Pendahuluan Biologi Molekular

Debbie S. Retnoningrum
Sekolah Farmasi
Institut Teknologi Bandung

Molecular Biology?
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a
molecular level.
The field overlaps with other areas of biology and
chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry.
Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with
understanding the interactions between the
various systems of a cell, including the
interactions between DNA, RNA and protein
biosynthesis as well as learning how these
interactions are regulated.

Molecular Biology
Biochemistry - Genetics

Biochemistry is the study of the chemical

substances and vital processes occurring in living
organisms. Biochemists focus heavily on the role,
function, and structure of biomolecules. The study
of the chemistry behind biological processes and
the synthesis of biologically active molecules are
examples of biochemistry.
Genetics is the study of the effect of genetic
differences on organisms. Often this can be inferred
by the absence of a normal component (e.g. one
gene). The study of "mutants" organisms which
lack one or more functional components with
respect to the so-called "wild type" or normal
phenotype. Genetic interactions (epistasis) can
often confound simple interpretations of such
"knock-out" studies.
Molecular biology is the study of molecular
underpinnings of the process of replication,
transcription and translation of the genetic
material. The central dogma of molecular biology
where genetic material is transcribed into RNA and
then translated into protein, despite being an
oversimplified picture of molecular biology, still
provides a good starting point for understanding
the field. This picture, however, is undergoing
revision in light of emerging novel roles for RNA.

Perkembangan awal genetika

W. Sutton (1903): gen
terletak pada
kromosom

T. H. Morgan (1910):
pemetaan genetik dan
pada tahun 1920
analisis komprehensif
posisi relatif 2000 gen
pada 4 kromosom pada
Drosophila
melanogaster

Perkembangan awal genetika

Avery, MacLeod and McCarty (1944) dan
Hershey and Chase (1952): DNA adalah materi
genetik (sebelumnya gen terbuat dari protein)

Perkembangan awal genetika

1952-1966: struktur DNA, kode genetik diketahui,
transkripsi dan translasi dideskripsikan
Watson and Crick (1953)
Double helix structure of
DNA
Stucture suggests function

Kemajuan kloning gen dan polymerase

chain reaction
1971 1973: teknologi DNA rekombinan atau
rekayasa genetik, kloning gen, penentuan urutan
nukleotida
1972 Stanley Cohen dan Herbert
Boyer menciptakan DNA
rekombinan. Teknologi ini adalah
awal dari industri bioteknologi.

Kemajuan kloning gen dan polymerase

chain reaction
1976: Herbert Boyer (Genentech) perusahaan
pertama di Amerika yang mengaplikasikan
teknologi DNA rekombinan
1978: Somatostatin yang meregulasi hormon
pertumbuhan manusia, adalah protein
pertama yang dibuat dengan teknologi
rekombinan

Projek genom manusia

Project genom manusia: selesai pada tahun
2003. Human Genome Project (HGP) adalah
projek 13 tahun (the U.S. Department of
Energy and the National Institutes of Health).
J. Craig Venter mendirikan
The Institute for Genomic
Research (pemetaan genom
Manusia)

Kemajuan kloning gen dan polymerase

chain reaction
1980: revolusi kloning gen
1985: Kary Mullis menemukan polymerase
chain reaction (PCR)

Techniques of molecular biology

Expression cloning
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Gel electrophoresis
Macromolecule blotting and probing
Southern blotting
Northern blotting
Western blotting
Eastern blotting
Arrays

Where are genes located?

Chromosome

Genes

Total bases

Sequenced bases[12]

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

3,148
902
1,436
453
609
1,585
1,824
781
1,229
1,312
405
1,330
623
886
676
898
1,367
365
1,553
816
446
595

247,200,000
242,750,000
199,450,000
191,260,000
180,840,000
170,900,000
158,820,000
146,270,000
140,440,000
135,370,000
134,450,000
132,290,000
114,130,000
106,360,000
100,340,000
88,820,000
78,650,000
76,120,000
63,810,000
62,440,000
46,940,000
49,530,000

224,999,719
237,712,649
194,704,827
187,297,063
177,702,766
167,273,992
154,952,424
142,612,826
120,312,298
131,624,737
131,130,853
130,303,534
95,559,980
88,290,585
81,341,915
78,884,754
77,800,220
74,656,155
55,785,651
59,505,254
34,171,998
34,893,953

X (sex chromosome)

1,093

154,910,000

151,058,754

Y (sex chromosome)

125

57,740,000

22,429,293

Gene locus vs alleles

Locus: the physical site or location of a specific gene on a chromosome

Allele: one of the variant forms of a gene at a particular locus, or location, on a chromosome

GENOM KROMOSOM - GEN

KROMOSOM DAN DNA