
densi., loci.
index:
comparatively
with
respect
Sometimes
to normal
sea
water (which is 35,000 parts of dissolved salts

per million),
sometimes used comparing formation
See also nuclear magnetism
water
with
than
2000
mud flitrate.
"Fresh
ppm dissolved
water"
has
less
salts.
= mud cake.
]_a_t-__t_o_j=n=q=:
A maximumbeyond which values are
not
recorded,
1]ion of
Loss
some part
of
of
sensitivity
the
due
measuring
to
satura-
q:NN===__,:
system.
].O].e_.r A device which measures the flow

fluid.
Sometimes the flowmeter
is lowered
the
flow
stream
in
a borehole;
set in one spot with
sometimes
a packer.
of
through
it
is
m._=.r__]g:
radioactivity,
reflects
See inner
ing
imZ,:
l_!d
See format
,.[_:
See
ion
"'--
invaded
as
zone.
-''stivity
an app rent poro-
based on induction
density log dta.

_r$__J.,a_v
pretation
in
terms
their
t i,_o:
the
log and either
of
content.
evaluation
sonic
or
T h e a na 1y s i s a nd i nt e r -
nature
are
to
drillstem
the
The
tests,
formations
objectives
ascertain
if
etc.
and
of
= F:
tivity
the
The
of a formation
water
formation
fined
with
which
factor
is,
ratio
of
to the resistivity
it
is
See microlaterolo,
_e]o:
tude
tool
zone
the
sands (for
Welex tradename.
of the wave arrivals

from a sonic logging
during a certain
gate time.
A fracture
attenuaCes
the acoustic
energy and delays
of
the
shear
SP for
correlation
for
3, 7, and ll,
radioactive
(2)
Used in explora-
minerals.
weight-
$r.]!j__qz.a_qetn: A device for determining

the
density
of the wellbore
fluid
by measuring the
pressure
on two bellows
tical
pressure
gradient.
and therefore
the
ver-
8_,njs_l_m: A combination of logs or a computation procedure for calculating

the depth of
invasion
and
and the
resistivity
uncontaminated
duction laterolog
laterolog.
zones,
of
both
based
invaded
on a dual
and a proximity
in-
log or micro-
,.q,cJ.__e.]_co.J...e
= bucking electrodes:
from
which
current
flows
so
that
flow from a measuring

electrode
the formation.
See laterolog.
the
is
...d__j_=.. : laterolo
uard electrodes.
: focused log:
dipmeter:
Electrodes
current
focused
into
Log made with
to
fluid.
Hydrostatic,
are recorded,
A well log of the cumulative ampli-
arrival
the
run on a wireline
obtain samples of formation

flow,
and shut-in
pressures
_:
for
de-
1 a.
A tool
in clays
While
speaking,
only for clean brine-saturated
.[mimo_$__Le_:
contain-
most common of
ing factor
for determining
how the conductivities
of each medium in the vicinity
of a sonde affect
the apparent
conductivity
measurement,
especially
used with the induction
log.
of
saturated.
strictly
minerals
(the
tend to concentrate
9,.g$__e_t_tF_i_r.._ajf_,G$_o_r_:
The geometry dependent
resis-
which it is nearly
independent
of the fluid
resistivity),
it is often used without
this
restriction.
Apparent formation
factor
is a
function
of porosity,
pore structure
and size
distribution,
and clay content.
See Archie's
formu
tion
commerci-
the
a substitute
See Figures
forma-
ally
productive
hydrocarbons are present and
the best means for their
recovery
and to derive
lithology
and other information
on formation
characteristics
for use in further
exploration.
_o0_
because
isotopes
purposes in cased holes,

in nonconductive
muds
in open holes,
and for thick
carbonate
intervals.
Also called Rwaanalysis log.
of v'"'i-'i--logdata,
of
fluid
tion
content
and shales.
Volcanic
ash, qranite
wash, and
some salt deposits
may also give significant
gamma-ray readings.
The log often functions
tester.
__e__.....,].,.: Often refers to la[erolo

or guard
log.
Sometimes refers
[o induction
lo.
sity
shale
radioactive
which is potassium)
s u v..
Z.
See de ns__i_ty.
A well log uhich records the natural
(1) In sediments the log mainly
= high resolution
A dipmeter
which
records four high resolution

micrOresirstivity
curves and has an additional
electrode
on one pad
which yields
another curve at displaced
depth.
The displaced
depth curve is used to correct
for
variations
in
sonde
velocity.
wave.
.Ce,.fluid
id
= FFI:
The percent of the bulk
volume occupied by fluids
which are free to flow
h,i.b _reso]_u=tioo];_b__m_e:
A small-diameter
fastresponse thermometer for logging open or cased
boreholes with a temperature resolution of 0.5F.
_h_otwi]_e_:
A device used to detect hydrocarn gases returned
to the surface by the drilling mud. Basically
a Wheatstone bridge,
two
Glossary of Terms Used in Wel Logging
the pressure
arms of which are kept at a high temperature.

Hydrocarbon
gases become oxidized
as they pass
over one arm, which increases
its
temperature,
that
applicable
in granular
form of Archio's
where
F = formation
rion.
formula,
is
linear
with
and linear
with
resistivity)
ure
for
conductivity
(the
=h===ro
e:
pared with
that
in fresh
mainly
ume filled
with
filtrte.
trate
of
Neutron
survey:
al,,ot
is
all
,:f
than tt]e maximum depth reached by

In oil-bearing
may [ush
a bank
intervals,
of
f<:rma!:ien
the
fli-
ware, ahead
low resistivity
important witt
induction logs. See Figure

at
maximum hydrocarbon saturation.

It represents
water trapped
by adhering
to rock surfaces,
trapped in smaller
pore spaces and narrow interstices:
etc.,
which has not been displaced
by
hydrocarbons.
Irreducible
water saturation
is
of the pore vol-
electrical
.han
cke"
pore v'"Tumeoccupied by water in a reservoir
log
index.
hydrocarbons.
IEL = induction
"rilud
:he mud ca'e
iFom ,lcn
deep iFesigating
volume com-
water.
great,'r
A
limitin d furIFr
into th furma-
of it to lJroduce a relatively
"annulus" w)lich is especially
See Fig-
on hydrogen
!_L.d_...r...,.0_._..a_r__b_0n
s__Lturai_o_9_:
Fraction
S.
reciprocal
Hydrogen per unit
depends
behind
zone"
modl rather
which
1o,; resistivities
for high resistivities.
7.
response
resistivity
laterclogs
kept
fluids.
tivities
and other pro,,Jerties and tensefluently
the value which logs read.
The "depth of
vasion" is the equivalent
depth in an delzed
and = porosity.
used with
Directly
"flushed
(sucrosic)--6's:
factor
the mud is
formation
formation
water and most of the h'/drecarbc, ns
have been displaced
by filate.
ThL, invasion process alters
the distribution
of resis-
F = 0.62
.,b__ri__....]_e:
A scale
of
the
builds on the formatinn

wall,
flow of mud fluid
(Flitrate)
changes its resistance,

and unbalances the bridge.
The hot wire analyzer
response is sometimes
plotted
as a well log.
Humbl_e.fo_rmula:
A special
of
1133
an equilibrium
situation.
It differs
from
"residual
water saturation,"
the value measured by core analysis,
because of filtrate
invasion
and the gas expansion
ttat occurs when
A bore-
hole log which usually includes SP, 16 inch nor____-_

a
m 1, and deep-investigation
induction loq._.s.
the
core
is
removed
to the
surface.
froIll
the
bottom
of
the
hole
]LL_d
= deep i nvesti gati on i nducti on 1 oq..
I_L_nl: medium investigation
induction
loq.
inclin_or_t_e_.r.: A device for measuring hole inclination and azimuth.

See directional
survez.
l__a__te_r.9]_:
A resistivity
.n___G_ti_n__
electrical
conductivity/resis'i---il : logAn
based
on e 1ectromagnetic
induc
tion
principles.
A high-frequency
current
of constant
flow
the
in
intensity
formation.
This
alternating
induces
current"
flowing
intheformation
"geround
1o"causes
an alternating
magnetic fi ld whic
reduces a
current in a receiving
coil.
The receiving
coil
current
is nearly
proportional
to the conductivity
of the formation.
Induction
sondes may
have several
transmitting
and receiving
coils
to produce a highly focused log.
An induction
log can be recorded where the borehole
fluid
conductive
or
muds or gas.
base
nonconductive,
See Figure
5.
?]_L,..s,_t_j.._tJ_a.l__,L.,L_:
Water
as in
i n the
oil
is
ces or
pressional
tance,
P-wave
usually
The traveltime
of a com-
sonic -eismic) wave over a unit dis-
hence proportional
to the reciprocal
of
velocity.
Measured in the sonic log,
in microseconds
per foot.
i nt r i ns_r
ma 1 n__e__u_t_Q_n__d_e_C___.
_te__: The t r ue
decay time of the formation as opposed to the
measured decay time which is sub3ect to hole and
diffusion
effects.
See neutron
lifetime
loq.
inva.ded zone:
The portion about a wellbore
into
which drilling
fluid has penetrated,
displacing
some of
takes
the
place
formation
fluids.
This
nvasion
in porous permeable zones because
on the
A constant
while
the po-
The MN distance is slnall compared
to the "spacing,"
the distance
current
and the midpoint
electrode
the potential
feet
current
A on the bridle
surface
difference
is measured across two elecM and N, located
on the sonde; see
8 inches.
electrodes,
A "short
between the
typically
lateral"
uses a spacing of 6 to 9 feet.
between
about 18
sometimes
The potential
electrodes
are usually
below tte current
electrode but on the reciprocal
sonde the functions
are interchanged
so that
trodes
the
are
lateroloq.
i ntersti
pore spaces in a formation.

in;_[?j__..t_si:
tential
trodes,
Figure 12.
current
"Foucault
log.
is passed between an electrode
and an electrode
above
= guard
the potential
current
elec-
electrode.
log : focused
log:
A resis-
tivity
log made with a sonde that is focused
by use of guard or bucking electrode
arrangements, which force the "surveying
current"
to
flow nearly
at right
angles to the logging
sonde.
One type uses three electrodes
and
guard electrodes.
In the lateroleg-7,
sufficient
current
is fed into the bucking electrodes,
A and A, above and below the current
electrode
so
electrode
A flows
that
right angles
lustration).
and 1.1' are
trode
trode.
nearly
used :o adjust
currents
until
this
and guard
above
and
See Fiqures
Schlumburqer
current
from
in
to the sonde (grey

Sensing electrodes
The lateroleg-3
electrodes
the
out
below
the
flow
the
a sheet
current
at
area in ilM, Mz', M,

bucking
condition
elecexists.
log use long bucking

the
7 and 5.
current
elec-
Lateroleg
is
trademark,
l_iu i dZu_nc_jt
ion_=_==p_Q_$]t
i]_a_!_
= 1i quid boundary potent-':
See el ectrochemi
cal
SP,
1134
Sheriff
lttle
s_la
= small
slam.
about a borehole, recorded with electrodes on a
]_j.']_h_Q]:
A log showing lithology as a function of depth in a borehole.
Sometimes a strip__
lo__0_9.
based on samples,
other
borehole
See we!l
sometimes interpreted
from
logs,
values
for
= 1/1000
material
rance
of
pos ire
being
the
A unit
the
that
the
curren
flow
is
concentrated
into
is
of
a small volume of formation in front of the pad.
For the proximity
log the electrodes
are mounted
on a wider pad and the focusing is such that
8.
mark.
mud cakes have less effect.
Micro!aterolog
See Figure
is a Schlumberger trade-
wall.
The
pressed
lower
against
electrode
is
the borehole
the
gives
a 2 inch
micronormal
and the
dif-
ference between the two upper electrodes gives

a 1 inch microinverse (lateral
type measure-
ment).
ciably
ference
The remainder represents

left
in the invaded
zone.
cake:
wall
as
The residue
the
deposited
mud loses
retard
See
further
invaded
loss
zone.
of
on
filtrate
The mud cake

and hence
fluid
to
the
used to measure mud resis-
borehole
wall.
=:
See
also
invaded
zone.
A 1og made with a mi crol oc) sonde with
the arms collapsed

so that
is not pressed against
the
sures
resistivity
of
the
the measuring
pad
borehole
wall.
Meamud at in-hole
con-
ditions.
j:
Analysis of samples of the drilling
(or mud) and cuttings

which
have
entered
to detect
the
signs of
mud from
tions.
Hydrocarbons may be evidenced
rescence,
by chromatographic
analysis,
the
forma-
by fluogas, and
other ways.
The mud is also monitored
for
salinity
and viscosity
to indicate
water loss
cut.
Plots
sample
):jp.]
to
of
such
log and a drill
........
measure
several
data
often
time
curve.
_t.ool: A device
the
direction
levels,
of
include
run in a borehole
the
borehole
See directional
at
survey.
Because the mud cake usual ly has appre-
smaller
microinverse
normal
The
inci-
ELUJL.f._i_]_C2Lt_:
Fluid which enters permeable formations from the mud, leaving a mud cake on the
or
A current
electrode.
The potential
of the upper electrode
with respect to a reference
electrode
on the
surface
two curves
tivity.
fluid
icrolo_ : contact log : minilog:

A type of microresistivity
log using three button electrodes
spaced in a line one inch apart and located on
the
borehole
fluids
a pad which is
first
9.
mud._.cu: A container
gradually
flaring
tube.
Since the spacing
small, the log responds to the resistivity
thicker
the
hydrocarbons
tends
to
formation.
of ohm-meter.
log = FoRxo =
t--
.'
A microresistivity
log of the
!aterolog
type wit h a bucking electrode
and two
monitor
electrodes
arranged concentrically
on a pad which is pressed against
the formation
so
between
into porous, permeable

formations.
generally
has very low permeability
min ifocused
pororesis-
cares the volume fraction of hydrocarbons in

the noninvaded zone and the separation between
the last two curves indicates the volume frac-
m__u_d___c_a_ke
: filter
of
of a
See microlo.
microlateroloe.
device such as the microlaterolog.
separation
tion of movable oil.
conductivity
Rec iprocal
tivity
residual
a meter
c ube of which
offers
a resisone ohm t o current
flow between op-
.j,c.
nv..e_.
e
'
.........r o)]i n
conduction,
of ohm.
zparent
water
porosity
of theflusheid
one" xo
fromfialled
shallow
investigation
res s-
See Figure
mud filtrate.
faces.
A unit of electrical
tivity eviceSUCh
asthe!aerolog;
and"ap-
log terms to indicate
ll.r.hrOr:r,,,per.:r.t_=_r
- lOO0 mmho per meter:
conductivity,
See Figure 2.
from the sonic log; "apparent water-filled

sity" derived from a deep investigation
darcy.
used with
the
See
Izo=v_o_ble_l
..
: MOP: A well log calculated from
other logs on which three "porosity" curves are
plotted: "total porosity," qt, such as is derived
_.r_oic
.i_Q_=:
Resistivity
perpendicular
to the bedding which differs
froin resistivity
parallel
to the bedding because of the inclusion
of interbeds of markedly different
resistivity.
Subscript
lo:
1/1000 of a mho, the reciprocal
apart.
__= millidarcy
the borehole wall.
See microlog_. Dresser Atlas tradename.
_mmho
: mil!imho:
__: Subscript
used with log terms to indicate
values appropriate
to the rock matrix.
three-D
m..ini].:
log.
lo.j. normal:
A normal resistivity
log made with
the A and M electrodes in the sonde (usually)
64 inches
pad pressed against
microlo.g.and microlaterolo 9.
microse___im_o_cLr_am
]qL : variable density log :
resistivity
will
(called
than the formation,
read
when mud cake is
less
present.
"separation")
than
the
This
indicates
micro-
dif-
a per-
meable formation.
A caliper
log is usually
corded at the same time.
Microlog is a
Schlumberger trademark.
See Figure 8.
.m_cronormal:
re-
See microlog.
micm.
oresisti.vitv
lo): Awell
log
to
m-easur6
he-Fs'ivity
of the
f esigned
ushed zone
neutro.Q lifetime
time
log.
tor
of
!og:
A well
cross-section.
Similar
in use to the decay
log of thermal
A Van de Graaff
in the sonde periodically

neutrons
which
enter
the
neutron
neutron
releases
formation
capture
genera-
a burst
and begin
to lose energy in collisions.
At two discrete
time
burst,
intervals
after
a neutron
measure-
ments are made of the gamma rays which result

from the capture of neutrons by nuclei in the
thermal
decay time
log,
whereas measurements
are
Gossay of Tems Jsed n We Logging
made
of
the
thermal
lifetime
log.
the reciprocal
unit
of
time,
sometimes,
lation
called
the
to
I i fetime
neutrons
in
the
neutron
The quantity
plotted
is sometimes
of the percentage
which decay per
fall
time
to
the
for
thermal
the
half
value,
L; sometimes
the
decay
thermal
time
neutron
called
the
macroscopic
popu-
is a part.
decays very
The sgnal
from
rapidly
because
(from steel
worn from drill
response.
fluid
going (2 = 4.55/
and water).
Thermal neutrons are
captured mainly by the chlorine

present and hence
this log responds to the amount of salt in formation waters.
Hydrocarbons result
in longer decay
times than salt water.
Log readings
are porosity
dependent and sensitive
to clay content and permeability
changes.
This log is used in cased
holes where resistivity
logs cannot be run or to
monitor reservoir
changes to optimize
production.
It resembles a resistivity
log with which it is
generally
corre!atable.
Dresser Atlas trademark.
See Figure 10.
neutron
lost:
A well
log of
hydrogen
density.
Fast
neemitted
by a source in the tool are
slowed to thermal speed by collisions
with (main-
pipe and bits);
(the
Thus the
do not give appre-
FFI
hydrogen in free
Gas gives
by
of measuring
tie
Fluids
bound to sur-
(as the water in shales)
ciable
cross-section7., whichis derivable fro t-he fore: 3.!5/L).
the uorehole
fluid
of disseminated
iron
slightly
delaying
the time
hole signal
is minimized.
faces
neutron
cap_ture
35
indicates
fluid
the
free
hydrocarbons
a low reading
because of
its low hydrogen density.

Sometimes thermal
relaxation
time,
the rate of polarization
buildup
as a function
of polarizing
time,
is measured
to distinguish
between water and oil.
T='meter, being th i
cube
which
offers
vity of a meter
resistance
flow of current
between
rocal
of mho per meter.
of
one
opposite
ohm
faces.
to
the
Recip-
ly) hydrogen atoms.

The thermal neutrons are then
captured by atomic nuclei of the surrounding mate-
rial
(mainly chlorine
characteristic
The neutron
log
atoms) at which time a
gamma ray of capture

detector
may record
is given off.
the capture
gammarays (n -y),
thermal neutrons (n - n), or
epithermal neutrons (those just above thermal
speed).
A low hydrogen density indicates
low
liquid-filled
porosity.
Porosity calculated
from
the neutron
log is affected
tion
and by the
matrix
somewhat by the forma-
presence
of
gas.
Neutron
logs are used in crossplots to detect gas and determi ne 1 i thol ogy.
Neutron 1 ogs are sometimes
scaled in API units,
sometimes in porosity
units
assuming a limestone matrix.
See also sidewall
neutron log.
The neutron log can be recorded in
cased hol es
See Figure 11.
NML = nuclear magnetism log.
another
reference
and N).
electrode
electrode
about
16 inches
for
is
in
at the
The "spacing"
A and M electrodes
used
the
sonde
surface
and
normal.
for
the
64 inches for the medium or long

Figures 12 and 14.
between the
A spacing
short
normal
normal.
of
and
See
be sensitive
to the density of material

in the anUsed for distinguishing
between cement and
behind casing.
Can be run in empty hole.
Ur__l_aroj_ejLim
].O.q= NML - free
fluid
log'
'V-611
'i6-'-hihS
dependent
on the alignment
of
the magnetic momentof protons (hydrogen nuclei)
with an impressed magnetic fi el d.

Protons tend
to align themselves with the magnetic field and
when it i s removed they precess i n the earth ' s
magnetic field and gradually return to their
original
state.
The proton precession produces
a radiofrequency
signal whose amplitude is
measured as the free fluid index (FFI).
The
rate of decay of the precession signal depends
on interactions
with neighboring
atoms and hence
on the
nature
of
the molecule
of
A footing
against
on the end of an
the
borehole
which
the
wall.
_pt.jti?_._.n___qas__c.
h__r_o_m_a_t9_q=r_r
.a.h_: A de v i ce f or q ua n t i tative
analysis
of hydrocarboq
constituents.
A fixed quantity
of sample is carried
,;ith a
stream of sweep gas through a partition
column
packed with an inert
sol i d coated with a nonvolatile
organic
liquid.
The lighter
fractions
traverse
the
fractions
ately
at
so that the components

aF,?ear separthe column exit,
where their
amounts
can
be
column
faster
than
the
heavier
measured.
_.._
r_fo_cat!:
r:
Opening holes through casing and into
so
into
that
the
fluids
borehole.
can
flow
from
the
A measure of the ea3e with which a
formation
permits
a fluid
Measured in millidarcy
to flow
(1/1000
tirough
darcy)
it.
units.
ph_h_O_t_oclin.me__Jze.
J?_:
Arecords
wellloggin
device
'-p-h'o-togr'aphiCally
the
ngle
andwhich
azimuth
of
borehole
deviation
from
the
vertical.
proton
Com-
pare potecIinometer.
...o_t_o____9: A wel 1 1og oi scattered
)l_..ql
ear cemen%I oR: A wel 1 1og of scattered gamma
rays, differing
from the density loll in that the
gamma-ray source and detector are so spaced as to
nulus.
fluids
pad:
presses
(electrodes
is the distance
the
arm which
a formation
formation
[Lp_r_lsa.L:A resistivity
well log in which a constant
current is passed between a current electrode
in
the sonde and one at the surface (electrodes
A
and B) while the potential
difference
is measured
between
[a__d_
= sidewall
gamma rays,
differing
from a densit1o
in that tile
is not pressed against the borehole wall
hence is especially
sensitive
to changes
hole diameter
or density
of the fluid
in
sonde
and
in
the
borehole.
__:
Often
Pore
volume
erunivolume
offormation.
indicated y th symbo . Porosity is determined from sonic loqs using the [,]zllie rela-
tionship, from densit----i-og3_,

from ntltron lo9_[,
oresi
sti{-i'"6-g"S--by
assumi
-l-q-{i
on-
ship such as Archie's formula.
lp...
See movableoil
"Primaryporosity" refers to the porosity
remaining after
the sedimen's have been com-
pacted but without considering changesbecause
of subsequen: chemical action or flow of waters
through the sediments.
"Secondaryporosity"
is the additional
porosity created by such
chemical changes, especially fissures, frac-
tures,
solution
vugs, and porosity
created
by dolomitization.
"Effective
porosity"
is
the porosity
available
to free fluids,
excluding
unconnected porosity
and space occupied by
bouncJ :ate'
,:-o.qi
and
ferent
logs
during
arm
the
needle
tanc
i'
so
angle
on top
tat
with
the
the
jc,a:
based on dif-
acous
of each other.
resistance
vertical
moves another
arm
is a measure
of te
dipmeters.
J.! = pars
values
A device for measuring the angle

of borehole
deviation
continuously
run.
A pendulum moves a variable
a log
resistor
shale.
?orosity
plotted
.?tectinneter:
and direc'ion
cf
disseminated
overlay:
is
a measure
and a compass
so that
a2imuth,
another
Often
_r_l_d_ioa..c__i_l=q::A well log of natL, ral or induced radiation.

Usually refers to qamma ra_y_
1_o but sometimes also 'a a dens.,
neutron
l,
neutron lifetime
1o, or other types of logs,
tic
Con,pare otoclinometer.
.e.,:
log run in a production
or
injection
well.
Small diameter
sondes are
used so that they can be lowered through 2 inch
ID tubing.
Devices
include
continuous
flowmeter,
packer flot,meter,
gradiomanometer,
mano-
tracer
collar
j::=:
watercutmeter,
thermometer,
tools,
through-tubing
calilocator,
and fluid
sampler.
A microresistivity
the microIaterolo
cake ticknesses.
log similar
to
but less sensitive

to mud
"Proximity"
is a Schlumberger
gn=j)o.?_:ometE=___,jja]
fac?_,_O:A coefficient
the response
used for
of a resistivity
surzmentRa at different
mea-
invasion depths:
To adjust
contaminated
geometrical
zone resistivity,
zone resistivity,
factor,
a function
e..EdOS]_O:.],_c_.
= PSP:
sand.
Static
: porosity
SP refers
unit
to
a clean
= 1 percent
Rt : un-
and J = pseudoof invasion

depth.
The "static
SP"of
sand.
makes
them
on a
log for
true
ver-
di ffi
cult
a shaly
resistivity
of total
porosity occupied by disSee _rodu__cibili_t.y_.inde___Zx.
correl
ate
with
read-
formation.
_elat[e
b9__
i:
Azimuth
respect to the reference
of
hole
deviation
with
sonde
on the meter
(such as the No. 1 electrode).
The ability
of a porous
medium to permit fluid

flow through it when
there are two or three phases present
in the
pore space.
The relative
permeability
is the
ratio
of the permeability
for a given phase compared with the permeabi 1 i ty when only that one
phase is present and depends on the fraction
of
the pore space occupied by that phase.
Since
the various
phases inhibit
the flow of each
other,
the sum of the relative
permeabilities
of
all phases present is always less than unity.
= specific
of
tri
cal
material
which
current.
resistance:
resists
The property
the
flow
See ohm meter.
re_3_.t]]
= Ro/Rt:
of
The
of resistivity
is conductivity.
)arent
resistivitz.
elec-
reciprocal
See also
The ratio
of the re-
sistivity
of a formation
bearing
hydrocarbons
to the resistivity
it would have if 100 percent
saturated
with
Archie'
s formulas.
porosity.
to
the formations
difused for correcting
_.f_n_:
An increase in resistivity
ing as the upper (A) electrode
of a lateral
sonde (see Figure 12) passes a thin high-
j.l:
and induction
:q=: The fraction
persed shale.
in the drillpipe
a borehole
other logs which intersect

ferently.
Also sometimes
for formation
dip.
sti
Ra : RxoJ+ Rt(1 - j),

N,here Rxo = flushed
The fluid
_t.i.:
trademark.
estimating
(2)
tical
depth.
Logs in slant holes are usually
recorded
in distance
measured along the hole,
]LO....dJt.j...,9_]],: A well
radioactive
per, casing
See
stem test which did not produce enough

to fill
the pipe and flow at the surface.
which
densimeter,
wave in a borehole.
(1) The core recovered compared to the
amount cut.
_:
per million.
.howing ,'Lffective
porosity
and the percent
q of
the total
porosity
occupied by clay.
Low clay
content and high fluid-filled
porosity
suggest
good permeability.
meter,
A surface
ytp_..._sp.:
A sonde witn the current and
measuring trodes
interchanged.
See lateral.
drill
fluid
resisrun
,ave.
lo
formation
water.
See
S.
eeMnormal,
lateral,
late,
'siEi-''-"
logs
derive
their readings from 10 to 100 ft of material

about the sonde. Microresistivity...].O_9..s on the
other
hand derive
cubic
inches
of
their
readings
material
near
from
the
a few
borehole
wall.
_a.j_O...t]_V.__tn.ac._e_r__],_:
A 1og i nvo1v i ng t he de tection
water
of
radioactive
or oil
to detect
materials
movement
dissolved
of fluids.
in
A
slug of radioactive
material
might be injected
into the fluid
and movement of the slug monitored to detect
casing lea';<s or points
of fluid
entry or exit;
or points
where fluid
enters
formations
might be shown by residual
radioacti vi ty at those 1 evel s,
.sit:
readings
Irregularity
of
logging
of a borehole
tools
which
wall.
have to
The
be held
in contact with the hole wall (such as density

and microresistivity
logs) are affected by rugosity.
sal_n_t:
Refers to total
salts
in solution
Gossary of Terms Used in Well Logging
(sodium, potassium,
_$_a.,d
count:
---permeable
other
section
electrical
of
zones.
shale
Often
permeable
etc.)
of thick
thickness of
streaks
from
(2) The number
sands separated
by imper-
zones.
sand
line:(1)deflections
Alinethat
can
berawn
through
for
thic
, clean
sands
-thimum
on an SP log in a section where the formation
water
is of constant
salinity.
shales
See SP and
resistivity
conduction
measurements
_s.ho.r];o_mal:
inside
the
pipe.
with
saturation
exponent:
sawtooth
SR:
When a very
sand containing
fresh
See Archie's
cumulate
just
below
streak
the
filtrate
the
shaly
streak,
cell
to
appearance.
a sawtooth
5_C]3_m.d''
dip or drift
from the
to
setting
diagram
the
dip
alteration
tures,
of
ti on,
Porosity
the
vugs,
resulting
formation
solution
such
channels,
from the
as
by frac-
in
conjunction
with
from sonic log
either
density
or
from
a densit f (or
neutron
log and calneutron
logvalues.
qD
is theorosity
cu ated
sonic
is the porosity
calculated
from a sonic
log, SPI is sometimesdefined as (D - sonic),

usually as (1 -sonic/dD).
: borehole
televiewer.
two curves
resistivity
different
on a log.
readings
thicker
where
formations
cause the apparent
shallow
measurement
to
(see Figures
mud cake,
meable,
which
are
more
resistivity
be lower
per-
of a
than
that
of
a deeper measurement, a situation

called
"positive separation."
See also movable oil
line
drical
bullet
shadow
See
minimum dctions
blind
(1)
zone.
A line
of imper-
meable shales on an SP log (see Figure 14),
which
is used as the reference

in making measurements
to determine
the characteristics
of sands and
their
formation
waters.
(2)
about
bed effect:
Effect
tool
sample obtained
from which
a hollow
fired
the
is
into
with
cylin-
formation
and
lo
- SNP'
An epithermal
to
wal 1 and may cut
minimize
borehole
into
The
to
neutron
the mud
effects.
SNP
See Figure
is
11.
sidertall
pad: A measuring
device which is pressed
against
the side of a borehole,
such as used
with microresistivity
logs, density
logs, many
radioactivity
logs,
etc.
A wireline
cross-secti
device
A unit
for
taking
of measure of
on.
en=
of the d""f'rection of a boreho e at a particular
depth.
See directional
survey.
skin e..ffec...t.: (1) The tendency of alternating

currents
to
ductor.
magnetic
(2) The propagation of an electrowave through a conductive

formation
The characteristic
flow
near
the
surface
of
con-
results
in a phase shift
which shows up as a
reduction
in apparent conductivity.
In induction logging in high conductivity
formations,
is
made
for
this
effect.
See cycle s:kip.
m l__sl__5.]_.:
A log combination and computation
procedure for calculating
the resistivity
of
drawn through the
characteristic
adjacent
Schl urnberger trademark.
o:
zone:
sonde
retrieved
by cable attached
to the bullet.
type of bullet
and size of charge is varied
optimize
recovery
in different
formations.
a correction
plot_.
_shale base line_'
the
single.hot
tool: A deviceto obtalnonemeasure-
= SP.
(2) The difference

in
from two tools which have
Low resistivity
A formation
a wire
capture
in reading between
depths of investigation
5 and 8).
effect
&ddeall_:
._.
self-.Dotentia_l_ : spontaneous potential
becomes
bed
siema uni : capture unit:
Birdwell
trademark.
e_B_a.ratiQQ:
(1) A difference
log made
in
apart.
idewall.,
samoler:
'i dbwall c e'
.%e__.OgaLL_q9.
: ..a.
1i per 1og.
Seivie
M electrodes
lo__9_.
made
witha si which
is pressed
A measure of the
calculated
wave.
of adjacent
beds on a log reading.
For example,
high resistivity
beds adjacent
to a low resistivity
bed may result
in more current
flowing
in the low resistivity
bed than if the high
resistivity
bed were not present,
thus changing
the apparent
resistivity
of the low resistivity
cake
values
A and
the borehole
secondary porosity,
acoustic
A n_.orm_.9_at
- resistivity
$.i.dewall_ neutron
dolomitiza-
etc.
secondary porosit_v 'n]_o_d_e

= SPI:
electrical
bed.
or
center.
5_e.c..ondary_
porosity.:
because
and the dis-
indicates
drift
magnitude.
In the "modified
Schmidt diagram" used for plotting
low dips, zero dip is
on the outside and dips become larger
toward
the
the
shoulder
ac-
where the angle
direction
origin
water
which causes the SP
A polar plot
indicates
tance
salt
tends
See
16 inches
is invaded by
up an electrochemical
develop
formula.
permeable
a shaly
mud filtrate,
SP.
in a
in shales is an ion exchange process whereby electrons

move between exchange
sites
on the surface
of clay particles.
See
dirt/.
_s_b_e_rwave:
tools
log.
of the electrochemical
dominantly
nonshale formation.
The degree to
which ion exchange processes contribute
to
drill
used to run or recover
A part
h_s_b_a]_ines__.
_ :
The content of shale (or clay)
Figure 14. (2) A wire line on a driTTing rig
often
on the gamma ray
shale.p..ot_en._ti.Ll:
or
determined
logs (SP or microlog).
separate
e
sulfate,
effective
excluding
impermeable
meabl
chloride,
(1) The total
1137
the invaded
zones, the true resistivity,
the
diameter
of invasion,
and the water
saturation
based on a dual induction-laterolog
and a
porosity
log of some type,
often
SNP= sidewall neutron (porosity)
a sonic
lo_9..
.
log.
1138
She,iff
A poorly
consolidated
sand-shale
sequence.
,t_iC_t__9__k
= sedimentary rock: Usedto distinguish
between mining (hardrock) and petroleum (softrock)
objectives.
&Jzz]_d_:A logging
ehole
acti vi ty,
tool
such as is lowered
to record resistivity,
velocity log:
= tatic
would
be
self
recorded
of
actual
SP
to
The maximum
SP that
potential:
when the sonde passes -Fom a
el ectroki
neti
c SP
approximately
waves over .a unit
is often
neglected)
is
giv en by:
SSP = -K log
log = continuous
A well log of the travel,time
time) for acoustic
ratio
position
well ins idea
very thick,
porous,
permeable,
clean sand to a point well within
thick
shale
The electrochemical
SSP (the
or other types of 1ogs.
= acoustic velocity
(transit
into
sonic, radio-
The
;Pred.
uction_fa_ctor
lO[aw/amf]
'
are
theactivity.
of theformawhere
a and
. Betion wa:er
anmmfu
d
filtra{
e, eSpectively
distance, and hence-"h-e're-ciprocal

of the
longitudinal wave (P-wave)velocity.
Usually
Especial ly
cause of the inverse relationship

and equivalent
resistivity,
this
measured i n microseconds per foot.
used
forhPOrosity
byte
l_.
Wis
ip.
Thedetermination
interval
transit
ime
between activity
equation can be
written:
relations
integrated
down the borehole to give the total
traveltime.
averaging
SSP
:-KlOglo
IRmfe/Rwe).
For the compensatedsonic log,
two transmitters
are pulsed alternately;
the measurements
errors
due to sonde tilt
size.
See also c cl,
tends
For NaCl mudsthat are not too saline, Rmfe : Rmf;
to cancel
or changes in hole
three-D 1,
character lOcL,cementbondlo..q.,and-ractureloq.
See Figure
for other muds an activity

made.
In these equations,
T = Fahrenheit
temperature.
correction
should be
K = 60 + 0.133 T, where
the-wall
(2)
13.
: spontaneous potential
: self potential:
ducing
well log of the difference betweenthe potential
of a movable electrode
in the borehole and a
fixed reference electrode at the surface.
The
SP results from electrochemical
SP and electro-
satic
the borehole.
this
SP = SS_.__P
= static
kinetic potentia which' a'e--prn t at the

inter;face between permeable beds and adjacent
st.ckplQ:
where the
according
a vertical
this plane
(se Fiqure 14).
$:t.oe]e_v..a..:
to shale.
In impermeable shales, the SP is
fairly
constant at the "shale base line" value
the deflection
In ermeable formations
depends on the contrast
between
See acoustic
s_te_amng
potentia.l:
thickness, invasion and bed boundary effects,
str!p:]:O:
In thick,
formations,
permeable,
clean
nons hale
the SP has the fairly
formation
water
disseminated
salinity
clay
chanle
s le In
, tsnd
e P
containing
static
not reach the sand line and a pseudoSP value will
be recorded.
The SP is
posi've with respect to the shale base line in

sands filled
with
hole
See also
fluid.
fluids
fresher
than the bore-
SSP.
vnet:
that
pendently.
J;L:
The separation of certain electrodes
or sensors on logging sondes.
In nuclear
devices usually the distance from the source
to the detector.
See Figures 3 and 12. See
a 1so
_&J3: The separation of certain sensors on log-
ging sondes. On the sonic sonde, span is the

distance between two receivers of a pair wherefrom transmitter
to
the
ndP6-'-nt
of the corresponding
receiver pair.
See Figure 13.
s_D_an
ad.iustment:
calculation
ofof
a log
W''dha'e
rsultA
ed
row heuse
a which
different
from the one actually
sp_inner.
survej:
used.
A log of the rate of flow of
fluid in the wellbore, casing, or tubing at
specified
levels
in the wellbore.
soontan.e.ou.s.
potential
- self
potential
See flowmeter.
= SP.
in colors
potential.
and symbols)
by a borehole,
indiof oil,
gas, etc..
A unit
for
cross-section.
A combination of data elements such

more information
is apparent from the com-
bination
trademark.
as spacing is the distance
A record (often
capture
results
a line
1 onto
dip in
segments.
wave.
= sigma unit = .c..apture unit:

measuring
or pro-
potential.
See electrokinetic
of the lithology
penetrated
cating also shows and tests
constant
"sand line" value, which will change if the
will
self
A presentation
of dipmeter
well bore is represented
by
to the projection
of the wel
plane and the components of
are indicated
by short line
the ion content of the formation water and the

drilling
fluid,
the clay content, the bed
etc.
device
separation.
than
from
the
Synergetic
J;Jld.p.].e::.p!__o.t
: arrow plot:
elements
treated
inde-
Log is a Schlumberger
A plot
of dipmeter or
drift
results
where the dip angle is plotted
versus depth as the displacement
of a dot.
A line segment points from the dot in the direction of dip using the usual map convention of
north being up. See Figure 4.
tel, eviewer:
See borehole
televiewer.
.._kp__Cjl_tu
re l og: A w
"'m
de wi ''h- a-fe s i s t a nce th rmometer (thermistor).
Used for locating
t he top of cement behind
casing (because the setting
of cement i s exothermic
and hence
r aises temperature),
interval s which are prod uci ng gas (because the
the borehole
expansion of gas as i t enters
ell log
e of temperature,
often
Glossary of Terms Used in Well Logging
lowers the temperature),

fluid flows (particularly
and the location

behind casing).
of
The
differential
temperature
log records
the difference
between two thermometers
usually
about
6 ft apart and is especially
sensitive
to
very small changes in temperature
gradient.
.%enl; old:
Sudden deflections
resulting
water saturation = Sw: Fraction of the pore volume

filled
with
water
''
corresponds to ambient temperatures;

neutrons
with mean energies of the order of 0.025 elec-
cut:
from
DT is a Schlumberger
1o.
trademark.
_ii_hmlr_:
See nuclear magnetism
log.
The volume fraction
wave
train
received
a short
Having very
ime
distance
1 ow permeabi 1 i ty.
con_stLD_iL: A time
over
which
averaged to remove statistical

as with
nuclear
log
are
individual
curves
into
wave
over
one-ft
made
which
are
also
by a cable.
Examples
(natural
radioactivity,
neutron
etc.
Well
lowered
into
log recorded
the
porosity
hole
by a sonde which
by a cable.
An empirical expression for

qbfrom sonic log transit
times:
a compressional
distance.
themselves,
the hole
calculating
of
of depth
sometimes
logs, etc.),
and miscellaneous measurements
(hole size, temperature, etc.).
(2) Other
types of well logs are made of data collected
at the surface; examples are core logs, drilling
time logs, etc.
(3) Still
other logs show
quantities
calculated
from other measurements;
examples are movable oil plots, synergetic
is
readings.
The traveltime
is
called logs.
(1) Wireline logs are recorded
by means of sondes carrying sensors which are
W l=!Ree
]Jtt_jo.nh:
time:
acoustic
the
wi_r__elin:
fluctuations,
sonde.
transit
Distinction
between a log as an entire record which may

contain curves showing several measurements and
logs,
readings
produced
A record of one or more
measurements as a function
a borehole.
surements
-3 to fl) from a sonic wave transmitter.

See
also character log., cement bond lo, and sonic
lo__.. Birdwell tradename. See Figure 15.
:
of water
include logs which record electrical

measurements (SP, resistivity,
etc.),
acoustic measurements (sonic, three-D,
etc.),
nuclear mea-
Drilling
1;hree-D loQ = microseismogram log = variable

density log'
A display of the seismic or
acoustic
in
lowered
hjxptro_pi__c:
A property of gels which allows
them to become liquid
when agitated.
muds are often thixotropic.
See Archie's
a well.
physical
See neutron lifetime
water.
_well
!___ = borehole log:
volts.
_il]jlt.]... deca _...:
formation
formulas.
sticking.
thmer.].Oeu_o_: A neutron whose motion energy

tron
y_._is:gosi.i__:
Resistance
ofa fluidtoflow;
(stressi
(rate
of shear
.
of a sonic log
from c_..__skip_ or tool
1139
See sonic
At - Atma
1.
um?.e[:
A microlateroloq,
electrodes
electrode
trated
are concentric
about the current
so that
the current
flow
is concen-
in a tube which
qb: &tf - Ztma'
in which the guard
gradually
flares
where/t : observed
interval transit tie,
5tf = transit time in the pore fluid, and
Atma= transit time in the rock matrix This
out.
relation workswell in cleanconsolidated
formations
with
uniformly
In vuggy formations,
ltralq..g.l=p],,].9
= ULSEL: A modified
long normal borehole log mounted on a 5000-ft

bridle.
The A to M spacings can be made 75,
600, or 1000 ft.
sured resistivities
ties
calculated
logs indicate
Used to
nearby resistivity
define
150,
Differences
between the meaand anticipated
resistivifrom conventional
resistivity
the
distance
to
pores.
overestimate porosity.
In such cases the
formula may be empirically modified to give
better
values.
anomalies.
a salt
dome
flank.
x__o_:
Subscript used with log terms to indicate
values appropriate
cent
.v_riab!e. de.nsit...v loe : microseismogram
log = three-
log"'= V'D
k 1g,"
VDL lo: = three-D
l.ocimeter_:
log:
Schlumberger
trademark.
A device which measures fluid
flow;
a fl owmeter.
.vi__..[scomet_ezi:
A device for measuring visc.o..sity.
Also
distributed
the sonic log may not
reflect
the secondary porosity;
and in unconsolidated
formations,
this relationship
may
called
viscosimeter.
to
the
borehole.
to the flushed zone adja-

Glossary of Terms Used in Well Logging

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Downloaded 06/28/14 to 134.153.184.170. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.

VOL. 35, No. 6, December, 1.970

Tulsa, Oklahoma 74]35

GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 35, NO. 6 (DECEMBER

1970), P. 1116-113% 15 FIGS

USED IN WELL LOGGING-t'

The "Glossary of Terms Used in Geophysical

A revision of the "Glossaryof Terms Used in

Readerswill note that someentriesappearboth

vanceinto the future. Hence it seemsappropriate

alent, however,may not be identical (e.g.,

to complete the defintion.

5. The numberingof differentmeaningsdoes

? Manuscriptreceivedby the Editor June 8, 1970.

Copyright() 1970by the Societyof ExplorationGeophysicists.

Glossary of Terms Used in Well Logging

lent, the principal entry is that most used,

lower caseletter wheretheir usageis for the

inclusion nor exclusion should

Oil Company, Jackson,Mississippi; Mr. E. E.

of SSC, Tulsa, Oklahoma; Dr. D. W. Hilchie of

imply any judgments about the merits of

some whose names I

Oil Companyand the StandardOil Company of

thank especially' Mr. G. W. Burns of Chevron

acoustic wave train.

Gossary of Terms Used in Well Logging

Fr:... (a) Schematicof compensateddensity log sonde. (b) Compensateddensity log.

TRUE DIP ANGLE

Fro. 4. () Dipmeter log. (b) Calculateddipmeter log (tadpole plot). CourtesySchlumberger.

Fro. 5. (a) Schematicof two-coil inductionsonde.(b) Dual induction--laterolog. CourtesySchlurnberger.

Glossary of Terms Used in We Logging

Fro. 6. Invaded zone. Courtesy Schlumberger.

Fro. 7. (a) Schematicof laterolog7 showingcurrentflow lines.(b) Laterologwith hybrid scale.

Fro. 8. Microlog and microcaliperlog (on left), nd

Fro. 10. Neutron lifetime log.

Fzo. 9. Movable oil plot. Courtesy Schlumberger.

Glossaryof Terms Usedin We Logging

12. Basicelectric1o arrangements'(a) Normal configuration.(b) Lateral configuration.

F'm. 14. SP log in a sand shale serieswith

Gossay of Terms [Jsed in We Logging

Fro. 15. Three-dimensionalvelocity log. CourtesyBirdwell Division of SSC.

a9.stial.l_o.o_: (1) a generic term for well logs

tude of part of the wave train is measured.

in clean granular rocks.

log = sonic log.

the shales adjacent to a reservoir

Rw = formation water resistivity,

Rt : true formation resistivity,

The Humble formula

because of the pres-

Sw, and resistivities

between t))e hgh

waves are usually

bration pit is defined as 200 API units.

pects of it are measured (see acoustical io_9).

and low radioactivity

sonic logging sonde. This wave train is detected

wave : seismic wave - sonic

the wave train

hydrocarbons are displaced

See cement bond log and fracture

beds whose properties

to hold a sensor pad to the borehole wall.