ZAMOR MATERIJALA KOD METALNIH SPOJEVA

Shenoy, V., Ashcroft, I. a., Critchlow, G. W., Crocombe, a. D., & Abdel Wahab, M. M. (2009).
Strength wearout of adhesively bonded joints under constant amplitude fatigue. International
Journal of Fatigue, 31(5), 820830. doi:10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2008.11.007
single lap joints epoxy adhesive FM 73M (Cytec Engineered Materials), Clad
aluminium alloy 7075-T6
This paper presents an experimental investigation of the strength degradation in
adhesively bondedsingle lap joints sub- jected to constant amplitude fatigue. The
residual strength is then related todamage and cracking in the joints, as measured
from the fracture surfaces and from the polished crosssections of partially fatigued
joints. Finally, both residual strength and damage are re- lated to back-facestrain
(BFS) measurements, which can be contin- uously monitored during fatigue testing.
CONCLUSION:
Residual strength measurements of single lap joints subjectedto constant amplitude
fatigue have beenmade and correlated with in situ measurements of back-face
strain (BFS) and estimations of damage andcracking in the joints from the fracture
surfaces andfrom the polished sections of partially fatigued samples. Residual
strength was found to decrease non-linearly with respect to the number of fatigue
cycles and this corresponded to non-linear in- creases in the BFS and damage
measurements, with fatigue dam- age acceleration towards the end of the fatigue
life of a joint. It was also seen that the value of the maximum fatigue load affected
damage evolution in the joints, with longer crack initiation periods seen at lower
fatigue loads.

Shenoy, V., Ashcroft, I. a., Critchlow, G. W., Crocombe, a. D., & Abdel Wahab, M. M. (2009).
An evaluation of strength wearout models for the lifetime prediction of adhesive joints subjected
to variable amplitude fatigue. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 29(6), 639649.
doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2009.02.008
single lap joints epoxy adhesive FM 73M (Cytec Engineered Materials), Clad
aluminium alloy 7075T6
This paper is concerned with the application of various methods, based on total-life
and strength wearout concepts, to predict the fatigue life of single lap joints
subjected to VAF.
In the first part, results from the experimental testing of adhesively bonded single
lap joints subjected to constant and variable amplitude fatigue are presented. It is

seen that strength wearout of bonded joints under fatigue is non-linear and that the
addition of a small number of overloads to a fatigue spectrum can greatly reduce
the fatigue life. The second part of the paper looks at methods of predicting VAF. It
was found that methods of predicting VAF in bonded joints based on linear damage
accumulation, such as the PalmgrenMiner rule, are not appropriate and tend to
over-predict fatigue life. Improved predictions of fatigue life can be made by the
application of non-linear strength wearout methods with cycle mix parameters to
account for load interaction effects.
CONCLUSION:

Experimental testing has shown that the degradation ofadhesively bonded joints in
fatigue testing can be non-linear and that load interaction effects in variable
amplitude fatigue can result in damage acceleration. This means that methods of
predicting variable amplitude fatigue in bonded joints using methods based on
linear damage accumulation, such as the PM rule, are not appropriate and tend to
over-predict fatigue life.
Improved predictions of fatigue life can be made by the application of non-linear
strength wearout methods with cycle mix parameters to account for load interaction
effects. The
Although the proposed models have only been validated for anepoxy-aluminium
alloy single lap joint, the phenomenological nature of the strength wearout models
means that they should be widelyapplicable.

Crocombe, A. D., & Richardson, G. (1999). Assessing stress state and mean load effects on the
fatigue response of adhesively bonded joints, 19, 1927.
lap-strap (LS), single lap (SL) and T-Peel (TP) -hot cure rubber toughened epoxy
adhesive AV119 from Ciba- Geigy Polymers - sheet steel
Three joint types have been considered, namely lap-strap (LS), single lap (SL) and TPeel (TP) joints. Two different adhesive layer thicknesses have been used in the
single lap joint giving a total of four different structural configurations under
investigation.
Increasing the mean load has a deleterious effect on thefatigue life. It has been
shown that a Goodman-type curve can represent this effect very effectively. Indeed,
using this approach, the fatigue response at any load ratio can be determined from
a knowledge of the fatigue behaviour at a single load ratio.
There does not appear to be a unique load-life to failure relationship for the various
configurations. There are many reasons why one might not expect the nor- malised
load to correlate the load life data for different structural configurations. These
include the differences between joint configurations that exist in (a) the initiation
life fraction, (b) the local stress state at the region of failure, (c) the failure loci and
also the validity of the static failure load used for normalisation.

However the order of increasing peel stress dominance in the configurations would
be the lap strap (LS) followed by the single lap (SL) and finally the T-Peel (TP). This
order is not reflected in the curves in Fig. 3 and this suggests a more complex
relationship exists between stress state and load-life data.
From the section on static testing it was clear that there were different modes and
loci of failure. In some config- urations failure appeared suddenly (TP and SL-0.6) in
others there was a period of stable crack growth under increasing load (LS and SL0.165). This might suggest that normalising the fatigue loading by the static
strength, whilst convenient, is not entirely appropriate.
It is clear that as the fatigue load decreases the amount of time spent in initiation
dominates.
It is interesting to note that the configurations with the thicker adhesive layer have
been found to be initiation dominated, whilst the configuration with the thin
adhesive layer was propa- gation dominant over a significant range of loading.
It can be argued that whilst not directly responsible for initiating a crack the peel
stress is likely to be the governing factor in its propagation and those configurations with higher ratios of peel stress are likely to propagate more quickly. As the
component of local adhesive peel stress increases, the proportion of life spent in
fatigue crack propagation decreases.

Imanaka, M., Hamano, T. and Morimoto, A., 2003. Fatigue damage evaluation of adhesively
bonded butt joints with a rubber-modi ed epoxy adhesive. 17(7), pp.981994.
Rectangle butt-joints rubber-toughened epoxy adhesive DCS-1 (Japan Synthesis
Rubber Co. Ltd.), structural carbon steel JIS S55C
In this study, the damage evolution of adhesively bonded butt joints with a rubbermodified adhesive was investigated under cyclic loading, where the damage was
evaluated from the variation in the rigidity of the adhesive layer measured by strain
gages pasted on the adhesive layer. Furthermore, an isotropic continuum damage
model was applied to the butt joint, where a kinetic law of damage evolution was
used. The main results were as follows:
In the early stage of the fatigue life, damage variable increases gradually with
increasing number of stress cycles irrespective of stress range. Then, the slope
increased with increasing number of stress cycles, and the damage variable
increased rapidly near the critical number of stress cycles which corresponds to the
fatigue life.
The damage evolution of adhesively bonded butt joints with a rubber-modified
adhesive has been investigated under cyclic loading utilizing CDM.
An isotropic damage model was applied to the butt joint, where the damage
evolution equation was used. We solved the equation both analytically and
numerically: in the analytic solution, the effective stress, ~ was assumed to be

equal to the nominal stress, . In the numerical solution, the effect of damage
variable, D on the effective stress, ~ was considered. When the analytic and
numerical solutions were compared, the differences in the two solutions were small.
Hence, the analytic formula, equation (17), can be used to estimate the damage
variable.