THERMODYNAMICS

PROJECTS
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:
DETERMINING THE VALUE OF INNER ENERGY IN A
SYSTEM

NADIYA FARHANA (3215136353)

ANDY RIZKY AGUSTINA (3215136354)
SISKA SUGIH HARTIWI (3215136355)

JURUSAN FISIKA
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

2015

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:

DETERMINING THE VALUE OF INNER ENERGY
IN A SYSTEM

1.)

Project Subject

The subject of our Thermodynamics project will be The First Law of

Thermodynamics. This experiment will give us opportunity to determine the change
in internal energy of the water by using the first law of thermodynamics.

2.)

Study Literature

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that heat is a form of

energy, and thermodynamic processes are therefore subject to the
principle of conservation of energy. This means that heat energy
cannot be created or destroyed. It can, however, be transferred from
one location to another and converted to and from other forms of
energy.

The law of energy conservation applies to systems. A system is

simply a collection of component parts that make up a whole. The
universe is the largest system that we know of, and it includes all
matter and all energy. There are two kinds of system, a close system
and an open system. A closed system is a system which no matter
or energy is allowed to enter or leave. On the other hand, an open
system, allows stuff to come in and go out. In other words, energy
and mass can enter and leave a system as long as they come from a
system or leave to go to another system. It's important to note,
however, that the total mass and energy in our universe remains
constant.
Since most systems are not closed, the law of energy
conservation can be rephrased to say that the change in the internal

energy of the system is equal to the difference between the amount

of energy coming in minus the amount of energy going out. In other
words, the amount of energy in a system can change, but only if it
comes from another system or goes to another system.

3.) Tools and Material

The primary tools and materials that we expect to use are:

Two Containers
A heater
A scale
A Thermometer
An amounts of water
An amounts of ice cube

4.)

Project Methodology
There are some steps for doing this experiment:
1. In this experiment we will fill each container with water.
2. The first container will be filled with a known amounts of
water and the second container will be filled with a known
amounts of ice-cube mixture.
3. The ice cube will be putted into the first container make sure
the temperature is 0oC.
4. Then heated up the ice-water mixture in the container using
heater to 37oC (body temperature).
5. Repeat from the first step and count the times needed for
changing ice cube for 0oC until 32oC

Ice

The water in second container will be considered as a system.

Heat Q is added to the water and and ice and work W (electric
energy of heater) is also added to the water. Then we can determine
the change in internal energy of the water (U) by using the first law
of thermodynamics.

5.)

Observation Table

No

6.)

Quantities of
Spoon

1 spoons

3 spoons

5 spoons

Time
(t)

Changing of
temperature
(T)

Data Sheets

a. Water and Ice

Cwater

No.

watermass (kg)

0.2

(kalori/kg C)
1000

0.2

0.2

icemass (kg)

Cice
o

Temperature (oC)

0.05

(kalori/kg C)
595

1000

0.05

595

32

1000

0.05

595

32

32

b. Heater
No.

Power (watt)

time (second)

350

349

350

253

350

211

7.)

Sample Calculations

a. Time (t)
t 813
t= =
=271 seconds
n
3

No.

t2

349

121801

253

64009

211

44521

813

230331

 t=

2
2
1 t (t )
n n1

1 230331 (831)
t=
3
31

t=

1
239,5402
3

t=79,84673 seconds
ER=

t
79,84673
100 =
100 =0,29 ( 4 AP )
t
271

( t t )=( 271 79,8 ) seconds

b. Heat (Q)
Q=wm c w T +i m c i
Q=( 0,2 .1000 .32 )+(0.05595)
Q=6400+29,75

Q=6429,75 kalori=27004,95 Joule

c. Electricity Work (W)
W =P . t
W =350. 271
W =94850 Joule

W=

W 2
. ( t )2
t

W = ( P ) . ( t )
2

W = ( 350 ) . ( 79,8 )
2

W = 780084900
W =27930 Joule
ER=

W
27930
100 =
100 =0,29 ( 4 AP)
W
94850

( W W )=( 9485 2793 ) .101 Joule

d. Internal Energy (U)

Q=U +W
U =QW
1

U =27004,959485. 10

U =67845,05 Joule (the negative sign means energy's leaving the system)

In practice, however, perfectly isolated systems cannot exist. All systems

transfer energy to their environment through radiation from the heater no matter
how well insulated they are. The Ice in the glass will only stay cold for a few
hours and will reach room temperature by the following time.
The change in internal energy of a system is the sum of all the energy inputs
and outputs to and from the system. This is expressed mathematically as: U = Q
W, where U is the change in the internal energy, Q is the heat added to the
system, and W is the work done by the system. In this experiment, the temperature
changing of water and ice as a heat, the heater as a work and we looking for the
internal energy. From the data experiment, we have 67845,05 Joule . The
negative sign means energy's leaving the system.
The most common practical application of the First Law is the heat engine.
Heat engines convert thermal energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. Most
heat engines fall into the category of open systems. The basic principle of a heat
engine exploits the relationships among heat, volume and pressure of a working
fluid. There are numerous variations on the basic heat engine. For instance, steam
engines rely on external combustion to heat a boiler tank containing the working
fluid, typically water.

8.)

Conclusion

Bibliography

Tim Dosen Fisika Dasar UNJ. 2013. Panduan Praktikum Fisika Dasar I. Jakarta:
UNJ.
Levine, Ira N. "Thermodynamic internal energy of an ideal gas of rigid rotors." J. Chem.
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http://www.jce.divched.org/Journal/Issues/1985/Jan/jceSubscriber/JCE1985p0053
.pdf pada 2 Januari 2016
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/firlaw.html
diakses 8 oktober 2015
http://www.livescience.com/50881-first-law-thermodynamics.html diakses 8
oktober 2015
http://www-me.engr.ccny.cuny.edu/homeexp/homexp.html#3.3
diakses pada 6 oktober 2015