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INDEX
CONTENTS
GROUP-A
1 Vernier calipers
2 Screw guage
6 Moment Bar
GROUP –B
9 Young’s modulus
To find the internal diameter “d” of the hollow cylinder the jaw extension are used to kept the
cylinder from within corresponding M.S.R and noted. The measurement is repeated 4 or 5
times by rotating the cylinder above the jaw extension can be calculated using the following
formula
𝜋(𝐷 2 −𝑑 2 )𝐿
𝑉= 𝑐𝑚3 , D=External Diameter
4
d=Internal Diameter
L=length
𝜋 = 3.14
Value of MSD
Least Count LC = cm
𝑁𝑜 .𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑆
Value of 1 main scale Division = ………………cm
No. of division on vernier Scale = ……………….cm
OBSERVATION:
DIAMETER 1)
(d) SOLID 2)
CYLINDER
3)
LENGTH 1)
(L) 2)
3)
INTERNAL 1)
DIAMETER 2)
(d) HOLLOW
3)
CYLINDER
EXTERNAL 1)
DIAMETER 2)
(D)
3)
LENGTH 1)
(L) 2)
3)
Procedure: The given sample of the wire or lead shot is placed between the jaws of the
screw gauge on the corresponding pitch scale reading and corresponding head scale reading
are note down. The total reading is calculated using the relation. Total reading = pitch scale
reading+ (H.S.R±Z.C) least count. The experiment is repeated for different position of
object. The screw gauge is said to be zero setting when the jaws are brought closed together
as shown in figure. If the pitch line consider with zero of the head scale then there is no zero
error. If the head scale zero about pitch scale then error is negative and correction because
positive it is shown in the figure. If head scale zero is below pitch line the error is positive
and correction in negative.
Formula
𝜋𝑑 2 𝐿
Volume of wireV= 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚3
4
𝜋𝑑3
Volume of lead shot 𝑉 =
6
𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚3
Thickness of the glass plate = t = …………….mm
Result:
Volume of a wire = ……………mm3
Volume of a lead shot = …………..mm3
Thickness of the glass plate = t = …………….mm
OBSERVATION
𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉
𝑳𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝑳𝑪 = = ⋯ … … … … … … … 𝒎𝒎
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝑯𝑺
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆
𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉 = = ⋯ … … … . . 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒎
𝒏𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅
observations
Trial Forces in gmwt Angles 𝒑/𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶 𝑸/𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜷 𝑹/𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜸
no
P Q R 𝜶 𝜷 𝜸
Experiment No: 4
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF LAW OF PARALLELOGRAM
OF FORCES
Aim : To verify law of parallelogram of forces.
Apparatus : Drawing Board, pulleys, Drawing pins, thread, Weight and Mirror.
Statement : If two forces acting at a point be represented both in magnitude and direction
by two sides of parallelogram draw from a point. Then the resultant is given by parallelogram
draw through that point.
Procedure : Fix a paper on the drawing board, attach two smooth pulleys to the board at
the top. Take three strings and the one of each together to get a commonknot. Pass two of
them over the pulleys and from the free ends of string suspend weight hanger, weight hanger,
adjust the weights so that they remain in equilibrium. Take out the paper join the lines and
indicate the directions by arrow marks. Taken a convenient scale (say 50 GMS=1CM) and
represent three forces acting at O as OA, OB & OC. Complete the parallelogram having OA
and OB as adjacent sides. Join OC which represent forces R it will be seen that OC=OC 1
with acts in opposite direction and ∟COC1 =1800Repeat the experiment taking different
weights.
Experiment No. 5
VERIFICATION OF LAW OF TRIANGLE OF FORCES
Aim : To verify the triangle law of forces
Apparatus : Drawing Board, pulleys, Drawing pins,Thread,Weight and mirror
Statement : If three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium represented in magnitude
And direction then force can represent by three sides of triangle taken in order.
Procedure : Fix a paper on the drawing board, attach two smooth pulleys to the board at
The top take three strings and tie one end so each together to get common knot. Pass two So
than over the pulleys and from free ends suspends weight hangers.Adjust.So that They
remains in equilibrium. Taken shadow of the string with the help of mirror. Take out The
paper join the points and indicate the direction by arrow marks. Draw parallel lines. Indicate
directions forces P.Q & R and name the triangle in order
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
It will be found that = 𝐸𝐹 = 𝐹𝐷
𝐷𝐸
𝐏 𝐐 𝑹
RESULT: The triangle law of force is verified. = =
𝐃𝐄 𝐄𝐅 𝑭𝑫
Dept SCIENCE S.E.T.POLYTECHNIC Melkote Page8
Applied Science lab Manual
Aim: to verify the condition of equilibrium of parallel forces using moment bar
Apparatus: Meter scale ,spring balances, hooks,loop of threads,weight hangers and slotted
weights
Procedure: meter scale is suspended horizontally with the help of 2 springs balances which
are fixed to a rigid support.the readings of the springs balances P& Q are noted.the weight of
the scale W= P+Q is calculated.the weight hangers are suspended from the loops attached on
either side the meter scale as shown in fig.suitable loads R and S are added to the weight
hangers and their positions are adjusted so that the scale remains horizontal .the reading of
the spring balance and the distance of the points of action of different forces from a reference
point „O‟ are noted
Sum of the upward forces and sum of the downward forces are found the sum of moments of
forces in the clockwise and in the anticlockwise direction are calculated. the experiment is
repeated for different loads and at different points of action of forces the readings are
tabulated the conditions of equilibrium of parallel forces are verified
Result :
i) It is found that the sum of upwards forces = sum of downward forces
ii) It is found that the sum of clockwise moments = sum of anticlockwise moments
Apparatus: Capillary tube, pin or index wire breaker containing wire ,traveling
microscope.
Procedure: A clean capillary tube of uniform bore is supported vertically with its lower
end well below the surface of water taken in beaker ,the bent pin adjusted such that, its tip
just touches the surface of water. Now water rise in the capillary tube and its concave
meniscus stands at a particular height.
Now traveling microscope is adjust horizontally and focused to the base of meniscus of liquid
rises in the capillary tube. Take the microscope reading R3 now remove the beaker of water,
without disturbing capillary tube and pin lower the microscope to focus it on the top of pin
observe the microscope R4. The difference
(R3 & R4) between the two reading gives the height (h) of capillary rise.
Determine the radius r of the capillary tube by focusing the microscope on its cross-section.
OBSERVATION:
𝑟𝑔
Surface tension of water 𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ………………………dynes/cm
𝑐
𝝅𝝆𝟐 𝒈𝒓𝟒
ᵑ= (ht/m)Ns/𝒎𝟐
𝟖𝒍
Mass of the empty beaker ml = …………..×10−3 𝑘𝑔
Mass of the beaker +water m2 =………………..×10−3 𝑘𝑔
Mass of water = ……………….
Initial height 1=……………………×10−2 𝑚𝑡
Final height 2=……………………..×10−2 𝑚𝑡
Time for which the water is allowed to flow drop t=30×60sec.
Density of water ρ=1gm/cc=103 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
Where r initial radius.R= …………
L is length of the capillary tube L=………………….
TR1=MSR+(CVSD X LC)
TR2 =MSR+(CVSD X LC) in cm
Procedure : A reference wire A and a specimen wire B of the material, whose modulus of
elasticity is to be determined are suspended from a rigid support.Using micrometer screw
gauge the diameter of wire is noted.
The sphedometer screw is turned upwords until the air bubble of the sprit levelis at the
center.Note the reading RO (Reading for Zero load) .The put half Kg weight (M) in the
hanger.Now the experimental wire is elongated slightly. Hence frame F2 movers downwords
relative to F1 and air bubble moves left.Now the screw of sphedometer is again moved up to
bring the air bubble at the center.The reading R1 is noted. The difference between two
reading extension produced by the half Kg weight.Now weight is increased in equal steps
are reading noted. In the same way readings are noted again by decreased the load in the
same regular steps.
OBSERVATION
i) Length of wire = L = ………………………………..Cms.
ii ) Diameter of wire using screw gauge pitch of screw gauge = ……….........mm
pitch
least young =
no. of devision on head scale
= ……………………………Cms
Zero error = ……………………..mm zero correction = ……………………mm
Obs
No. P.S.R mm CMSD div T.R = PSR+(CVSD-RC)LC
𝑑
Radius of wire 𝑅= = ................................mm
2
𝑀
Mean = = ……….
𝐿
𝑔𝑙 𝑀
Young‟smodulus(Y)= x mean = …………dynes/cm2
𝜋𝑟 2 𝐿
Nx=…………….Hz Lx=……………cm
Mean NXL=…………………cps
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑁 𝑋 𝐿
Result: Frequency of given tuning fork: ᶯ𝑥 = in Hz
Lx
Aim: To verify second law of transverse vibration of hence finding the frequency of given
running fork.
Apparatus: sonometer box, slotted weights tuning fork, rubber pad, weight box wedges.
Theory: If the length of vibrating segment and mass per unit length are content the
frequency varies directly as the square root of stretched tension.
Procedure: Take the total marks and length so that wire a 1000 grms weight is added in
weight pan. A small v shaped paper rider is kept over the string between wedges. A tuning
fork of unknown frequency is struct against the rubber pad and its shank is kept over the box.
The wedges are adjusted such that paper rider filters and falls down when it happens, measure
the length of the wire between wedges which corresponds to unison length. Repeated the
experiment with different weights.
Observations.
Length of wire L = T=mg
Mass of wire M = where m=weight in WT pan
Mass per unit length of wire m=M/L= g=acc. due to gravity in cm
𝑇
Mean = = …….
𝐿
1 𝑇
Frequency of Tuning Fork: f = =……………. CPS or Hz
2 𝑚 𝐿
Aim: To determine the velocity of sound at lab temperature and to calculate Velocity of
sound 0.c.
Procedure:- In the position of maximum resonance. The air column in tube vibrates with
fundamental made of it is resonating length and wave length of note united then.
V ¼= N―>C (1)
Where “c” is end correction which is equal to 0.3 xd
(d = internal diameter of tube)
If “n” is the frequency of tuning fork. Then velocity of sound.
v=n
V =4n (C1+0.3d) (2)
If l2 is sound length of our column is resonance with the tuning fork then.
V¾= l2 + 0.033d (3)
From equation (1) & (3)
V½= l2 –l1 or 2 (l1-l2)
Or v=2n (l1-l2) (4)
Procedure:- A metal is held vertically by a clamp. So that its lower dips in water in tall jar.
An exited tuning fork of know frequency is held closed to the open of tube is whom in the
figure. Then length of the tube outside that water is adjusted such that resonance takes place
(A loud sound is heard). In this case a node at lower end and a anti node at the upper end are
formed. Stationary waves are set up in the tube between direct and reflected wave. The length
l1 of the tube is measured.
The experiment is repeted by raising the tube till as second position or resonance is obtained
and length l2 column is found. In this case are column has nodes and two anti nodes formed
HOLLOW
CYLINDER INTERNAL
OR DIAMETER
METAL
TUBE
273
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑡 𝑚/𝑠
273 + 𝑡