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Unit I, Lesson 5
By L. D. Davis
Published by
PETROLEUM EXTENSION SERVICE
The University of Texas at Austin
Originally produced by
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION
OF DRILLING CONTRACTORS
Houston, Texas
2013
Disclaimer
Although all reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication, the
authors, the Petroleum Extension Service (PETEX) of The University of
Texas at Austin, and any other individuals and their affiliated groups involved
in preparing this content, assume no responsibility for the consequences
of its use. Each recipient should ensure he or she is properly trained and
informed about the unique policies and practices regarding application of
the information contained herein. Any recommendations, descriptions, and
methods in this book are presented solely for educational purposes.
ii
No state tax funds were used to publish this book. The University of Texas at
Austin is an equal opportunity employer.
Figures
vii
Tables
viii
Foreword ix
Acknowledgments xi
Units of Measurement xii
contents
Introduction 1
Derricks versus Masts 2
Hoisting System Components 2
Top Drives 3
Blocks 4
Drilling Line 4
Deadline Tie-Down Anchor 4
Lifting and Lowering 5
Drilling Line, Crown Block, and Traveling Block 6
To Summarize 6
Installing the Line 7
Pulling Line from the Supply Reel 7
Reeving the Crown Block 8
Reeving the Traveling Block 8
Reeving between the Crown Block and the Traveling Block 8
Taking in Line on the Drawworks 9
Securing the Deadline 9
Using the Hoisting System 9
System Overview 10
To Summarize 14
Service Life 15
Factors that Affect Service Life 15
Derrick Height 15
Sheave Size 16
Line Tension 16
Drawworks Drum 17
Deadline Tie-Down Anchor 18
Handling 18
Drilling Job Type 18
To Summarize 18
Drilling Line Construction 19
Wire-Rope Steel 20
Preforming 20
Design 21
Cores 21
Strands 21
Construction 21
Single Layer 22
iii
Filler Wire 22
Seale 22
Warrington 22
Combination 22
Wire-Rope Lay 24
Ordering Wire Rope 25
Selection 25
Diameter 25
Length 27
Slip-and-Cut Programs 28
Slipping 29
Cutting 29
Cost Versus Line Length 30
To Summarize 31
Reeving
33
Reeving Pattern 33
Number of Lines 36
Other Factors 36
Fleet Angle 37
Reeving Using Old Line 38
Reeving Using a Catline 41
To Summarize 42
Drum Spooling 43
Types of spooling 44
Helical Grooving Pattern 44
One-Step Grooving Pattern 45
Two-Step, or Counterbalance, Spooling 46
Two-Step Spooling with Soft Crossover 47
To Summarize 48
Measuring Service Life 49
Slip and Cutoff 49
Slipping 50
Planning Slipping and Cutoff 53
Cutting 54
Procedure for Slip and Cutoff 57
Using Charts 58
Visual Inspection 61
To Summarize 62
Care of Wire Rope 63
Care at the Supply Reel 63
Minimizing Stress 65
Minimizing Scrubbing 66
Care at the Drum 66
Lubrication 68
Factory Lubrication 68
iv
Field Lubrication 68
To Summarize 70
Visual Inspection 71
To Summarize 72
Blocks and Hook 73
Load Capacity 76
Sheaves 76
Sheave Construction 76
Groove Radius 77
Tread Diameter 78
Crown Block 80
Traveling Block 82
Traveling Block Design 84
Hook 84
Combination Hook-Block 86
To Summarize 88
Elevators 89
Bottleneck Elevators 90
Collar-Lift or Square Shoulder Elevators 91
Elevator Design, Size, and Latches 91
To Summarize 92
Care of Blocks, Hook, and Elevators 93
Lubrication of Blocks and Hook 93
Sheaves 94
Visual Inspection of Blocks and Drilling Line 95
Visual Inspection of Hook Assembly 96
Hydraulic Snubber Oil Level 97
Elevator Lubrication and Inspection 97
Elevator-Link Check 99
To Summarize 99
Conclusion 101
Appendix A: Calculating Ton-Miles (Megajoules) of Drilling
Line Service 103
Appendix B: Slip-and-Cutoff Programs 113
Appendix C: Troubleshooting Drilling Line Problems 116
Glossary
117
xiv
introduction
Introduction
In this chapter:
The difference between a derrick and a mast
The drawworks and crown block
How a top-drive system works
The central function of the blocks and drilling line
Lifting loads and stresses
Derricks Versus
Masts
CROWN
BLOCK
WIRE ROPE
DRILLING
LINE
TRAVELING
BLOCK
DRAWWORKS
DERRICK
Hoisting System
Components
introduction
CROWN
BLOCK
DRILLING
LINES
TRAVELING
BLOCK
BAILS
EARS
DRILLING
HOOK
TOP
DRIVE
SWIVEL
ELEVATORS
KELLY
ASSEMBLY
ELEVATORS
DRILL PIPE
DRILL
PIPE
DRILL
STEM
BIT
Top Drives
Blocks
With or without a top drive, the blocks and drilling line are central to
the hoisting system. Rigs use two blocks. One is the crown block and
the other is the traveling block. The crown block is at the top of the
derrick. The driller moves the traveling block up and down the derrick between the crown block and the rig oor. Both blocks are two
giant pulleys that have high-strength wire-rope drilling line running
between them.
Drilling Line
Deadline Tie-Down
Anchor
The deadline tie-down anchor rmly grips one end of the drilling line
and keeps it from moving (g. 5). It is a strong, rugged device that
crewmembers usually bolt to the rigs substructure or to another
heavy, stationary part of the rig. Besides anchoring the drilling line,
the anchor also serves as a mount for the weight indicators sensing
device. The weight indicator, which is on the drillers console, tells
the driller how much the hook load is and how much weight is on the
bit. (Hook load is how much weight is hanging from the hook. Weight
on the bit is how much drill stem weight is pressing on the bit.) The
weight indicators sensor is a special strain gauge. As the weight of
the load on the deadline exes the deadline, the sensor picks up the
exes and sends a signal to the weight indicator on the rig oor. The
weight indicator then translates the signal into weight on the bit and
the hook load.
introduction
DEADLINE
TO CROWN
BLOCK
TO
SUPPLY
REEL
LOAD
SENSOR
HYDRAULIC LINE
(HOSE) TO WEIGHT
INDICATOR
BOLTS MOUNT
ANCHOR TO RIG
With one end of the line rmly fastened to the anchor and the other
end attached to the drawworks drum, the driller can reel in the drilling
line with the drawworks. Reeling in the line lifts the traveling block
and whatever is attached to it. Letting out line lowers the traveling
block. The drawworks brake controls the blocks descent.
Figure 5. Deadline
tie-down anchor