LECTURER SLIDES

NETWORK PROTOCOLS

Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering
University of Hasanuddin
2009
OSI Reference Model

Being able to connect networks and disparate systems  one

standard method.

1978 the ISO released an architecture

Revised in 1984 international standards for networked
communication, called the OSI Reference Model.

The OSI model presents a layered approach to networking.

The OSI model :

Simplified how network hardware and software work together

Eased troubleshooting woes by providing a specific method for how
components should function.
OSI Reference Model

Application layer :

Provides a set of interfaces for applications to use to
gain access to networked services.

Presentation layer:

Converts data into a generic format for network
transmission; for incoming messages, it converts data to
a format that the receiving application can understand.

Session layer:

Enables two parties to hold ongoing communications

Transport layer:

Manages the transmission of data across a network.
OSI Reference Model

Network layer

Handles addressing messages for delivery

Translates logical network addresses and names into
their physical counterparts.

Data Link layer:

Sends special data frames from the Network layer to
the Physical layer.

Physical layer converts :

Bitsinto signals for outgoing messages

Signals into bits for incoming messages.
OSI Reference Model
Application Layer (Top Layer)

Allows access to network services (networked

file transfer, message handling, and
database query processing)that support
applications directly.

Controls general network access, flow control,
and error recovery for applications when
appropriate.
Presentation Layer

Manages data-format information for networked
communications

Converts outgoing messages into a generic format

Converts incoming messages from that generic format
into one that makes sense to the receiving application

Protocol conversion, data encryption and decryption,
graphics commands, compression and decompression
functions.

Software called a redirector operates: intercepts
requests for service and redirects requests that
cannot be resolved locally to the networked resource
that can handle them.
Session Layer

Hold ongoing communications, means applications on
each end of the session are able to exchange data for
the duration of the session

Manages session setup, information or message
exchanges

Tear-down when the session ends

Identification  only designated parties can

participate in the session

Handles security services for controlling access to
session information
Session Layer

Furnishes synchronization services between tasks at
each end of the session

Places checkpoints in the data stream so if
communications fail, only data after the most recent
checkpoint need to be retransmitted

Manages issues such as who may transmit data at a
certain time and for how long

Maintains a connection through transmission of
messages that keep the connection active
Transport Layer

Manages the flow control of data between parties
across network by segmenting long streams of data into
chunks adhere to the maximum packet size for the
networking medium in use

Provides error checks to guarantee error-free data
delivery

Resequences chunks back into the original data when it
is received

Provides acknowledgment of successful transmissions

Responsible for requesting retransmission if some
packets do not arrive error-free
Network Layer

Addresses messages for delivery

Translates logical network addresses and names into
their physical equivalents

Decides how to route transmissions between computers,
how to get data from one point to the next

Considers other factors, such as quality of service
information, alternative routes, and delivery priorities

Handles packet switching, data routing, and network
congestion control
Data Link Layer

Handles special data frames between the Network
and Physical layers.

Packages raw data from the Physical layer into
data frames for delivery to the Network layer
(receiving End)

A data frame is the basic unit for network traffic as
data is sent across the network medium; it is a highly
structured format in which data from upper layers is
placed for sending, and from which data from upper
layers is taken on receipt.
Physical Layer

Converts bits into signals for outgoing messages, and
signals into bits for incoming ones

Arranges the transmission of a data frame’s bits when
they are dispatched across the network

Manages the interface between a computer and the
network medium

Instructs the driver software and the network interface
as to what needs to be sent across the medium.
Standardized Network Communication

IEEE 802 specs defined how network adapters access and transmit
information over the network cable:

802.1 Internetworking

802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC)

802.3 Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) LANs
(Ethernet)

802.4 Token Bus LAN

802.5 Token Ring LAN

802.6 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

802.7 Broadband Technical Advisory Group

802.8 Fiber Optic Technical Advisory Group

802.9 Integrated Voice and Data Networks

802.10 Network Security

802.11 Wireless Networks

802.12 Demand Priority Access LAN, 100BaseVG-AnyLAN
802 Specs within OSI Model
Data Link Layer (802 Specs)

Logical Link Control (LLC) : For error correction and flow
control

Media Access Control (MAC):
 For access control The Logical Link sublayer (as defined by 802.2)
controls data-link communication
 Defines the use of logical interface points, called Service Access
Points (SAPs), that other computers can use to transfer information
from the LLC sublayer to the upper OSI layers.
 Provides shared access for multiple NIC s with the Physical layer.
 Responsible for ensuring error-free data transmission between
computers on a network  Direct communication with a
computer’s NIC
 Up & Down the Protocol Stack

A protocol suite, also called a stack, is a
combination of protocols that work together to
achieve network communication.

Three sections that map to the OSI model:

Network

Transport

Application
Network Protocol

Provide the following services:

Addressing and routing information

Error checking

Requesting retransmissions

Establishing rules for communicating in a particular

networking environment called link services
Network Protocol

Samples popular Network Protocols:

DDP (Delivery Datagram Protocol) Apple’s data
transport protocol that is used in AppleTalk

IP (Internet Protocol) Part of the TCP/IP protocol suite
that provides addressing and routing information

IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange) and NWLink
Novell’s NetWare protocol (and Microsoft’s
implementation of this protocol, respectively) used for
packet routing and forwarding

NetBEUI Developed by IBM and Microsoft, it provides
transport services for NetBIOS
Transport Protocol

Responsible for ensuring reliable data delivery

between computers
Transport Protocol

Samples popular Transport Protocols:

ATP (AppleTalk Transaction Protocol) and NBP (Name
Binding Protocol) AppleTalk’s session and data transport
protocols

NetBIOS/NetBEUI NetBIOS establishes and manages
communications between computers; NetBEUI provides data
transport services for that communication

SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange) and NWLink Novell’s
connection- oriented protocol that is used to guarantee data
delivery (and Microsoft’s implementation of this protocol)

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) The portion of the
TCP/IP protocol suite that is responsible for reliable delivery
of data
Application Protocol

Responsible for application-to-application services.

Application Protocol

Samples popular Application Protocols:

AFP (AppleTalk File Protocol) Apple’s remote file
management protocol

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Another member of the TCP/IP
protocol suite that is used to provide file transfer services

NCP (NetWare Core Protocol) Novell’s client shells and
redirectors

SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) A member of the
TCP/IP protocol suite that is responsible for transferring
email

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) A TCP/IP
protocol that is used to manage and monitor network
devices
Protocol

Something that must be met on a protocol to be

used for any type of communication to take place.
Protocol

Some common protocol used today:

NetBEUI

TCP/IP

AppleTalk

APPC

X.25

HDLC

XNS
Protocol

NetBEUI

A simple network layer transport protocol

Developed to support NetBIOS networks.

Like NetBIOS, NetBEUI is not routable, so it really has no place on an
enterprise network.

NetBEUI is the fastest transport protocol available to NT.

It’s great for fast transmission, but is not usable across routed
networks.

Benefits of NetBEUI include: speed, good error protection, ease of
implementation, and low memory overhead.

Some disadvantages are: not routable, very little support for cross-
platform applications, and very few troubleshooting tools available.
Protocol

TCP/IP

The most widely used protocol suite

TCP/IP is able to span wide areas and is very flexible.

Provides cross-platform support & routing capabilities

Support for the Simple Network Management Protocol

(SNMP), the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP), the
Windows Internet Name Service (WINS), the Domain Name
Service (DNS), and a host of other useful protocols.

However, TCP/IP’s rich set of features are provided at the
expense of additional overhead, which may make it too
cumbersome for some networks or applications.
Protocol

AppleTalk

Used for communication with Macintosh computers.

By enabling AppleTalk, will allow Mac clients to store

and access files located on an NT Server, print to NT
printers, and vice versa.

An item of note: Must first install the NT Services For
Macintosh before you can install AppleTalk.

Mac support is only available from an NTFS partition.
Protocol

APPC

The Advanced Program-to-Program Communication
(APPC) protocol

Developed by IBM

A peer-to-peer protocol used in IBM’s Systems Network

Architecture (SNA) for use on AS/400-series computers.
Protocol

X.25

A set of wide-area protocols that are used in packet-
switching networks.

Created to connect remote terminals to mainframes.

Many other wide-area communications types are

available in the United States, X.25 is still widely used
in Europe.
Protocol

High-level Data Link Control (HDLC)

A flexible, bit-oriented data link protocol that is based
on IBM’s Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC).

Has been standardized by the ISO

Support half- or full-duplex transmission, circuit- or

packet-switched networks, peer-to-peer or client/server
network topologies and transmission over cable or
wireless media.
Protocol

The Xerox Network System (XNS)

Created by Xerox for use in Ethernet networks

Basis for Novell’s IPX/SPX, but it is seldom found in

today’s networks.
End of Slide