Vertebrates

Tuesday, November 24, 2015

10:56 AM

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 10:34 PM

Fish lizard mammal frog and bird

Vertebrates characteristics
Cephalization very pronounced
Very distinct brain region - cordinates nervous activity
Complex sensory system
Most invertebrate don't have these
Vertebre themselves

Craium, skull and veterbal collum - vertebra

Colum replaces notochord as main axis of the body and main structural support
Notochord doesn't become colum
Vetebral colum new feature
Vetebral colum encloses the dorsal hollow nerve cord - spinal cord
Vertebrete diversity
Jawless vertebrates Lampreys and hagfish
Jawed vertebrates
Chondrichthyes - sharks and rays
Osteichthyes - bony fishes
Tetrapods - amphibians
Amniotes - reptiles, birds, mammals

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 10:39 PM

Jaws and development of haired appendages

Later on development of lungs
And all groups have lungs or derrived from lungs
Only group doesn't have these - sharks and rays
Have arising from low fin fishes
Within group - 1 amphibians - no amneotic egg
Remaining three - bird reptile mammal - amneotic egg
First amneotes to evolve - repitles, later we had evolution of birds and than the
development of mammals

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 10:41 PM

Earliest to evolve - jawless fish

No fins
Bottom dwelling filter feeders
Lot of extinct members with body plates - ostracaderms - bone - plant
Species alive today lamprey and hagfish
Few alive today
Lamprey - parasitic with sucker feeding mouth and often time parasite on fish
And hagfish - scavengar

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 10:42 PM

Devonian - age of fishes

Fish - adaptive radiation

Plenty of fish today

And today as the age of mammals - tend to focus on terrestial environment
But more fishes in seas today more in devonian
In timeline - things like hagfish and lamprays earlier and continue to present day
Another group - ostracoderms - early devonian and went extinct
Another extinct group palacoderms - present and went extinct afterwords - jaw fish
Cartillaginous and bony fishes - more now
Side branch of bony fishes - tetrapods and early amphibians
Key innovations from jawless to jaws
Jaws - much better for feeding
Can bite and chew something
Find paired appendages
Finds on bottom and top
More maneuverable in water
These fish active predators
Jaws and maneuverability crucial to that role
Living groups have teeth

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 10:45 PM

Jaws evolve from skeletal rods supported gill slits

Jawless - see that the gill slits here - skeletal rods that support them
Some groups went from gills filter feeding to structures of gas exchange
Skeletal rods not important anymore
Gill slits and skeletal rods on mouth end of animal became modified and parts of jaw

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 10:46 PM

Cartilaginous fish or chondrichthyes

Pretty familiar with sharks as predators - on people
Honeybees kill more people than sharks do
Rays - flattened bottom feeders
Feed on shelled animals on bottom
Have large pectoral fins
Flap these things and fly through water
Chondichthyes
Chartilaginous fish
Not composed of bone but instead cartilage
Material that is softer than bone
Cartilage in number of parts of body - nose - due to cartilage

Softer tissue
Bone starts off as cartilage and becomes bone as materials placed in it
Strengthened with calcified granules
Have jaws and paired fins (stiff)
Don't have lungs or swim bladder
Bony fish - lungs and swim bladder
Swim bladder - keeps from sinking in water
Sharks must keep swimming to keep from sinking
Oils to give them boyancy
If they stop swimming sink to bottom
Keep swimming to get water to move over gills
Some sharks rest on bottom of sand and move water over gills
Enable them to be good predators
Able to detect electrical fields and discharges
Animal burrowed down into sand in ocean
Moving around - movement of muscles - electrical activity and pick up on and hone
in on it

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 10:50 PM

Bony fish - not derrived from cartilagenous fish

Although bone startrs out as cartilage
Appears as if cartilagenous condition is secondary development
Ancestor of cartilagenous and bony fish both bony
And cartilagenous dropped off bony part
Osteichthyes
Most numerous group of vertebretes in number of individuals and species
Most vertebretes are fish
Respiration occurs by drawing water over gills and getting oxygen out of water
Operculum covered by flap
Fish bony scales and slimy skin
Protect from predators and have swim bladder - air sac that maintains buoyancy in
water - won't sink or rise
Evolved from lungs

Lungs - primative in fish

Air in it but not from outside air
Fish doesn't go up to surface
There is gasses formed in metabolism - go in swim bladder and give it boyancy

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 10:52 PM

Well defined brain and spinal cord

Swim bladder - middle of body
Fins - this is a ray finned fish
Another fish called low fined fish
Fins have these flexible spine things that go throughout the fin
This creates ray like pattern

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:03 PM

Ray - most numerous group of fish in general

Group reffered to as lobe finned and lung fish
Instead of ray ini fins
Fleshy part - in first part of fin
See lobe finned fish thought to be extinct
Coelacanth - only lobe finned fish living today
Lungfish - some idea how we went from fish living in water to terrestrial vertebretes
with early ampheibans
Lung fish - have lungs and gulp air
Stagnant ponds
Warm doesn't have lots of oxygen
Dry up a bit

These lungfish - able to walk a little bit on finds and move from one pond to next

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:04 PM

One group of jaw fish called placoderms

Development of connhydrticties
Osterothyes
Lobe fin
Development of tetrapods
4 leged animals found on land

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:11 PM

Lobe finned fish - have fleshy fins

Bony skeleton extends into lobes of lobe fins
Something fins capable of supporting body weight of animal
What happened was lobe finned fish
Lived in shallow tropical ponds
Perhaps gulping air
Lungs work to some extent
Also have fleshy lobe fins with bony components
Allowed animals to crawl around on land and go from pond to pond
Animal coming out on land to some extent
Get animal comes out on land greater extent
Tetrapods
1st vertebrets on land

Oldest fossils in devonian

363-290 million years ago age of amphebians

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:14 PM

Salamanders - have tail

Frogs and toads - no tail
largest
Legless caecilians - lost legs and found in moist tropical soils
Almost like blue worm
Burrowing animal
Amphibians - two lives - land and water
Most closely tied to water
Watery or moist environments

Frogs and toads

Legless larval stage
Salamanders - small versions of adults
Amphibian egg - no shell and dry out quickly in air
Most lay eggs in water - remain fairly moist
Fertilization - external in frogs
Males and females
Come together in pond
Male put sperm in water, female put egg in water - fertilization
Frogs - have lungs - inefficient lungs - most breathe through skin - skin moist for this
to occur
Three groups colletively associated as amniotes
Have amniotic egg
Where embryo bathed in amniotic fluid
Certainly adaptation for terrestrial living
Keep from drying out
Embryo vulnerable
Amphibians - external fertilization eggs in water and hatch in water
Keep from drying out - juvinile stages not on land
Embryotic eggs hatch out on terrestrial environment
Birds and reptiles - shells
Keeps embryo from drying out
Shell replaced by uterous

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:18 PM

Won't go into details - on left and egg itself - shell around egg
See towards inner part of egg - see embryo and have this amneon covers the
embryo and keeps it from drying out
In mammal - enclosed in amniotic fluid but no shell

Next advanced - evolution of reptiles

Much more adaptied to living on land than ambphians are
Reptiles much more in dry environments more adapted to land
Plates of keratin (fingernails made out of) or scales to prevent reptile from drying
out in dry conditions
Breathe with lungs - more efficient lungs
Lay eggs on land
Reptile egg - different than chicken

Shell more like leather than hard shell of birds egg

Pretty efficient of keeping embryo from drying out
Internal fertiliszation
Sperm inside female
Fertilization takes place there
Adaptation living out on land
Amphibians external for fertilization to occur
Reptiles - don't regulate body temperature with metabolism
Don't regulate it depending on metabolism
Ectotherms - cold blooded
They have variosu behavioral means to regulate temperature
Commonly - on cool mornings
Come out and lie on rock and bask in sunglight to get sun to warm them up
Snakes - run into trouble with this - come out on roadways - warming by sun and run
over by cars
Reptiles - had their hayday in mesozoic era - age of reptiles
Much warmer than today
Favorable situation for reptiles
Much warmer - into alasaka - warm enough for dinosaurs

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:24 PM

Not concerned with names at bottom

Phylogony starts with amneote
Gives rise to present day reptiles birds and mammals
Reptile side of picture here
Turtles
Early in reptile evolution
Branches of extinct things
Plezosaurs
And we have reptile groups we have today
Lizzards snakes crocodiles
Several groups no longer with us
Flying reptiles and all dinosaurs

One branch gave rise to modern birds

Birds split off early in pictures

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:26 PM

Dinosaurs and pterosaurs - pterosaurs not dinosaurs

Small and chicken size
Terrestial
Agile and fast moving
Speculation if some of dinosaurs endothermic
Reptiles in general endothermic - no way to warm up constant using metabolism
Some dinosaurs capable of doing this
Some questions about that
Dinosaurs complex behavior

Duck billed with nest

Sometimes communal nests
Complicated behaviors hard to know what they did
Can't see what they did
Evidence of congregations and nests and so on

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:28 PM

Present day
Turtles, lizards, snakes, reptiles
Turtles - most primative - have changed little and been around for long time
Lizards and snakes - most well known
Lizards - most numerous
Snakes - senseory capabilityes - sense chemicals heats and vibration
Cant see well but sense mouse by movement smell and chemical

Alligators and crocodilians

Same for long time
Largest was about 40 feet long (nw extinct)

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:29 PM

Birds offshoot of dinosaurs

One primary feature - feathers
Retain reptile characteristics
Scaly legs and amniotic egg

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:29 PM

Archaeopteryx
Dates back to 150 million years ago in jurrasic period
Had clawed forelimbs and teeth
Reptilian characteristics
Long tail with vertebrae
Birds evolved from mammals time before that
This archaeopteryx not ancestor of all birds
Some offshoot of bird evolution
What group gave rise to modern birds?
Lot of specualtion
Concensous
Birds evolved from group of dinosaurs - small group - dinosaurs ran around on 2 legs

Birds today - 2 legs and wings

Evolution of brids

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:31 PM

One thing contributed to succcess - they can fly

Beneficial for many reasons
Birds - flying mean you can have flying insects
Go in trees to get food
Escape from land bound predators
Migration
Feed in certain areas in one time of year and leave those areas when winter comes
Radical alterations in body form
Fly successfully - failry light

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:32 PM

Key features of birds - bones are hollow

Bones are very heavy
Kinds of bones in humans in bird not good thing
Lattice work within bones maintains rigidity but keeps them light
Wings - also made of charatin - same material reptiles cales are made of

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:33 PM

Muscles to move wings

One thing - sternel keel - chest - sternum - and keel in birds
Muscles are attached to moe wings
Turkey or chicken breast - sternum
Birds - no teeth - kinda heavy
Have beak - get along well with beak
Made of keratin
Efficient lungs and air sacs
Metabolically active
Consumes lot of oxygen and additional air sacs along bones to augment oxygen
available
Endothermic

Unlike reptiles - regulate temperature

Keep temperature at certain level
Higher than mammals
Way they can be active al lthe time

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:34 PM

Primary distinguishing characteristics

Hair - same material - karatin
Mammary glands - milk for yong
Other characteristics
Endothermic - can regulate temperature
Teeth differentiated for different functions
Other animals - every tooth same as other tooth

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:35 PM

Jaw remodeling in mammals

Reptile jaw on left - one thing happened
Much larger bone in lower jaw
Adaptation for muscles
Differences between reptile and mammal
Jaw of mammal - more muscles
Tramendous amount of pressure
Reptile jaw - tend not to rip apart food and swallow
Take whole pieces and work it back into mouth
Reptile jaw to mammal
Mammal - differentiated teet - molar and incisors and canines and premolars
Reptile - very little differntiation

Evolution of mammals
Evolved from early group of reptiles
Unlike birds - branch of reptiles much later
Mammals - priative type of reptile gave rise to mammal
Mammal like reptile
Oldest fossils date back 220 million years ago
During the age of dinosaurs - mammals small and probably nocturnal
Not a dominant portion of terrestial animal landscape
64 million years ago when dinosaurs extinct
Mammals survived and went adaptive radiation taking all echological niches
vacated by dinosaurss
Monotremes
Duck billed platapus
Marsupials
More successful placental

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:38 PM

Platupus and echidna

These all lay eggs
Don't have development inside
Typical mammalian characteristics of hair and feed milik
Only found in australia nad papau new gunea

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:39 PM

Most marsupials in austrialia

Opossums in north america

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:39 PM

Marsupial - pouch called marsupium

Much embryonic development occurs in pouch
Born at early stage
And crawls to pouch to complete development
Joey - get pretty big and come back and go into mothers pouch
Marsuipial - fairly successful at one time but now restricted to australia
Marsupial existed replaced by more successful placental
Austrialia - resisted invasion and have more masupial

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:40 PM

Complete embyonic development inside uterous

Arose in asia about same time as marsupials
Out competed marsupials ain most areas
Major groups
Insectovers - shrews and bats
Herbivours - rabbits hroses deer whales
Carniovores cats and dogs
Rodents rates squirrles
Primates monkeys apes humans

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 11:41 PM

Two groups
Upper lefct - 150 million years ago
Had continents joined together into pangea
Evolved and spread
Australia connected to antarctica
Anartica and australia separated
Evolution of placental mammals
Adaptive radiation
Upper right
20 million years ago
Radiation

Everywhere it occurred outcompetes marsupial

Isolated continants
South america - isolated from everything else not connected to north america
And australia
South america, antartica, and australia - more marsupial
5 million years ago - north and south america connected
Extinction of marsupial in south america
Marsupial successful and move northward