 Magnetic flux

 Induced emf
 Faraday’s Law
 Lenz’s Law
 Motional EMF

Phys 2435: Chap 29, Pg 1

 Magnetic Flux

New Topic
Phys 2435: Chap 29, Pg 2
 Electromagnetic Induction
Fact: a current flowing through a
coil produces a B field
current B field

Question: Can a magnetic field produce an

electric current?
B field current

Yes, by magnetic induction. But with a condition.

Faraday discovered that B has to be

changing to produce a current. More
precisely the Magnetic flux.
Phys 2435: Chap 29, Pg 3
 Magnetic Flux
 Consider the B field lines
that pass through a surface
 define a quantity called
the magnetic flux Φ

Φ ≡ B A cosθ

where θ is angle between magnetic field B

and the normal to the plane.
 units of magnetic flux are T.m2 = Weber (Wb)
 Scalar product

Phys 2435: Chap 29, Pg 4

 Magnetic Flux
 Scalar product

θ = 90º θ = 45º θ = 0º

Φ = 0 Φ = B A cosθ Φ = BA

Phys 2435: Chap 29, Pg 5

 Changing the Magnetic Flux
induced current

S N S N

3 lines inside loop

5 lines inside loop
⇒ flux changed !

changing current induced current

produces produced by
changing B field changing magnetic flux
(inside loop)

Phys 2435: Chap 29, Pg 6

 Changing the Flux Φ ≡ B A cosθ

Change the B field

Change the angle

Change the area

Phys 2435: Chap 29, Pg 7

 ConcepTest 29.1(Post)
29.1 Induction
 If you want to (1) Drop the magnet
change the (2) Move the magnet upwards
magnetic flux
(3) Move the magnet sideways
through the loop
what would you (4) Tilting the loops
have to do? (5) Reducing the loop area
(6) All of the above

Phys 2435: Chap 29, Pg 8

 Faraday’s Law

New Topic
Phys 2435: Chap. 29, Pg 9
 Faraday’s Law of Induction

ε = −N ΔΦ
Δ
B

induced rate of change

emf of flux with time

number The faster the change, the

of loops
larger the induced emf.

Remember: the induced emf is a voltage !

Phys 2435: Chap 29, Pg 10
 Faraday’s Law of Induction
Lenz’s Law

ε = −N ΔΦ
Δ
B

t
induced rate of change
emf of flux with time

 minus sign comes from Lenz’s Law:

 The induced emf gives rise to a current whose
magnetic field opposes the original change in flux.

Phys 2435: Chap 29, Pg 11

 Lenz’s Law

induced flux is induced flux is no induced flux

DOWN UP
Phys 2435: Chap 29, Pg 12
 Example: Determine the magnetic flux through
a square loop near a long straight current-
carrying wire as shown

The B field around the wire is dr

µ0 I r
B=
2!r
going into the page.
The flux passing through the
strip is
µ0 I
d" B = BdA = ( wdr )
2!r
Integrate µ 0 Iw l2
"B = ln
l2
µ 0 Iw dr µ 0 Iw l2 2! l1
"B = #
2! l1 r
=
2!
ln
l1
Phys 2435: Chap 29, Pg 13
 Example (Giancoli 29-2): Puling a coil from a magnetic field
 A square coil of wire with side 5.00 cm contains 100 loops and is positioned
perpendicular to an uniform 0.60-T magnetic field as shown. It is quickly and
uniformly pulled from the field (moving perpendicular to B) to a region where
B drops abruptly to zero. At t=0, the right edge of the coil is the edge of the
field. It takes 0.100 s for the whole coil to reach the field-free region. The coil
has a resistance of 100 ohm. Find
 The rate of flux change through the coil
 The emf and current induced
 How much energy is dissipated in the coil?
 What was the average force required?

Phys 2435: Chap 29, Pg 14

 ConcepTest 29.2(Post)
29.2 Induction
 Wire #1 (length L) forms a one-turn loop, and
(1) V1 > V2
a bar magnet is dropped through. Wire #2
(length 2L) forms a two-turn loop, and the (2) V1 < V2
same magnet is dropped through. Compare (3) V1 = V2 ≠ 0
the magnitude of the induced voltages in
these two cases. (4) V1 = V2 = 0

S S

N N

Phys 2435: Chap 29, Pg 15

 ConcepTest 29.3(Post)
29.3 Induction
 Wire #1 (length L) forms a one-turn loop, and
(1) I1 > I2
a bar magnet is dropped through. Wire #2
(length 2L) forms a two-turn loop, and the (2) I1 < I2
same magnet is dropped through. Compare (3) I1 = I2 ≠ 0
the magnitude of the induced currents in
these two cases. (4) I1 = I2 = 0

S S

N N

Phys 2435: Chap 29, Pg 16

 Motional EMF

New Topic
Phys 2435: Chap 29, Pg 17
 Motional Emf (Examples 29.6, 29.7)
 Consider a conducting rod moving on metal rails in
an uniform magnetic field:

ε =
ΔΦ B Δ (BA ) Δ (BLx )
= = = BL
Δx
Δt Δt Δt Δt

 Current will flow counter-clockwise in this “circuit”

x x x x x x x x x

ε = BLv
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x v L
x x x x x x x x x

x
Phys 2435: Chap 29, Pg 18
 ConcepTest 29.4(Post)
29.4 Induction

 If a coil is rotated from the

(1) clockwise
position as shown, in a B field
(2) counter-clockwise
pointing to the left, in what
(3) no induced current
direction is the induced current?

Phys 2435: Chap 29, Pg 19