What is a Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT) - an

introduction to the perfect sine wave

The very best power protection comes from a special type of transformer known as a Constant Voltage
Transformer ( CVT). Providing unparalleled reliability and conditioning performance, spikes and
electrical noise are neutralised with attenuation as high as 75dB.
In addition the input (or primary) and output (or secondary) transformer windings are physically
separated. Known as Galvanic isolation this separation ensures that there is no direct connection
between the mains supply and load.
A CVT therefore provides an impenetrable barrier to spikes and high frequency electrical noise. This
barrier also works in reverse mode to prevent a 'noisy' load from polluting the mains supply itself.

How does it work?

more detail
Although simple in concept the CVT is very difficult to explain, leading to some electronics experts to
describe it as magic. Effectively the aim is to keep the Iron core of the secondary saturated, which
keeps the voltage on the output winding constant.
The primary winding needs to be unsaturated to prevent unacceptably high losses.
This effect is achieved in two ways.
Firstly the two Magnetic Circuits are separated but inter- linked allowing the transfer of energy from
Primary to Secondary.
Secondly the secondary circuit has a deliberate inductance introduced and is connected to a
resonating capacitor. This LC circuit is tuned to resonate at the desired transformer frequency.
The consequence is that the secondary part of the transformer runs saturated and the output voltage is
constant.

Superior Sag, Surge and Brownout protection:

Mains voltage sags and surges are automatically corrected by a CVT.
When faced with an extreme surge voltage such as a local lightning strike the power conditioner will
present a low impedance to the mains to protect both itself and any connected loads.
Automatic Sine-wave generation:
using ferro resonant transformer technology means that each power conditioner will always generate a
pure stable sine- wave even when fed from a polluted mains or square-wave supply.
A = INPUT
B = OUTPUT
NO moving parts NO electronics ONLY magnetic magic

Perfect Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) driver:

Ferro resonant transformer technology provides waveform shoulder- lifting - the CVT is the kindest
way to drive a switched mode power supply. Input surges are reduced prolonging life and conduction
times are lengthened. In addition the CVT provides harmonic buffering and improved reservoir
capacitor hold up for the inevitable supply micro breaks which occur with grid protection switching.

Constant Voltage Transformers don't care about the ambient

Unlike some sensitive electronic stabilisers a CVT works in a very large range of conditions. Standard
units can work at permanent temperatures of 40 deg C with 50 deg C not a problem for short periods,
alternately a special design can cope with 70 deg C. CVTs will operate at minus 40 deg C although the
heat generated by their operation means the transformer is soon warm to the touch.

Overload protection
The CVT is designed to supply an overload of 150% at around 200% overload the output waveform
collpases to near 0V, WITH NO HARM TO THE CVT, direct short circuiting for long periods of time is
not a problem for the CVT, as soon as the short is removed it will carry on supplying useable power.
Oscilloscope hold-up picture
Something for nothing: so long as at least 30% of the normal supply voltage is present the suitably
selected CVTcan provide adequate power for your critical load.

ride-through picture

Common mode noise attenuation

Series mode noise attenuation

Output within 5% for zero to full load

Outstanding output regulation at low loads or high input voltages

The output stays within 5% from zero to full load, if a tighter regulation is required trade-offs can be
made. At 50% load the regulation is about 3%. Between zero to light loading (3%) is the greatest drop
in output, so a permanent light load improves the regulation further. A Full to Zero load event may
cause a momentary variation of 8% but the CVT settles in a couple of cycles.
Stabilisation
The output stays within 3% for an input swing of 15% at half load 3% output can be achieved for an
input swing of approximately 30%
Output within 3% for nominal input +/-15% Even wider input swings at below nominal loads

Regulation outside of specification

The combined stability and regulation is 8% again improvements can be made by reducing the
loading. Output within 8% for zero to full load and nominal input +/-20%

Power Factor
All units present a power factor to the supply which varies with output load.
The CVT will drive a wide range of power factor loads (+/-0.75)
Small changes in the output voltage will be found in comparison to the setting with a resisitive load.

Output changes with frequency of input

A 1% frequency change produces a 1.5% change in output voltage

Phase shift
There is a smal phase shift across the CVT varying with load

Sine wave output from any input including square wave

Here are actual scope waveforms showing the miracle of sine wave regeneration performed by a CVT.
This application shows an input square wave with large harmonics content (THD approx 30%) and
several spikes and other problems. The output waveform is a perfect sine wave. Because the CVT
resonant circuit regenerates the waveform all input signals can be absorbed and output as a perfect
sine wave.
Input

Waveform close-up

Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT) how does it work?

Introduction
AC stabilisation can be achieved using a simple magnetic device which has no moving parts.
This is a process of producing a constant ac voltage from a varying ac voltage supply and involves the
use of saturable reactors. The latter may be incorporated in a special transformer magnetic saturation
being produced in a part of the magnetic circuit.
The winding arrangement and construction of one such constant voltage transformer is shown in the
diagram:

The core is a three-limbed shell with a magnetic leakage path dividing the winding space. On the
upper winding space is the primary and a compensating winding while the lower winding space carries
the secondary which has a capacitor connected across it. An increasing voltage applied to the primary
produces an increasing flux in the main magnetic circuit and the secondary voltage increases
proportionally to this voltage. The increasing flux produces an increase in the leakage reactance of the
secondary and this approaches a value which resonates with the capacitor connected across it. As the
condition of resonance is reached the secondary current rises rapidly saturating the lower portions of
the magnetic circuit. The flux due to the primary is diverted through the magnetic shunt and further
increases in primary voltage produces little change in the secondary emf. It increases very slowly and
this is offset by the emf induced in the compensating winding on the upper portion of the core which is
connected in series opposition to the secondary winding.
Thus once the secondary is brought to resonance the output voltage from the secondary and
compensating windings is constant and it is under these conditions that the transformer is used.

The advantage of this form of stabilisation is that it can be applied to the heater supplies in addition to
any HT supplies derived from it. Owing to the non- sinusoidal waveform however readings taken with
the usual rectifier-type meters are subject to error.
The compensating winding produces a small voltage which is used to 'buck' the output voltage.
To produce a sinusoidal waveform a further winding is added which is coupled via a magnetic gap.
This extra 'neutralising' winding can be arranged to provide a suitable amount of 3rd and 5th
harmonics which when summed with the output 'square' wave above results in a sinewave.
A first term equivalent circuit is also shown:

Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT) gives lightning protection

Introduction
When lightning strikes enormous amounts of energy are dissipated. If the strike is in any way direct or
near direct then most substances hit will be locally vapourised. Electrical distribution systems have
special isolating devices to restrict the effects of lightning strikes on overhead wires. However
overhead lines can pick up serious transients which will destroy sensitive electronics if the `spike' gets
all the way into the equipment.

Lightning
A typical lightning strike produces a waveshape which has a front edge of about 1.2S and after 50S
the voltage will have dropped to half its peak value. Special test equipment is available which
generates a 8/20 S waveform which represents the lightning effect if the voltage is 6kV and the
source impedance less than 2 ohms. A further popular test is based on a 10/350 shape which is used
in telecoms applications.
It is not generally appreciated that office and domestic electrical distribution wiring will normally `flash
over' at about 6kV which limits the voltage expectation from local lightning strikes.
A typical `strike' may carry about 200 000 Amps which when applied to an earthed conductor will cause
a huge rise in the local earth potential. This effect can cause quite large amounts of energy to be
carried along local earth wiring. Particular attention needs to be given to this problem. See ICT wiring
and considerations.

Bullet proof protection

Advance CVTs especially designed for computer protection provide one of the most effective barriers
against lightning damage. The CVT has a magnetic circuit which becomes a very low impedance when
fed with high voltage.
If the unit is correctly installed with a protecting fuse or circuit breaker then the CVT will blow the
fuse/breaker before damaging energy gets to the electronic equipment being protected.
This means that the computer or other equipment may be turned off inadvertently but it will be
protected from the resulting distributed energy from the lightning strike. Such energy spikes are
relatively common.
The only user action required is to replace the fuse or reset the circuit breaker and continue using the
equipment.
If the strike is of sufficient energy to damage the incoming distribution wiring because of a direct strike
then anything may happen.