Practical #01

Flow through pipes

Objective:To establish a relationship between flow rate and head loss.

Apparatus:Pipe network bench, thermometer, and stopwatch.

Theory:head loss=f

LV 2
D2g

head lossterms of discharge

hL=

fLQ 2 1

DA 2 2 g

hLc=

fLQ 2 1

DA 2 2 g

all factors are constant except Q

hL=kQ2

hL Q 2

Procedure:1234-

Select the pipe according to given requirements.

Open the top manometer valves and close it.
Note values of h1 and h2 from manometer.
Measure the flow rate or discharge by collecting known volume of water in volumetric
tank and noting the time.
5- Find the velocity of water by using the formula given v=q/a.
6- Find the rynold number from the formula.
7- Now compute the pipe friction coefficient using moody diagram which is plot between
rn and e/D.
8- Calculate head loss using Darcy Weisbach equation given .
9- Plot the graph between observed head and discharge, calculated head loss and
discharge.
10-Repeat the procedure three times by reducing the discharge.

Observation and calculation:D

ia
1
3.
6
1
7
2
1

area
(m2
)
0.0
001
45
0.0
002
27
0.0
003
46

v v V ti
Q(L
i f
m /s)
e
3 6 3 13 0.21
.8 645
6
3 6 3 23 0.12
.1 964
4
6
3 6 3 45
0.0
.2 663
2
42

Results:-

Q(m
3/s)

Q(
veloci viscosi Rn
e/D
f
hlc
ml/ ty(m/ ty
s)
s)
0.0 216. 1.490 0.000 272 9.19 0. 0.192
002 450
77 00744 506 118E 02 72876
16
2
3
-05
6
8
0.0 129. 0.571 0.000 130 7.35 0. 0.022
001 645
466 00074 576
294 02 65667
3
6
4
91 E-05
6
8
6.63 66.3
0.191 0.000 540 5.95 0. 0.002
E- 423
638 00074 914
238 02 06257
05
3
4
7 E-05
6
6

h h h
1 2 l
o
8 4 3
5 6 9
7 5
0 9

1
1

6 6
7 3

Dicharge vs Calculated head loss

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0

Discharge vs Observed head loss

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0

Practical # 02

Flow through pipes

Objective:To establish a relation between head loss and diameter of the pipe.

Apparatus:Pipe network bench, stop watch, thermometer, stationaries etc.

Theory:Head loss:When there is a flow through a pipe system. There is loss of energy due to internal
friction of the pipe. The energy loss is termed as head loss. Head loss through a pipe
system is given by Darcy Weisberch equation
2

hlc=f .

1 v
.
d 2g

where hLC is the head loss(m)

f is the pipe friction coefficient

l is the length of the pipe (m)

D is the diameter of the pipe(m)
V is the velocity of the flowing fluid(m/s)

Reynolds number:It is the ratio of inertia force to the viscous forces. It is the dimensionless number which
is used to describe whether to flow is the laminar, turbulent or transitional.
RN =

DV
v

RN is the Reynolds number

D is the diameter of the pipe
V is the velocity of the flowing fluid
v is the kinematic viscosity (m2/s)

Absolute Roughness:Unevenness in the internal surface of the pipe is termed as absolute roughness. It is
denoted by e and equal to 0.00125 mm. it is dependent on the material of the pipe.

Relative roughness:It is ratio of absolute roughness and diameter of the pipe. It is dependent on the
diameter of the material. Greater the diameter, smaller the relative roughness.

Procedure:1234-

Select a particular diameter pipe and connect it to water manometer.

Remove air from the flexible pipe which are connected to manometer.
Note value of h1 and the h2 from manometer.
Measure the flow rate or discharge by collecting known volume of water in volumetric
tank and noting the time.
5- Find the velocity of water by using the formula given v=q/a.
6- Find the rynold number from the formula.
7- Now compute the pipe friction coefficient using moody diagram which is plot between
rn and e/D.
8- Calculate head loss using Darcy Weisbach equation given .
9- Plot the graph between observed head and discharge, calculated head loss and
discharge.
10-Repeat the procedure three times by reducing the discharge.

Observation and calculations:dia

13.
6
17
21

area(
m2)
0.000
145
0.000
227
0.000
346

vi

vf

tim
e
13.8
6
23.1
4
45.
22

Q(L/s
)
0.216
45
0.129
646
0.066
342

Q(m3
/s)
0.000
216
0.000
13
6.63E
-05

Q(ml/
s)
216.4
502
129.6
456
66.34
233

Results:Discharge vs Observed head loss

50
40
30
20
10
0
0

velocity
(m/s)
1.49077

viscousit
y
0.0000
0744
0.57146 0.0000
6
00744
0.19163 0.0000
8
00744

Discharge vs Observed head loss

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

Experiment # 03
Flow through Venturimeter
Objective:To calibrate the venturimeter by establishing the relationship between flow rate and
pressure head difference by determining the value of coefficient of discharge.

Apparatus:Hydraulic bench, Bernoulis apparatus and stopwatch.

Theory:Venturimeter:It is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid lowing through a pipe as shown
in fig. it consist of a tube with a constricted throat which produces an increased velocity
accompanied by a reduction in pressure, followed by a gradually diverging portion in which
the velocity is transformed back into pressure with slight friction loss.

Discharge or flow rate:Volume of water collected in a tank of a known volume per unit time is called discharge. OR
Volume of water passing through a given cross section per unit time is known as discharge.

Actual or Real discharge:The flow that would occur if there is friction and contraction is called real discharge. It is
given by formula

Q=

v
t

Where Q is the real discharge (m3/sec, ft3/sec, L/s)

V is the volume of water(m3, ft3, L)

Theoretical or real discharge:The flow that would occur if there is no friction and no contention is called ideal discharge.
The discharge measured by any device like venturimeter, orifice meter or weir is called
discharge.
Using equation
Q=A1V1=A2V2
V1=A2/A1.V2
By calculation we result that
A 22
A 12

2g
Qt= A 2.
Qt=k h 1h2
Qa=Cd . Qt
Qa=0.6 Q

Procedure:1- Note the diameter of the venturimeter at inlet and outlet point.
2- Adjust the flow rate to its maximum value but limiting the availability range in the
piezometer tube waiting for some time so that the supply become suitable and
fluctuation in the piezometer stopped.
3- Note the head at inlet and throat section and find the pressure head difference.
4- Note the flow rate by storing water and recording the time.
5- Repeat the procedure three times.
6- Draw the graph between ideal and real discharge.
7- Draw the best fit line on the plotted graph.
8- Determine the slope of the best fit line.

Observations and calculations:d1= diameter at the inlet section = 25 mm

d2= diameter at the throat section =10 mm
k=0.000366
sr. #
1

Vi
L
2

Vf
L
4

V
L
2

t
s
17

19

20.5

Qreal
L/s
0.11764
7
0.10526
3
0.09756
1

h1
mm
280

h2
mm
140

Qideal
L/s
7.1736

Cd
0.0164

200

80

5.2704

120

25

3.3031
5

0.01997
3
0.02953
6

Results:-

Ideal vs Real Discharge

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
3

3.5

4.5

5.5

6.5

7.5

Experiment#04

Flow through orifice meter

Objective:To calibrate orifice meter by establishing relationship between flow rate and pressure head
difference thus establishing the value of coefficient of discharge.

Apparatus:Fluid friction apparatus which consist of orifice meter fitted in a pipeline with pressure
Manometer, stop watch and hydraulic bench.

Theory:Orifice meter:An orifice meter is a differential pressure flow meter which reduces the flow area using an
orifice plate.

Discharge or flow rate:Volume of water collected in a tank of a known volume per unit time is called discharge. OR
Volume of water passing through a given cross section per unit time is known as discharge.

Actual or Real discharge:The flow that would occur if there is friction and contraction is called real discharge. It is given
by formula
Q=

v
t

Where Q is the real discharge (m3/sec, ft3/sec, L/s)

V is the volume of water(m3, ft3, L)

Theoretical or real discharge:The flow that would occur if there is no friction and no contention is called ideal discharge. The
discharge measured by any device like venturimeter, orifice meter or weir is called discharge.
Using equation
Q=A1V1=A2V2

V1=A2/A1.V2
By calculation we conclude that
Qideal=

Ao 2 g . h 1h 2

[ ( )]
1

A o2
A 12

k =A o 2 g / 1

A o2
A 12

Qideal=k h 1h 2

Coefficient of discharge:It is the ratio of Qreal to Qtheoratical.

Cd=

Qreal
Qideal

Procedure:1- Note the diameter of at inlet and orifice section.

2- Adjust the flow rate to its maximum value but limiting the availability range in the
piezometer tube waiting for some time so that the supply become suitable and the
fluctuation in te piezometer stopped.
3- Note that head at inlet and throat section and find the pressure head difference.
4- Note the flow rate by storing water and noting corresponding time.
5- Repeat the procedure three times.
6- Draw a graph between ideal and real discharge.

Observations and calculations:D1=diameter at the inlet section=32 mm

Do=diameter at orifice section=10 mm
K= 0.0000143
sr. #
1

Vi
L
2

Vf
L
7

V
L
5

t
s
12

Qreal
L/s
0.416667

h1
mm
625

h2
mm
420

2
3

2
2

7
7

5
5

17
24

540
0.208333

540
450

360
325

Qideal
L/s
0.60095
8
0.46332
0.223438

Cd
0.69333
8
1165.501
0.932401

Results:-

Ideal vs Real Discharge

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
3

3.5

4.5

5.5

6.5

7.5