MODULATION

James Rodney P. Santiago

General Definition
Modulation
- a process of mixing two sinusoidal signals, it
includes a low frequency signal being imposed
onto a higher frequency carrier signal.
MODULATED SIGNAL

CARRIER

INFORMATION

James Rodney P. Santiago

Need for Modulation

- modulation becomes important if we want to
deliver the information over vast distances.

1. Direct transmission of the information will be

easily overwhelmed by interference since the
RF is the same as the information.
2. Information (audio) usually resides on low
frequencies which limits the radiation via an
antenna (Tx/Rx) physically impractical.

James Rodney P. Santiago

Types of Modulation in Broadcast

There are two major modulation techniques used
in broadcast today.
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency/Phase Modulation

Note : Digital Modulation techniques are not

included.
James Rodney P. Santiago

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
James Rodney P. Santiago

Basic AM
Linear combination of the signal and carrier.
ecarrier
eoutput

esignal

carrier

signal

James Rodney P. Santiago

Definition
AM is a method that employs Non-Linear
combination of the information and carrier.
Percentage Modulation
A measure of the extent of the carrier
voltage variation with respect to the signal.
% Modulation

=
=

(Es/Ec)x100%
Emin Emax x 100%
Emin + Emax
Es/Ec

Es Signal Voltage ; Ec Carrier Voltage ; m modulation index

James Rodney P. Santiago

Mathematical Explanation
Vc = Vc Sinc t ;

Vm = Vm Sinm t

Vm

Vc

James Rodney P. Santiago

Mathematical Analysis
Condition :
Initially, a Carrier is without a modulating information ;
therefore it has a constant Vc.
Upon the application of the information, the
instantaneous voltage is now changed to Vm.
The instantaneous change in Carrier amplitude (A) is
Vm Sinm t.
Modulation index is the ratio of the Vm over Vc, it is a
number between 1 & 0.

James Rodney P. Santiago

Double Side-Band Modulator

Message
Spectrum

INFORMATION

fc

MODULATED SIGNAL

CARRIER

Carrier
Spectrum

Modulated

fc

Spectrum

James Rodney P. Santiago

Mathematical Analysis
From the previous conditions : Let us derive the
double sideband AM modulator

A = Vc + Vm
Vc = Vc Sinc t

Vm = Vm Sinm t

Vm

Vc

James Rodney P. Santiago

Practical Explanation
Since DSBM simply is a sum and difference of
information to the carrier, we can simply express it
as :
Information
Carrier

- Low frequency
- Higher frequency

FLSB + FC + FUSB

(FC Fm) + FC + (Fc + Fm)

2

2
James Rodney P. Santiago

Practical Explanation
Computing for the Bandwidth
Assuming there is only one sideband on the upper and lower part
with respect to the carrier.

Fsb = Fc +/- nFm

Fsb
Fc
N
Fm

=
=
=
-

Frequency of the Sideband

Carrier Frequency
number of sidebands
Frequency of the information/message

FBW = (FC + FUSB) - (FC - FLSB)

James Rodney P. Santiago

Single Side-Band Modulator

Message

multiply

Spectrum

INFORMATION

Carrier

Add

Spectrum

CARRIER

90
Phase
Shift

CARRIER

fc

Modulated

fc

Spectrum

multiply
James Rodney P. Santiago

General Definition

James Rodney P. Santiago

Tower Design

0.5H

0.5H
James Rodney P. Santiago

Guyed Tower Details (Top view)

Anchor

0.5H
120

Anchor

120

120

Anchor

James Rodney P. Santiago

Insulated Tower
Very simple AM tower implementation of which the
current is 90 from the top (can be from the base if tower
height is less than 90).
Compare the effect of the velocity of propagation in
relation to the physical and electrical height of the tower.

James Rodney P. Santiago

General Definition

AM Transmission operates
at quarter wavelength due
to the physical difficulties
in constructing the
structure

/4

Electrical /4

James Rodney P. Santiago

BASED ON TERRAIN PROPERTIES

FIELD
STRENGTH

5000

50

20

10

CONDUCTIVITIES

Theoretical V & I Distribution on a Vertical Radiator

James Rodney P. Santiago

Theoretical V & I Distribution on a Vertical Radiator

Assuming constant tower cross-section, the current
distribution can be computed via :

ia = Ia sin (G y)
ia
Ia
G
Y

=
=
=
=

current in amperes at height y.

max. current in amperes
tower height in degress
height in degrees of the current element ia.

James Rodney P. Santiago

Grounded Towers, Shunt Fed and Folded Monopoles

Structures with grounded base can be utilized as an AM
radiator, the base impedance of such is zero, impedance
increases as the elevation of the feed point increases.

James Rodney P. Santiago

Earth Mat

There are 120 Cu conductors

laid on the base of the tower
to increase conductivity and
generate a better electrical
image of the /4 tower.

Why do we need an earth mat?

James Rodney P. Santiago

Electrically Long/Short towers

James Rodney P. Santiago

NCR
COMPANY
Radio Mindanao Network
Republic Bctg. System, Inc.
ABS-CBN Bctg. Corp.
Manila Bctg. Company
Far East Broadcasting Co.
Philippine Bctg. Service
Interactive Bctg. Media, Inc.
Rajah Bctg. Network, Inc.
Radio Veritas-Global Bctg.
Aliw Bctg. Corp.
Philippine Bctg. Service
Christian Era Bctg. Service
Trans-Radio Bctg. Corp.
Nation Bctg. Corp.
Eagle Bctg. Corp.
Crusaders Bctg. System
Dept. of National Defense
Office of the Civil Defense
Intercontinental Bctg. Corp.
FBS Radio Network
Bureau of Broadcasts
Delta Bctg. System
Mabuhay Bctg. System, Inc.
Prime Bctg. Netwrok
Exodus Bctg. Network
Ultrasonic Bctg. System
Capitol Bctg. Center
Philippine Air Force
University of the Philippines
Guzman Institute of Tech.
Municipality of Marikina
TOTAL NO. OF AM STATIONS =

CALL-SIGN
DZXL
DZBB
DZMM
DZRH
DZAS
DZRB
DWWW
DZRJ
DZRV
DWIZ
DZFM
DZEM
DWRT
DZAR
DZEC
DWAD
DWDD
DZCA

FREQ.
558
594
630
666
702
738
774
810
846
882
918
954
990
1026
1062
1098
1134
1170

POWER (kW)
40
20
50
50(d)/25(n)
50
40
25
10
50
50
10
40
10 (D)/5 (N)
25
40
10
10
10

DWAN
DWBL
DZRM
DWXI
DZXQ
P/Pu
DWBC
DWSS
DZME
DZHH
DZUP
DWGI
DZBF

1206
1242
1278
1314
1350
1386
1422
1494
1530
1566
1602
1674
1674

10
20
10
30
10
10
10
10
25
10
1
0.01
1

31

LOCATION
Obando, Bulacan
Obando, Bulacan
Obando, Bulacan
Bo. Malanday, Valenzuela
Bocaue, Bulacan
Malolos, Bulacan
Quezon City
Quirino Hi-way, Novaliches
Malolos, Bulacan
Obando, Bulacan
Marulas, Valenzuela
Obando, Bulacan
Panghulo, Malabon
Obando, Bulacan
Obando, Bulacan
209 E. dela Paz St., Mandaluyong, M.M.
Camp Aguinaldo, Q.C.
Agham Rd. Science Garden, Pag-asa Planetarium
Broadcast City, Q.C.
Caloong, Malanday, Val.
Noveleta, Cavite,
Noveleta, Cavite
Malabon
Metro Manila
Bo. Ugong del Norte, Q.C.
Novaliches, Quezon city
Ubando, Bulacan
Villamor Air Base, Pasay City
UP, Diliman, Q.C.
Quiapo, Manila
Marikina, M.M.