Reporting and Writing News Basic Handbook

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The Indochina Media Memorial Foundation
twGuf Peter Eng óSifh Jeff Hodson
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(The Indochina Media Memorial Foundation)
immf.pmd 1 7/2/2547, 11:03

Reporting and Writing News : A Basic Handbook
Written by Peter Eng and Jeff Hodson
Translated by U Htin Aung Kyaw
ISBN : 974-91900-9-2
Copyright © 2001 The Indochina Media Memorial Foundation (IMMF), Thailand

Copyright of this translation into Burmese, 2004 of the basic journalism handbook is
asserted by the IMMF, Thailand
Printed by Square Print '93 Co., Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in

any form without the written permission of the IMMF.
Cover photo by Vinai Dithajohn shows students on an IMMF course on urban

environment in Chiang Mai, Thailand, October 2001
The Indochina Media Memorial Foundation
Maneeya Center Building, 6th Floor
518/5 Ploenchit Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Tel.: 66 (0) 2255-5909, 2255-3626
Fax: 66 (0) 2255-5909
Email: immf@anet.net.th or immf@loxinfo.co.th
Website: http://www.immf.or.th
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xi
immf.pmd 11 7/2/2547, 11:03

avmavmq<f oifhtodkuft&ef:wGif oHk:r\ao:wmrsKd: ]zpfcsif]zpfaernf` odk.aomf
onfpnf:rsOf: oabmw\m:rsm:udk wwfóikd o f avmuf vdu k ef musifo h :kH onfqv dk ûif b<fóikd if rH mS yJ
vkyv f yk f oifonf ydrk x kd :l cïefaom pme<fZif:orm:wpfa<muf]zpfvmygvrd rfh nf`
a'owGif: ódkifiHtoD:oD:rS yHkóSdyfazmf]ycsufrsm:udk onfpmtkyfxJY erlemt]zpf
aumufókwfazmf]yay:xm:ygonf` a\:om:wifqufyHkóSifh toHk:tóSKef:rsm:udkvnf: rl\if:
tmabmftwkid :f yJ xm:\Syd gonf` xdak \:om:wifqufyókH iS hf toH:k tóSKe:f rsm:onf onfpmtkyx f rJ mS
vdu k ef m usifo h :kH \ef vrf:nÏex f m:onhf yHpk rH sm:óSihf uku d nf cD sifrS udu k n f aD yrnf`
xdk.ajumifh onfpmtkyfi<fudk tdkiftrftrftufzfóSifh w]cm:pme<fZif:oifwef:rsm:
wufa\muf\ef îudKwif]yifqifonfh tae]zifh avhvm\ef wku d w
f eG :f vdyk gonf` xko d ifwef:rsm:u
pD:yGm:a\:óSifhobm&ywf&ef:usif uJhodk.aom txl:bmom\yfrsm:udk owif:\<la\:om:]cif:
tajumif: avhusio fh ifjum:ay:aeonf` oift h ae]zifh pme<fZif: ynmta]ccHudk avhvmxm:úyD:
]zpfygu xdo k ifwef:rsm:u oifjum:csufrsm:udk ydv k udk óf ikd af yrnf`
ausmif:q\m? q\mrrsm:tae]zifhvnf: onfvufpJGpmtkyfudk ausmif:rsm:óSifh
wUodv k rf sm:wGif oH:k ódifk yf gonf` t<f'w D mrsm:uvnf: vufuikd x f m:ódik yf gonf`
odk.\mwGif onfpmtkyfu úyD:]ynfhpHkaom ]y÷mef:pmtkyf r[kwfyg` ta]ccHrûom
]zpfygonf` owif:a\:om:enf: trsKd:rsKd: \Sdygonf` Âcif:csufawG trsm:îuD: \Sdygonf`
onfpmtkyu f kd q\m? q\mrrsm:? t<f'w D mrsm: tultnD]zif]h zpfap? wpfa<mufóiS hf wpfa<muf
aqG:aóG:úyD: vufawG. vkyaf qmifjunh]f cif:]zif]h zpfap avhvmju\ef tjuH]yKygonf`
owif:pmq\mrsm:> tvkyóf iS hf owif:pmq\maumif: wpfa<muf> t\nftcsif:
wk.d ]zifh uïefawmfw.dk u ed'ge:f csDxm:onf` xd.k aemuf olw.dk wpfawG owif:twGuf pdwu f :l
b<fv\kd úyD: owif: tcsuftvufrsm:udk b<fvkd pkaqmif:<lonfukd azmf]yonf` xdrk S wpfqifh
owif:a\:om:enf:udk oGm:onf` owif:tzGiu hf kd rnfo.kd a\:rnfenf:? wpfy'k v f :kH udk rnfo.kd
pkpnf:rnfenf:wkd.]zpfonf` aemufydkif:tcef:rsm:udk onfa'orS pme<fZif:orm:rsm:twGuf
tav:ay: azmf]yxm:ygonf` <if:wkd.rSm wkdfuf|kdufpum:a]ymudk aumufókwf azmf]ycsuf?
owif:xkwf]yefcsufrsm:rS owif:\<lenf:? owif:pm \Sif:vif:yJGrsm:? rdef.cGef:rsm:óSihf
tpnf:ta&:yJrG sm:rS owif:\<lenf:rsm: ]zpfygonf` tcef:wpfcrk mS owif:tcsuftvufrsm:udk
tckid rf mqH:k rnfo.kd a\:om:wif]y\rnfudk azmf]yxm:onf` xk.d aemuf yHók ydS f rD'< D móSihf a\'D<?kd
|kyo f rH 'D <
D mrsm:jum: owif:a\:om:wifqufyckH sif: uJ]G ym:]cm:em:yHu k kd uïefawmfw.dk u wif]y
xm:ygonf`
od.k aomf owif:axmufwpfa<muf[o l nf owif:\<l a\:om:]cif:xuf ydyk gonf`
xkd.ajumifh usihf&wftajumif: ta\:îuD:onhf tcef:wpfcef:udk xnhfoGif:azmf]yxm:]cif:
xii
immf.pmd 12 7/2/2547, 11:03

]zpfygonf` tqH:k wGif tem}wftwGuv f nf: today: wif]yxm:ygonf` <if:rSm onf a'orS
owif:axmufrsm:twGuf t"dupdeaf c;rSKîuD:t]zpf w]cm:aomódik if rH sm:óSit hf wl \ifaygiw f ef:
vdkufódkifap\ef wu<hfowif:\if: ]rpfîuD:]zpfaom tifwmeufudk oHk:pJGa\:tajumif:yif
]zpfygonf`
onfvufppGJ mtkyif <f ]yKpk\mwGif }sufzaf [mh'q f iftm: ulnaD y:cJo h nfh ódik if w
H um
owif:pmq\mrsm: Adrmef? }ïef tufpóf iS hf }sdr:f pf t<fvóf u
kd \f efyakH iGtzJ.G wk.d tm: vnf:aumif:?
yDwmtJe:f tm: ulnaD y:cJo h nhf onfz\D:'rf:zd\k rf tzJ.G tm:vnf:aumif: aus:Zl:wif\ydS gonf`
tvm:wl pmtkyfyHkóSdyf ukefusp\dwfrsm:twGuf axmufyHhay:cJhonhf }smreDódkifiHrS z\uf'\pf
tufbwf \efyHkaiGtzJG.óSifh xdkif:ódkifiH qkdif\m tar\duef]yefjum:a\:Xmewkd.tm:vnf:
aus:Zl:wif\ydS gonf` xd.k twl td:k yif:qkq
d idk w
f D tifpwDusKtm:vnf: aus:Zl:wif\ydS gonf`
uïefawmfw.dk onfvnf: oihv f ykd if pme<fZif:orm:rsm: ]zpfygonf` avhvmqnf:yl:
p\mawG \Sdaeygao:onf` onfvufpJGpmtkyfi<fudk twwfódkifqHk: toHk:&ifapcsifygonf`
tu<fI pmtkyf ydkrkdaumif:rGefvmap\eftwGuf xif]rifcsufóSifh tjuH]yKcsufrsm: \Sdygvûif
tkid t
f rftrftufzof .kd qufo< G yf g\ef arwWm\yftyfygonf`
yDwm tJe:f
wpfo:D ykñv pme<fZif:orm:
}sufzaf [mh'q
f if
ódkuftzJG.om:
befaumuf? 'DZifbm 2001`
xiii
immf.pmd 13 7/2/2547, 11:03

a&g[m\ \Si:f vif:csuf
|SKaxmifh (Angle) owif:wpfyk'f a\:om:\mwGif tm|kHpl:pkdufxm:aombufu csOf:uyf]cif:?

odk.r[kwf |SK]rifcsuf]zpfonf` wcsKd.]zpf\yfrsm:wGif pdwf&ifpm:p\mtajumif:tcsufawG
trsm: t]ym: \Sód ikd af pumrl owif:pmq\mu tajumif:t\m wpfcu k ykd J tm|kpH :l pdu
k f wif]y
ódik yf gonf`
trnfrazmfvakd om owif:\if:]rpf (Anonymous source) owif:xJwiG f olw.dk trnfemrudk

razmf]yrSom owif:axmufukd owif: ay:ol]zpfonf`
ud:k um:azmf]ycsuf (Attribution) owif:twGuf tcsuftvuf tajumif:t\mrsm: a]ym]yolukd

pma\:olu a\:om:azmf]y]cif: ]zpfonf`
aemufcoH rkid :f (Background) owif:aqmif:yg:rSm azmf]yxm:aom tajumif:t\móSihf ywfoufI

twdww f ek :f u ]zpfysufcyhJ t
kH ajumif:udyk g owif:xJrmS a\:om:azmf]y]cif:]zpfonf` onfvkd
azmf]y]cif:]zihf pmzwfou l ydúk yD: \Si:f vif:pGm em:vnfoabmayguo f mG :onf`
rûrûww (Balance and fairness) owif:aumif:wpfy'k t

f wGuf ta\:îuD:aom tcsuf]zpfygonf`
udpPwpfckudk owif:axmufu a\:om:wif]y\mrSm wpfzufzufudk bufvdkuf]cif: r]yKbJ
rûwpGm azmf]y\onf`
pmud<
k f (Body) tao:pdwftcsufrsm:? wkduf|dkufa]ympum:aumufókwfcsufrsm: ponf]zifh
owif:wpfy'k >
f trsm:pktydik :f ]zpfonf`
qufpyfrSKtpOf (Context) owif:wpfyk'fxJrS owif:tcsuftvufrsm:u wif]yaeaom

tajumif:\yfóSifh qufpyfaeonhf a<bk<sta]ctaeudk azmf]yonf` <if:wkd.ajumifh
pmzwfow l .kd u tajumif:t\may;rSm ykúd yD: \Si:f vif:oGm:\onf`
t<f'w
D mhtmabmf (Editorial) ]zpf\yfwpfcók iS hf ywfoufI pma\: q\mu ol.t]rif? od.k r[kwf
ol.owif:pm? pmapmif> t]rif taumif:tqk:d a&zefyikd :f ]cm:csuf aqmif:yg: ]zpfonf`
oduQm\Sdaom pmapmifîuD:rsm:wGif t<f'Dwmhtmabmfudk w]cm:owif:rsm:óSifh ra\mbJ
oD:]cm:t<f'w
D mhtmabmf pmrsufómS zGixhf m:um a\:om:azmf]yavh \So
d nf`
xiv
immf.pmd 14 7/2/2547, 11:03

owif:aqmif:yg: (Feature) ]zpf\yfwpfcu
k kd csufcsif:r[kwb
f J aphipk mG avhvmúyD:rS ]ynhpf ckH rf:em:pGm
a\:om:wif]yaom owif:aqmif:yg:]zpfonf` t]rJwrf: vlpw d &f ifpm:aom |SKaxmifu h yJ
wif]yavh\odS nf` wpfcgwpf\H soft news [kvnf: ac;onf`
owif:OD: (Hard news) ]zpf\yfwpfck]zpfvûif]zpfcsif: <if:tajumif:csif:\mudk pmzwfoltm:

today:wif]y]cif:]zpfonf` onfowif:rsKd:ukd üpuf\yf owif:á [kvnf: ac;onf`
vlpw
d &f ifpm:aomowif: (Human interest) pmzwforl sm: pdwv
f KS yf\mS :cHpm:\apaom t]zpftysuf
tajumif:csif:\m]zpfonf`
yd \ rpf a ]ymif : ]yef (Inverted pyramid) owif : wpf y k ' f a\:om:\mwG i f ta\:tîuD : qH k :
tajumif:t\mudk tp (tzGipfh myd'k )f rSm a\:om:úyD:? <if:udk \Si:f vif:azmf]yúyD: taxmuftul
]yKaom tajumif:t\mrsm:udk qufazmf]y\rnf` xd.k aemuf ta\:rîuD:vSaom owif:tcsuf
tvufrsm:udk aemufq:kH rSxm:\aom a\:om:rSKyHpk H ]zpfygonf`
ynm\yfpum: (Jargon) tpd:k \wm&ef\o dS rl sm:? abm}aA'ynm\Sirf sm:? owif:pmq\mrsm:ponfh

vkyif ef:rsm:wGif vkyif ef:wpfcw
k nf: vkyaf eolcsif: ok:H óSKef:aomtxl:a&g[m\rsm: ]zpfonf`
<if:wk.d udk omref vltrsm:u em:rvnfóikd af cs`
tzGihf (Lead) owif:wpfy'k >f tp&gus ]zpfygonf` wku d |f u

kd f tzGiu hf owif: tajumif: t\mudk
wJw h :kd azmf]yonf` owif:OD: trsm:pkwiG f wku
d |f u
kd t
f zGiu hf ykd J oH:k ygonf` zJ.G óJ.G aom tzGiu
hf
tajumif : t\mud k OyrmOyar<srsm:? od k . r[k w f ]rif u G i f : rsm:]zif h pma\:ol u
azmfusL:wif]y]cif: ]zpfygonf` owif:aqmif:yg: trsm:pkrSm zJG.óJG.aomtzGifhudkyJ
oH:k wwfygonf`
"rR"d÷mefusus(Objectivity) owif:aumif:wpfyk'f> ta\:îuD:aomtcsufrSm owif:axmuf

tae]zifh owif:a\:om:onft h cg rdr>d wpfu< kd af \ cHpm:csufrsm:udk wwfóikd o
f avmuf
ab:z<fxm:úyD: pmzwfolrsm:udk ]zpfysufaeonfh tcsuftvufrsm: twkdif: wif]y\rnf
]zpfygonf`
w\m:&ifa]ym]cif: (On the record) wpfpw

kH pfa<mufqu
D ae ol.cGi]hf yK csuf]zifh owif:\<lúyD: olu
a]ymqkad jumif:udvk nf: owif:xJrmS ud:k um:a\:om: azmf]yódik yf gonf`
xv
immf.pmd 15 7/2/2547, 11:03

tvGwo f abma]ym]cif: (Off the record) owif:ay:olu ol.emrnfukd owif:xJrmS rygapvd]k cif:?
od.k r[kwf ol.emrnfukd ud:k um:azmf]y]cif: r]yKygqrkd S olay:onfh owif:udk xnfo
h :kH cGi]hf yK]cif:
]zpfygonf`
pdppfa&zef]cif: (Verification) wpfa<mufa<mufqu D \vmaom t]zpftysuf tajumif:t\m

rSerf rSeu
f kd od\ef owif:axmufu aqmif\u G \f onf` onfvyk if ef:pOfwiG f avhvmpHpk rf:]cif:?
w]cm: olrsm:udk xyfraH r:]ref: aqG:aóG:]cif:óSihf taxmuftxm: rSww f rf:rsm:óSihf wku
d qf idk f
ppfaq:]cif:rsm: yg&ifygonf`
xvi
immf.pmd 16 7/2/2547, 11:03

tydik :f (1) ta]ccHowif:pmynm
tydik :f (1) ta]ccHowif:pmynm
tcef: (1)
owif:pmq\mrsm:óSifhowif:
owif:pmq\mwpfa<muf> tcef:uÖ
vl.tzJG.tpnf:wkdif:rSmyJ owif:pmq\m
awG\.J tcef:uÖu wu<hu f kd ta\:îuD:ygw<f`
ódik if t
H vdu k f taetxm:csif: uGm]cm:wm
rsKd:awmh \Sdw<f` ódkifiHwcsKd.rSm tpdk:\? 'grSr[kwf
ódkifiHa\:ygwDawGu owif:rD'D<mudk ydkifqdkifxm:
wwfjuw<f` wcsKd.rSmawmh vlwpfOD:wpfa<muf?
'grSr[kwf ukríEDtzJG.tpnf:rsm:u ydkifqkdifw<f`
rsm:aomtm:]zihf awmh tJ'óD pS rf sKd:pvH:k 'Gew f aGJ ewwf
wmygy`J
b<fvdkyJ]zpfap owif:pm q\maumif:
wk d . \J . ta]ccH w m&ef u awmh twl w l y gyJ `
tJ'guawmh vlxt k aeeJ. odz.kd vdt
k yfaewJh t]zpf
tysuf tajumif:csif:\mawGudk od\Sdem:vnfúyD:
olwkd.b& aexdkif pm:aomufa\:twGuf qHk:]zwf
vkyfaqmifódkifatmif owif:tcsuf tvufawG
ay:zd.k yJ ]zpfygw<f` ]ynfoal wG[m olw.dk \J. vl.todu k tf &ef:? tpd:k \? vltrsm:u
owif:orm:rsm: tay;
pD : yG m :a\:vk y f i ef : ? tm:upm:? usef : rma\:pwJ h owif : tcsuf tm:xm:juygw<f`
tvufawG odódkifzdk. owif:pmq\mawG ay;rSmyJ tm:xm:w<f`
tJ'u D ae\wJh owif:ay;rlwnfúyD: |kyo f rH mS b<ftpDtpOfukd junhf
r<f? bmpm:r<f? b<farmfawmfqidk u f <fudk &<fr<f? b<fausmif:rSm
uav:udk ausmif:tyfr<f? aemuf a\G:aumufyu GJ s\if b<fo.l udk rJ
ay:r<f pwmawGukd qH:k ]zwf vkyu f idk f juygw<f`
wpfcgwavrsm:qk\d if 'Dowif:tcsut f vufawGu aoa\:
\Sifa\:udpPawmif ]zpfaewwfwmrsKd:yg` avrkefwkdif: usawmhr<f
IMMF2.pmd 1 6/2/2547, 23:41

hf wif:
tcef: (1) owif:pmq\mrsm:óSio
qkdwmudk ódkifiHa]rmufydkif:rSm \SdwJh aus:\GmawGod\Sdatmif tcsdefrD

tajumif:rjum:ódkifcJhwJhtwGuf xdkif:ódkifiHa\:orm:wpfa<mufu
rk:d av&oXmeudk t]ypfwifczhJ :l w<f` tJ'gajumifh a\îuD:rSKrSm vl 30
toufq:kH cJ\h wmvd.k olu a]ymygw<f` rd:k av&o ynm\Siaf wGtae
eJ. olw.dk \J. îudKwifcef.rSe:f csufawG vlxq k D t]refq:kH a\mufatmif
qk\d if owif:rD'< D mawGuykd J tm:ud:k \rSmyg`
vltrsm:u owif:pmzwf\ifzwf? r[kwv f nf: a\'D<ekd m:
axmif? |kyo f jH unhjf uwmqdak wmh owif:pmq\mawGrmS wm&ef\v dS m
ygawmhw<f` pme<fZif:orm:aumif: wpfa<mufqw dk m vlxt k wGuf
yJ ]zpf\ygr<f`
rjumao:rDu vkycf w hJ hJ tvky|f aHk qG:aóG:yJw G pfcrk mS AD<uf
erf? uaèm'D:<m:? xkid :f ? vmtked .J ]refrmódik if w H .kd u owif:pmq\m
rsm:\J. t"dymí <fziG q hf cdk sufukd junh\f if odomygw<f` olw.dk wpfawG udk
üowif:pmq\mwpfa<muf\.J tcef:uÖubmvJávd.k ar:junhf wJh tcg-
• t]zpfre S u f kd wif]yzd.k ?
• tpk:d \eJ.]ynfojl um: aygi:f ul:ay:zd.k ?
• tajumif:csif:\mopfawGukd vlxq k D today:wif]yzk.d ?
• vlawGuy kd nmay:zd.k ? azsmfa]zzd.k ? \Si:f vif:wif]yzd.k ?
• vlxk\J.tusKd:pD:yGm:udk umuG<fapmihfa\Smufzdk. ]zpfajumif:
a]zjuygw<f`
olwkd.\J.tvkyfu wduswJh? opfvGifwJh owif:tcsuf
tvufawGudk ]ynfolawGqD today:zdk. ]zpfw<fqkdwJh tcsufudk
vufco H abmwljuygw<f` olw.dk taeeJ. pmzwfy\dowfîuD:twGuf
yJ owif:a\:om:wif]yaewm ]zpfajumif:udv k nf: a]ymjuygw<f`
pmzwfoo
l mvûif ta\:îuD:qH:k
owif:pmq\m trsm:pku pmzwfy\dowfîuD:udk arhxm:

wwfw<f` tJ'gtpm: t<f'Dwmrsm:tvdkus? 'grSr[kwf udk<hfudk
owif:ay:wJh üowif:\if:]rpfá tvdu k s? tpd:k \t\m\Sîd uD:awG oabm
us ]zpfatmifyJ a\:wwfjuw<f` 'guvnf: bm]zpfv.dk vJqadk wmh
owif:pmq\mawG[m t<f'w D mrsm:? olw.dk udk owif:ay: a]ym]yol
rsm:eJ.yJ ae.pOfqHkawG. qufqHae\vdk.yg` olwkd.u tJ'DvlawGudk
oabm usapcsifw<f` 'gayrJh owif:pmq\mawG[m t<f'w D meJ.
owif: \if:]rpfrsm: tvku d s]zpfatmifyJ a\:r<fq\dk if t<f'w D meJ.
IMMF2.pmd 2 6/2/2547, 23:41

hf wif:
owif:\if: ]rpfawG tav:xm:wJh udpu P ykd J OD:pm:ay:aerdr<f` 'Dtcg

olwdk. owif:awGudk omref]ynfolawGu em:rvnfókdifawmhbl:`
'grrS [kwf olw.dk owif:awGu trsm:]ynfoal wG\.J b&udk xif[yf
awmhrmS r[kwb f :l `
owif:pmq\maumif:awGusawmh b<fo.l twGuf owif:
a\:aewmvJqw dk m aumif:aumif: oabmaygux f m:w<f` xdik :f ódik if H
u xdik :f \wf (xkid :f ódik if aH wmf) vdk owif:pmîuD:rsK:d awGrmS tpd:k \xdyw f ef:
t\m\Sîd uD:awG? vlcsrf:om vkyif ef:\Siîf uD:awG? tiSm:<mOfarmif:awG?
qif:\Jom:[if:\Gufaç:onfawG po]zifh pmzwfy\dowf tvÏmpHk\Sd
w<f` xdik :f \wf u pD:yGm:a\:? ódik if aH \:eJ. vlrKS a\:owif:rsKd:pHk xnhf
w<f` tJ'o D wif:awGukd pmzwfot l m:vH:k em:vnfóidk af tmif owif:
pmq\mawGu |d:k |k:d \Si:f \Si:f yJ a\:om:wif]yjuygw<f`
wpfzufrSm uaèm'D:<m:ódkifiH wlqefem&'D y\mcsya\:
(ay;]yLvmrñZif:) vdk acwf<Ofaus:rSKeJ. azsmfa]za\:rñZif:u
owif:pmq\mawGusawmhvnf:olw.dk y\dowfu zuf\iS ?f }DweJ. |ky\f iS f
rif:om:rif:orD:awGukd pdw&f ifpm:wJh vli<fv\l < G af wG ]zpfw<fqw dk m
odxm:w<f` 'Dawmh olwkd.u tJ'Dtajumif:t\mawGay; tm|kH
pl:pdu
k úf yD: azsmfa]zwifqufwhJ [efrsKd:eJ. a\:om:wif]yay:w<f` olw.dk
u ódik if aH \:eJ. tpd:k \tajumif:t\mawGukd tav:ray:bl:`
owif:pmq\maumif:wpfa<mufu ol[m ta\:aumif:
olwpfa<muf ]zpf\r<fqw dk m em:vnfw<f` ud< k u
f vltrsm: pdwf
&ifpm:atmif ra\:wwfb:l qk\d if pmzwfy\dowfu w]cm:pmapmifukd
yJ &<fzwfawmhrmS ayg`h
owif:pmq\maumif:\J. t\nftcsif:rsm:
tvky|f aHk qG:aóG:yJu
G kd wufa\mufcw hJ hJ owif:pmq\mrsm:u
owif:pmq\maumif:wpfa<mufqw dk m-
• ar:cGe:f awG trsm:îuD:ar:\r<f?
• rûw\r<f?
• pmzwfy\dowfukd av:pm:wefz:kd xm:\r<f?
• owif:tcsuftvufawGukd owif:\if:]rpf tawmfrsm:rsm:
uae \<lúyD: pdppf\r<f?
• |d:k om:úyD: w]cm:owif:rD'< D mwpfcck u k ae ul:<lwmrsKd:
rvky\f bl:vd.k qkjd uw<f`
IMMF2.pmd 3 6/2/2547, 23:41

hf wif:
'Dtcsuftm:vH:k rSeyf gw<f`

owif:pmq\maumif:qkdwm pyfpkwwfjuw<f` bmawG
b<fvkd ]zpfaew<fqw kdf mudk t]rJ odcsifaewwfovdk owif:awGukd
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awGukd olw.dk u ]rifwwfw<f` olw.kd [m wpfzufom: a]ym]yorûudk
aumif:pGmem:axmifwwfjuayr<hf oHo<pdwfawmh t]rJ\Sdwwfju
w<f` wm&ef\o dS w l pfa<mufu a]ymvdu k wf m qkw d mrûeJ. vufcw H wf
wJh vlpm:rsKd: r[kwb f :l ` olw.dk u vGwv f yfjuw<f` w]cm:ol wpf
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atmif vkdufwwfjuw<f` tcuftcJawG awG.\\ifvnf: vuf
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owif:pmq\maumif: trsm:pk[m tifrwef juifemoem:
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d m bmvJ
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\wh J u d p P y gyJ ` owif : wpf y k ' f prvd k u f c if r S m ü'gvl a wG a ]ymr<f h
IMMF2.pmd 4 6/2/2547, 23:41

hf wif:
tajumif:t\mvm:á? ü'g[m olw.dk

odcsifwu hJ pd v P m:á qkw d m ud< k u hf < kd f
udk t]rJ ar:junhjf u\w<f`
owif:qkw d m vltrsm: pk
îuD:twGuf ta\:îuD:wJh? olwkd.
pd w f & if p m:wJ h tajumif : csif : \m
]zpfygw<f`
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wmrsKd:eJ. uGmygw<f`
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udu k u kd w f m owif:r[kwb f :l ? vlu acG:udk udu k \f ifawmh 'g owif: yJá uèmavmuîuD:udk t]rif
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twGuf tJ'v D kd udu k cf w hJ m ]zpfygw<f`
vltrsm:îuD:ay;rSm oufa\mufrKS \Sw d hJ tajumif:udpw P pfck
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ukew f hJ a\vÏr:f rd:k rSKrsKd: tajumif:ayg`h "mwfqaD ç: wufomG :wmrsKd:
aygh` tJ'gqdk armfawmfqkdifu<fawGtwGuf p\dwfwufvmr<f`
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rSK\Sw d hJ t]zpftysufygy`J
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ausmfjum:olwpfa<muf\J. vkyfaqmifcsufu owif:]zpfaewmrsKd:
|d:k |d:k \Si:f \Si:f udprP sKd:vnf: \Sw d wfw<f` owif:pmq\mawGu &efîuD:
csKyf? orRweJ. ódik if ]H cm:a\:&efîuD:wk.d vdk xdyw f ef:t\m\Sîd uD:awGaemuf
vdu k úf yD: owif:<lwwfjuw<f` 'Dyñk Kd vfawGu joZmtmEmîuD:wJh
olawG]zpfawmh olwkd.t]rifu omrefvlwpfa<muft]rifxuf
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rif:orD:awGe.J aw:oH\iS af wGtajumif: aZmif:ay:wJh owif:pmq\m
awGvnf: \Syd gw<f`
owif:rSmu tcsdeu f u dk f ]zpfz.kd vdwk <f` owif:qkw d mu
IMMF2.pmd 5 6/2/2547, 23:41

hf wif:
ukecf w hJ vhJ u ]zpfcw hJ mudk a]ymwm r[kwb f :l ` 'Duae. vufiif:]zpf

aewmudk a]ymwm` pmzwfy\dowfu aemufq:kH ]zpfaewmudk ]refóikd f
orû t]refqHk:odcsifjuw<f` úrdK.xJrSm tîuD:tus<f rD:avmifrSK
]zpfw<fq\dk if |kyo f o H wif:orm:u tJ'aD e.owif:rSm ygódik af tmif
t]refqHk:vSKyf\Sm:\r<f` owif:pmorm:u aemufwpfae.reuf
owif:pmrSm ygatmifa\:\r<f`
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b&rSm yõdyuQ ]zpf\yfawGu t]ynf`h a]r<mt]iif:yGm:rSKawG \Sw d <f`
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ppf]zpfjuw<f`
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vlawGu olwkd.aexdkifwJh ae\ma'ou t]zpftysuf? 'grSr[kwf
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xkwf owif:pmwpfapmif[m AD<efusif:em:u a\îuD:rSKtajumif:udyk J
pdw&f ifpm:r<f` yDuif:rSm a\îuD:wJh udpu P dk odypf w d &f ifpm:rSm r[kwf
bl:` ud< k ófh ikd if oH m:awG\.J tajumif:udk w]cm:olawGtajumif:xuf
ykúd yD: pdw&f ifpm:wwfjuw<f` vmtdv k rl sKd:wpfa<muf[m aemuf vm
tdkvlrsKd:wpfa<muftajumif:udk pdwf&ifpm:rSK\Sdw<f` w|kwfódkifiHrSm
av<mOfysufuswJh tajumif:udk vmtkód ikd if x H w k f owif:pmwpfapmif
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îuD:wpfy'k f taeeJ. ygvmygvrd rhf <f`
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w<f` 'grrS [kwf usef:rmjuH.ckid zf .kd twGuf b<fvkd ud< k v
f ufvKS yf\mS :
avhusifch ef:vky\f r<f qkw d mrsKd:ayg`h
úyD:awmh azsmfa]zwJh owif:tcsuftvufawG[mvnf:
owif:ygy`J 'Dowif:rsKd:xJrmS wd\pémefawGtajumif:? vlawG\.J taysmf
t]yufvyk \f yfawG? |ky\f iS u f m:opf po]zifh ]zpfygw<f`
owif:udk t"dyím<fzGifhqkdzdk.qkdwm rvG<fvSbl:` owif:
axmuf pvkyw f hJ olwpfa<mufukd t<f'w D mu üowif:wpfy'k \f mS úyD:
]yefvmcJhá vdk. wef:vÏwfvdkuf\if ol.taeeJ. bmrSvkyfwwfrSm
r[kwb f :l ` 'gayrJh tawG.tjuHK\vmwJt h cgrmS awmh owif:axmufu
b<f[m owif:]zpfw<fqw kd m csufcsif: od]rifvmygvrd rfh <f`
IMMF2.pmd 6 6/2/2547, 23:41

f :l \SmazG]cif:
tcef: (2) owif:\if:]rpfrsm:óSihf owif:twGuf pdwu
tcef: (2)
owif:\if:]rpfrsm:óSifh
owif:twGuf pdwu f :l \SmazG]cif:
owif:u uïefawmfw.kd rsufpad \S.rSmwif \Sad ewmrsKd:vnf:
awG.\wwfw<f` taqmufttHw k pfck rD:avmifwm? \Ju vlq:kd wpf
a<mufukd zrf:oGm:wm? rk:d onf:úyD:wJah emuf vrf:awG a\vûHusef\pf
wm po]zifah yg`h 'gayrJh owif:tawmfrsm:rsm:u xifom]rifom r\Sd
wwfbl:` owif:awG\vmatmif? 'grSr[kwf t<f'Dwmu b<f
owif:oGm:vdu k vf .kd wm&efay:vmatmiftxd xkid af pmifah evd.k r\bl:`
ud<k phf wd u f :l eJ.ud<
k f owif:vdu k zf .kd vdyk gw<f`
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]cif:tm:]zifh owif:twGuf pdwu f :l awG \vmódik yf gw<f` wcsKd.|k:H awG
u ae.pOftpDtpOfpm\if:udk xkw]f yefxm:wmrsKd: \Sw d wfw<f`
owif:xkwf]yefcsufwcsKd.[mvnf: owif:aumif:awG
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ao:wJh tajumif:t\mawGukd ud< k uf qufvu kd óf ifkd yf gw<f` owif:
udk w]cm:|SKaxmifu h ae |SK]rifúyD: aemufxyfowif:awGukd \SmazGazmf
xkwóf ikd yf gao:w<f`
wcsKd.owif:pmq\mrsm:[m olw.kd owif:vdu k af ewJh ynm
\yfe<fy<fu xkww f hJ enf:ynmpmapmifawGukd zwfúyD: wd:k wuf]zpf
IMMF2.pmd 7 6/2/2547, 23:41

f :l \SmazG]cif:
xGe:f rSKawGukd avhvmw<f` obm&ywf&ef:usif tajumif:udk a\:wJh

owif:pmq\m[m uaèm'D:<m:? vmtk?d ]refrm? xkid :f eJ. AD<uferf
ódik if rH sm:u obm&ywf&ef:usif tajumif:csif:\mawGukd a\:om:azmf
]ywJh Watershed trnf\rdS ñZif:udk zwfxm:oifw h <f` ud< k vf u kd w
f hJ
tajumif : t\meJ . ywf o uf v d k . ud k < h f [ mud k < f twwf ó d k i f q H k :
]znfq h nf:\r<f` ud< k uf tajumif: t\mopf
awGudk odvmwmeJ.trû 'gudk pmzwfolawG
twGuf ydúk yD: rûa&ay:vmódik rf <f`
uaèm'D:<m:ódkifiHrSm owif:pmq\m
tawmfrsm:rsm:[m bk\if ód|k 'kd rf oD[mók\.J vpOf
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awmifov l <form:awG\.J ]yùem pwJh udp\P yf
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t]rifufdk azmf]yxm:wwfw<f` 'Dt]rifawGu
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ygw<f`
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kd nf: olw.dk u ay:wwfjuw<f` 'Dvkd owif:\if:]rpfawGqdk
IMMF2.pmd 8 6/2/2547, 23:41

f :l \SmazG]cif:
wm r\Srd ]zpf vdt k yfw<f` 'gayrJh ta\:îuD:wmu owif:\if:]rpf

aumif: ]zpfzdk.ygyJ` rSefuefwJh? t\Sdudkt\Sdtwkdif:yJ a]ymwwfwJh?
bufrvku d w f wfwhJ owif:t\if:t]rpfawG [kwf r[kwq f wdk m ud<
k f
u pdppf\ygr<f` ud< k ufh kd olw.dk t\ifuay:wJh tajumif:tcsufawG
ua\m rSeu f ef\.J vm:` 'Dval wGukd w]cm:olawGua\m <Hjk unfav:
pm:\J.vm:` tajumif:t\meJ. ywfoufv.kd xif]rifcsufay:ókid af vmuf
wJh tqif\h \dS .J vm:` ud< k u fh kd vdraf ]ymp\m tajumif:a\m \Sad eovm:
qkw d hJ tcsufawG ]zpfygw<f`
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zd.k vnf: vdw k <f` tJ'x D rJ mS pD:yGm:a\:ynm\Siaf wG ygw<f` wu<f
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ókid w f mayg`h
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wk.d u ud< k ef .J \if:óS:D cifrifvm\if ud< k ufh <
dk jkH unfvmr<f` 'Dtcg ol
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awG ]zpfódkifw<f` bmvdk.vJqkdawmh olwkd.u
t\m\Sîd uD:awG bmvkyf aew<fqw dk m odxm:wm
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wUodv k yf garmuQawGvkd uïrf:usifoal wGe.J a]ymqdak qG:aóG:yg` t]zpf
IMMF2.pmd 9 6/2/2547, 23:41

f :l \SmazG]cif:
tysufawGukd vufawG.cHpm:ae\wJh omref]ynfoal wGe.J vnf: awG.

qHyk g`
ud< k o fh wif:\if:]rpfawGqD rSerf eS q f ufo< G úf yD: bmawG ]zpf
aeovJqw dk mudk pl:prf:yg`
ta\S.awmiftm\S a'ou owif:pmq\mrsm:twGuf
owif:\if:]rpfwcsKd.udk atmufrmS azmf]yvku d yf gw<f`
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• tpd:k \|k:H rsm:?
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• aç:ol aç:om:rsm:`
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rnfe.J vdypf mawG \Sm\if:eJ. tcsdeu f ek w
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10
IMMF2.pmd 10 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (3) owif:> ta]ccHz.GJ pnf:wnfaqmufy
kH
tcef: (3)
owif:> ta]ccHz.GJ pnf:wnfaqmufykH
owif:OD:óSifhowif:aqmif:yg:
owif:awGudk ta]ccH tm:]zifh
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wpfrsKd:u owif:OD: ]zpfúyD: \Hzef\Hcg
puf\yf owif: vd.k vnf: ac;juygw<f`
aemufwpfrsKd: ukd awmh owif: aqmif:yg:
vd.k ac;w<f`
owif:OD:qkw d mu t]zpf tysuf
wpf c k u d k csuf c sif : owif : a\:om:
wif]y\wmrsKd:yg` rD:avmifwm? tpk:d \u
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wpfa<muf tdwpf af \m}ge.J aoqH:k oGm:wm po]zifah yg`h tajumif:u ta\:îuD:
owif:aqmif:yg:awGuawmh ]zpf]zpfcsi:f a\:om:zk.d odyrf vdk owif:OD: wpfy'k f
ygb:l ` 'Dowif:a\:om:csuaf wGu pmzwfou l kd t]zpftysuf tajumif: ]zpfódkifw<f`
today:|kHomru 'Dvdk]zpfaewJh taetxm:? tajumif:w\m:udk
ydúk yD:eufeuf|KdS if:|SKd if: awG:qódik af tmifyg vkyaf y:ygw<f` 'g rSr[kwf
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tysufukd \Si:f ]yay:w<f`
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awG ]zpfwwfw<f` Oyrm [ódKG ifúrdK.awmfrmS tdwpf af \m}g ysH.óS.H ae
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zsufa\:udk OD:aqmifaew<fqdkwJh vlrSKa\:udpPrsKd:awGaygh` owif:
aqmif:yg:rsm:[m vlwpfa<muf\.J vkyaf qmifcsuf? 'grrS [kwf ae\m
a'owpfc\k .J cHpm:\csufawGukd azmf]yay:ygw<f`
'Dowif:aqmif:yg:awGu owif:OD:awGxuf ydúk yD: eufw<f`
owif:aqmif:yg:wpfy'k f a\:zd.k qk\d if owif:axmuf[m \uftawmf
jumatmif vlawGukd awG.qHak r:]ref:? okawoeawGvyk úf yD: tcsde< f l
a\:om:ju\wmyg`
11
IMMF2.pmd 11 6/2/2547, 23:41

kH
tzGifhóSifhpmudk<f
owif:tyk'w f idk :f rSm t"du tpdwt f ydik :f óSpcf k yg&ifygw<f`
yxrydik :f u ützGiáfh vd.k ac;avh\w dS hJ owif:tppmyd'k f ]zpfygw<f`
owif:wpfyk'f\J. usefwJhtydkif:udkawmh üpmudk<fá vdk.ac;ygw<f`
owif:trsm:pkrSm wif]ycsifwJh t"duausm|kd:wpfck ygavh\Sdw<f`
tzGiehf .J pmud< k óf pS cf pk vH:k u tJ'aD usm|k:d eJ. qufó< G af e\ygr<f`
owif:OD: owif:pmyk'af wGrmS tzGiphf myd'k [ f m t]rJ&guswpf
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\if:eJ. tJ'x D rJ mS ygwJh ta\:tîuD:qH:k tcsufawGukd azmf]y\ygr<f`
tzGiahf umif:awG[m pmzwfoal wG\.J tm|ku H kd trdt\ zrf:<lóikd úf yD: tJ'D
owif:udk qufzwf]zpfomG :atmif pGr:f aqmifóikd yf gw<f`
pmud< k x f rJ mS u tzGix fh rJ mS ygwhJ tajumif:t\mawGukd quf
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aumufów k cf sufawGe.J 'Dtajumif:t\meJ. qufó< G af ewJh aemufcH
tajumif:\if:awG yg\Sd w<f` ta\:îuD:wJh tajumif:t\mawGudk
owif:\J.tpydik :f rSma\:úyD: odyt f a\:rîuD:wmawGukd aemufyikd :f rSm xm:
a\:oGm:\ygw<f`
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tusyftwnf: juHKae\
zóGr:f yif? uaèm'D:<m: (atyD) - tar\du ]ynfaxmifpk

wGif pD:yGm:a\:wH.k qkid :f rSKajumihf uaèm'D:<m:ódik if w H iG f onfópS f
<cktcsdeftxd txnfcsKyfpuf|kH tenf:qHk: 12 |kH <m<D
yd w f v d k u f \ úyD ] zpf a jumif : ul : oef : a\mif : &<f a \:&ef î uD :
csefy\mqd'u f <refae.u a]ymjum:onf`
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tvky]f yKwfjuvdrOfh :D rnf[k olua]ymonf`
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avûmhcsvdkufo]zifh tqkdif:óSpfqkdif:rS wpfqkdif:yJ]zpfoGm:\m
12
IMMF2.pmd 12 6/2/2547, 23:41

kH
tvkyform:trsm:t]ym:onf tvkyfcsdefem\D avsmhenf:oGm:

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ütar\du]ynfaxmifprk mS ]zpfaewJh pD:yGm:a\:]yùemawG
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awGuyg tvGepf :kd \draf ejuygw<fá [k olu a]ymonf`
uaèm'D:<m: ódik if H txnfcsKyfvyk if ef:wGif vl 200000
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cef . \\S d o nf ` csKyf x nf 80 \mck d i f ó S K ef : ausmf u d k tar\d u
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tar\du]ynfaxmifpo k .dk óSppf Ofwify.kd aeus cJw G rf:yrmE> 40
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óSpf uqkv d ûif ZGet f ukeu f wnf:u tar\du ]ynfaxmifpk twGuf
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owif:aqmif:yg:awGuawmh
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13
IMMF2.pmd 13 6/2/2547, 23:41

kH
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ol.tae]zifh xrif:wpfeyfpmtwGuf edp"P &l \SmazGae\csdew f iG f
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azmuforH sm:u ol.udk ajumuftm:yif ydak pcJyh gonf`
reuf a pmapmrS m ol u atyD o wif : Xme|k H : a\S . od k .
a\muf v monf ` }d w f w H c g:oH w d k i f r sm:ud k vuf ó S p f z uf ] zif h
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yHpk rH mS w]cm:uav:i<frsm:óSihf uGm]cm:vGe:f vSonf` t&wftpm:
rsm:u npfóGrf:aeonf (TwpfywfóGrf: txnfrsm:udkrl olu
&<f<cl ]hJ cif:]zpfúyD: ol.rSm onfwpfpykH J \Syd gonf`) uav:i<fu
|SL:zdeyfrsm: wku d af y:yg\ap[k awmif:yef wk:d vûKd:aeygonf`
ao:ao:nÛufnÛuf]zpfaom wltefudk 9 óSpf? 10 óSpf
om:[k xifp\m ]zpfygonf` od.k aomf olu pD:u\ufwpfvyd u f kd
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uav:rsm:]zifh xnfho<fum úrdK.v<faumif x\eftefa'gif:
vrf:rwpfavûmuf pm:aomufqikd rf sm:? bm:qkid rf sm:? ukrE í |D :Hk
14
IMMF2.pmd 14 6/2/2547, 23:41

kH
rsm:óSifh ódkifiH]cm:oH|kH:rsm:wGif zdeyfwkdufrnfholrsm:udk vkdufvH

\SmazGaewwfonf`
olwkd.u AD<uferfódkifiH> vGwfvyfaom aç:uGuf
pD:yGm:a\: ]yK]yifa]ymif:vJrKS ajumifh ay;xGe:f vmonfh ukeo f nf
vlwef:pm:opfukd vku d \f mS juonf` xdok rl sm:u |d:k \myvwfpwpf
nÛyfzdeyfrsm: rpD:awmhbJ om:a\|SL:zdeyfrsm:udk pD:vmjuonf`
‘Shoeshine’ (zdeyfwu fdk wf <f)? ‘Shoeshine’ qko d nfrmS olw.dk
a]ymwwfonhf wpfceG :f wnf:aom t}Fvyd pf um: ]zpfygonf`
wltefuo hJ .dk aom uav:tawmfrsm:rsm:onf qif:\Jusyf
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tcsdeu f ek af eju\úyD: olw.dk udk qH:k rrnf?h óSpo f rd afh zsmif:zsay:rnf?h
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vrf:avûmufvm\úyD: t]yefudkvnf: naeydkif:rSm wpfem\Djum
avûmuf\]yefonf` olu reuf 6 em\Dqkdvûif vrf:ay;udk
xGuv f múyD`
15
IMMF2.pmd 15 6/2/2547, 23:41

kH
zdeyfwu dk cf ikd :f ol wpfa<mufpu D ol.udk tar\duef 11

qif h eD : yg:pD ay:oG m :avh \ S d ú yD : uH a umif : onh f a e.rsm:wG i f
zdeyfwu dk o f l óSpaf <muf? oH:k a<muf \wwfonf` vrf:ay;rSm
zdeyfwu dk o f nhf uav:i<fawG rsm:onfxuf rsm:vmaomajumifh
ol . tae]zih f yd k u f q H \S m \cuf v monf ` óS p f o pf u l : ae.
naecif:a\mufvmcsed t f xd ol.udak r:]ref:csio f nhf owif:axmuf
wpfa<mufuykd J azmufonf\cJo h nf`
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hf rd whf ek of mG :\m
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vSnjhf unhv f ukd af vonf`
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tajumif:udk tcef: (8) eJh tcef: (9) wdk.rSm ydkúyD: ]ynhf]ynhfpHkpHk
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wpfckck ]zpfw<fqkd\if vltm:vHk:u tJ'Dar:cGef:awGudkyJ

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D wif:
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16
IMMF2.pmd 16 6/2/2547, 23:41

kH
awGawmifrS olw.dk \J. owif:awGukd 'Dtcsuf awGe.J
csdex
f :kd junh\f avh \Swd <f` owif:OD:awGrmS 'D übá
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k pf D
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azmf]y avmuf\J.vm:`
22 îud r f a ]rmuf trsKd : om: roef r pG r f : ol r sm:

a]y:ckefypfúydKifyJGudk [Gmrmhcf tm:upm:|kHîuD:wGif <refae.u
pwifusif:y\m tm:upm:úydKifyJG 17 rsKd:Y tm:upm:orm:
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ud< k pf m: rif:om:> orD:]zpfol trfpD oD\&d Ef&g\:D r[D':kd vfu
tcrf:tem:]zifh zGiv hf pS af y:cho
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17
IMMF2.pmd 17 6/2/2547, 23:41

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18
IMMF2.pmd 18 6/2/2547, 23:41

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19
IMMF2.pmd 19 6/2/2547, 23:41

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20
IMMF2.pmd 20 6/2/2547, 23:41

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21
IMMF2.pmd 21 6/2/2547, 23:41

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22
IMMF2.pmd 22 6/2/2547, 23:41

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23
IMMF2.pmd 23 6/2/2547, 23:41

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24
IMMF2.pmd 24 6/2/2547, 23:41

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25
IMMF2.pmd 25 6/2/2547, 23:41

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26
IMMF2.pmd 26 6/2/2547, 23:41

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27
IMMF2.pmd 27 6/2/2547, 23:41

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28
IMMF2.pmd 28 6/2/2547, 23:41

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29
IMMF2.pmd 29 6/2/2547, 23:41

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30
IMMF2.pmd 30 6/2/2547, 23:41

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üw\m:&ifa]ymqdck sufá \atmifyJ îudK:pm:\ygr<f` 'gayrJh tajumif:
t\mu ud< k ofh wif:twGuf wu<fu h kd ta\:îuD:aewm qk\d ifawmh
w\m:&ifr\ayr<hv f nf: 'Dvt dk rnfrazmfvw kd hJ owif:\if:]rpftaeeJ.
xnhaf \:ódik yf gw<f`
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wmudk tpuwnf:u oabmwlncD suf <lxm:\ygw<f` ol.emrnf
udk razmf]ybJe.J 'Dyñk Kd vf[m b<fvykd ñk Kd vfrsKd:qdw k mudak wmh wwfóikd f
oavmuf wdwu d sus azmf]yay:yg` Oyrm ütpd:k \wm&ef\o dS ál qkwd m
xuf übÖma\:&efîuD:Xme tqif]h rift h \m\Sîd uD:wpfO:D á qkw d mu ydúk yD:
tm:\Sw d mayg`h owif:\if:]rpftajumif: wdwu d sus azmf]yav? tJ'D
owif:u ckid rf mrSK\Sad vygy`J
trnfrazmfwhJ owif:\if:]rpfawGukd a\vJroH:k yge.J ` olw.kd
a]ymqkw d mawGukd emrnfe.J wuG razmf]y\wJt h cg olw.kd u olw.dk \J.
a]ympum:ay;rSmvnf: wm&ef<\l aumif:rSe:f rod ]zpfvmwwfw<f`
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d m
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uma\m a&zefwmawG? r|d:k rom:a]ymwmrsKd:awG vkyv f módik yf gw<f`
olwkd.vdkvm:wJh ódkifiHa\:? 'grSr[kwf vlrSKa\:udpPawGrSm vkdvm:wJh
bufuae a]ymcsif\m a]ymvmódik yf gw<f` ud< k ohf wif:xJrmS trnf
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fh wif:u tm:
avsmhav ]zpfrmS yJ`
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ókwcf sufawGukd ol.t]rifukd ra]ymbJ tcsuftvufawGuykd J a]ymwJh
a]ympum:awGrmS yJ oH:k w<fv.kd qkyd gw<f` atyDtaeeJ. atmufazmf
]yyg ta]ctaeawGrmS omvûif trnfrazmfwhJ owif:\if:]rpfukd oH:k
w<fv.kd qkw d <f` tJ'gawGuawmh (1) atyDu oH:k aeus owif:
31
IMMF2.pmd 31 6/2/2547, 23:41

f wGuf vdt
\if:]rpf (2) 'Dtajumif:t\mudk b<foul ay:w<fqw

dk mudk trsm:u
odxm:úyD:]zpfwJh owif:\if:]rpf? (3) owif:twGuf rygr]zpfwJh
tajumif:t\meJ. (4) 'Dtajumif:t\mudk w\m:&if b<fvrkd S r\ódik f
awmhv.kd qkw d mawGygy`J
rûrûww
owif:wpfy'k rf mS buft]rifwpfcrk u \Sw d <fqw
dk m owif:
axmufwidk :f odygw<f` 'gajumifyh J olw.dk owif:awGtwGuf owif:
\if:]rpf trsm:îuD:qDuae owif:\<ljuwmayg`h 'grsKd:u txl:o]zifh
vlawG\.J t]rifawG trsKd:rsKd:uJ]G ym:aewJh ódik if aH \:eJ. vlrKS a\:vdu k pd rP sKd:
awG? a\G:aumufyrGJ q J < G yf aGJ wG? 'grrS [kwf w]cm:]zpf\yf tajumif:awG
udk a\:\wJt h cg ydúk yD:ta\:îuD:ygw<f`
udpw P pf\yfukd ud< k o
fh wif:xJrmS bufópS zf uft]rifukd xnfh
a\:xm:w<fq\dk if 'g[mrûwrSK \dw S <fayg`h ud< k o
hf wif:u wpfzuf
zufukd bufvu dk w f mrsKd:vnf: r\Sb d :l qk\d if 'g[m bufvu kd rf KS uif:
w<fv.kd qk\d r<fayg`h
'Dvqkd v dk u kd v f .kd tajumif:t\m wpfct k ay; bufópS zf uf\.J
a]ymqkcd sufe.J t]rifawGukd nDwrl ûwl ae\may: a\:om:\r<fv.kd qkd
vdw k m r[kwyf gb:l ` 'gayrJh t]rifu]GJ ym:rSK tajumif:udak wmh ud< k uf
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G yf GJ owif:wpfy'k rf mS t"du
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rSK \Srd mS r[kwb f :l `
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f ay:\r<f`
tpd:k \? 'grrS [kwf ódik if aH \:ygwrD sm:u ydik q
f idk x
f m:wJh owif:
Xmersm:[mvnf: rûrûww owif:a\:oifjh uygw<f` tJ'v D rdk S r[kwf
\ifawmh &g']zef.csdaewmawGv.kd yJ pmzwfy\dowfu <lqoGm:vdrfh
r<f` owif:awGrmS <kwpf t G qH:k ? owif:\J. tqH:k rSmyJ ]zpf]zpf t]rif
uJ]G ym:rSKtajumif:t\m wcsKd.udk \nfneÏ :f azmf]yay:w<f qk\d if tJ'D
owif:awG[m ydúk yD:awmh tm:\Syd gr<f`
32
IMMF2.pmd 32 6/2/2547, 23:41

f wGuf vdt
\Sif:vif:]cif:
owif:awGukd pmzwfy\dowfîuD:
em:vnf v G < f a tmif |d k : |k d : \S i f : \S i f : yJ
a\:oifyh gw<f` ta\:\Si:f zd.k qk\d if ud< k fu
t\if tawG: \Sif:zdk. vkdygw<f` owif:
ra\:cifrmS a\:\r<ht f ajumif:t\m tm:vH:k
udk em:vnfoabmaygux f m:úyD:om: ]zpf\
r<f` tJ't D wGuf vdt k yfwhJ tcsuf tvuf
awG\atmif ar:cGe:f awG rsm:rsm: ar:\r<f`
xda\mufwhJ ar:cGe:f awG trsm:îuD: ar:\r<f`
úyD:awmh owif: p ra\:cifrSm \xm:wJh
tcsuftvufawGukd pOf:pm: oH:k oyf \r<f`
tajumif:t\mudk aumif:aumif: em:vnf
oGm:úyDqkd\if tzGifha\:\r<fh |SKaxmifh udk
a\G:cs<f vmódik rf <f` tJ'aD emuf owif: \J.
usefwJhtydkif:udkvnf: tqifhqifh pkpnf:úyD:
a\:oGm:ódik yf gr<f`
ukd<f]riforûukd
\Si:f vif:]cif:qkw
d m omreft\yfom: em:vnfwhJ |k:d |k:d \Si:f \Si:f wwfódkifoavmuf
toH:k tóSKe:f eJ.yJ a\:wmudk qkcd siw f myg` uïr:f usio f al wGe.J AsL|du
k \uf \Sif:\Sif:vif:vif:
awGyJ oH:k wwfwhJ ynm\yfpum:awG? vltrsm: em:rvnfóikd w f hJ pum: azmf]yay:yg`
vHk:awG oHk:wmrsKd:udk a\Smifyg` \Sif:vif:]cif:qkdwmxJrSm pum:vHk:
uspfvspfwmvnf: ygw<f` pum:vH:k awGukd vkw d mxuf ydrk oH:k yge.J `
a<bk<soabmrsKd: r[kwb f J wdwu d sus oH:k óSKef:yg`
atmufrSm tckazmf]yr<hf owif:tzGihfpmydk'fu t}Fvdyf
bmomeJ. xkwaf &wJh tm\Sowif:Xmewpfcu k ]zpfygw<f` tJ'rD mS
a\:om:yHu k AsL|du k \ufawG a\:[efrsKd:ayguaf eygw<f`
rav:\Sm:óSihf ]refrmwd.k onf óSpóf ikd if t H jum: ukeyf pPn:f

csif: zvS<af om ukeo f <G af \:vkyif ef:rsm: tqifa]yacsmarG.pGm
aqmif \ G u f ó d k i f a \:twG u f rjumrD u mvtwG i f : oabm
wlnDcsufwpf\yfudk tacsmowfrnf]zpfajumif: rav:\Sm:
t]ynf]ynfqidk \f m ukeo f <G af \:óSihf pufrKS vkyif ef:&efîuD: \mzD'g
tZpfu jumoyaw:ae.wGif a]ymjum:onf`
33
IMMF2.pmd 33 6/2/2547, 23:41

f wGuf vdt
tJ'aD \:om:csufu pum:vH:k awG azmif:yGaew<f` owif:

u bmudk qkv
d wkd mvJ` tJ'gukd tckvkd ]yefa\:ódik yf gw<f`
rav:\Sm:óSihf ]refrmódik if w
H .dk onf 4if:wk.d > ukeyf pPn:f csi:f
zvS<af om ukeo f <
G af \:udk wk:d ]rÛirhf nfh oabmwlncD sufwpf\yf
rjumrDrSm \\Sdawmhrnf]zpfajumif: rav:\Sm:ukefoG<fa\:
&efîuD:u jumoyaw:ae.u a]ymjum:onf`
\Sif:vif:]cif:qkdwmxJrSm zGihfqkd\Sif:]ycsufvnf:ygw<f`
tu<fI ud< k o hf wif:xJrmS üaiGaju:usHK.]cif:á qdw k hJ pum:vH:k ygvm
\if tJ'pD um:vH:k tajumif:udk pmzwfoel m:vnfatmif \Si:f ]yay:\yg
r<f` Oyrm-
üaiGaju:usK.H ]cif:qko
d nfrmS aiGazmif:yG]cif:> qef.usib f uf
]zpfúyD: ukepf nfóiS hf &efaqmifrKS aç:óSKef:rsm: usqif:vm]cif: ]zpfonfá
qkw
d mrsKd:aygh`
\Si:f vif:]cif:qkw
d m pum:vH:k uspfuspfe.J &guswkw d dk a\:wm
udkvnf: qkdvdkygw<f` t}Fvdyfbmom tygt&if bmompum:
tawmfrsm:rsm:rSm (uwWm:-îud<m- uH) yHpk eH .J &gusukd \Si:f vif:pGm
a\:om:juw<f`
Oyrm- Police arrested three men on Thursday.

Subject: Police
Verb: arrested
Object: three men
Oyrm- The prime minister will visit China.

Subject: The prime minister
Verb: will visit
Object: China
]refrm\J. &gus zJ.G pnf:wnfaqmufyu kH awmh uwWm:-uH-

îud<m]zpfwmrd.k txufu &gusawGukd a\:r<fq\dk if-
• jumoyaw:ae.wGif \Ju vlo:kH a<mufukd zrf:qD:vdu k o
f nf`
• &efîuD:csKyfonf w|kwóf ikd if o
H .kd tvnftywf oGm:a\muf
rnf vk.d a\:\ygr<f`
34
IMMF2.pmd 34 6/2/2547, 23:41

f wGuf vdt
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udk<hfowif:xJrSm ta\:îuD:wJhtcsufawG usef\pfwmrsKd:
vH:k & r]zpfap\bl:` übá a]cmufv:kH udk ta]zay:|kw H ifru t"du
owif:\if:]rpfawGe.J awG.\r<f` t"duuswJh taxmuftxm:awGukd
pHpk rf:pdppf\r<f? t"duswJh ae\mudk ud< k w
f idk o
f mG :junh\f ygr<f`
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k \hf .J owif:[m tJ'v D kd ta\:îuD:wJh tcsufawGay;rSm
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aqmif:yg: a\:r<fqydk gp.dk ` tJ'rD mS 'Dupd eP .J ywfoufúyD: uïrf:usifwhJ
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r<f` úrdK.xJrmS tdwpf f a&'emonfawG \Sad ewJh aq:|k\H w dS <fq\dk if
ud< k uf tJ'aD q:|ku H kd a\mufatmif oGm:junho f ihyf gw<f`
35
IMMF2.pmd 35 6/2/2547, 23:41

tydik :f (2) tcsuftvuf pkaqmif:]cif:
tydik :f (2) tcsuftvuf pkaqmif:]cif:
owif:pmq\mrsm:[m tcsuftvufrsm:udk ta]ccHtm:]zifh

enf:oH:k enf:eJ. pkaqmif:<ljuygw<f` tJ'gawGu-
• wku d |f u
dk af vhvmpHpk rf:wmrsKd:` ud<
k w
f idk f oGm:junhw
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enf:yg`
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zwf|KS avh vmwJh enf:]zpfygw<f`
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rsKd: a\:r<fqúdk yD: tpuwnf:u yHak ocsrxm:yge.J ` w]cm: bmudrk S
rpOf:pm:bJ ud< k af \:r<hf owif:twGuu f ykd J tm|kx H m:úyD: tao:pdwf
tcsuftvufawGutp \atmif<\l ygr<f` ppcsif:rSm bufaygi:f pHk
uae \orû pkaqmif:<l\r<f` owif:vdkufae\if:eJ. udk<ftpu
awG:xm:wmeJ. rwlbJ w]cm:pdw&f ifpm:p\m ta\:îuD:wJh tcsufawG
udk awG.vmódik yf gw<f` tJ't D cgusrS ud< k af \:r<hf tajumif:t\mudk
odvmúyDq\kd ifawmh ud< k o hf wif:\J. tzGiehf .J pmud< k tf wGuf vdtk yfwhJ
tao:pdw d af wGukd quf\mS ayawmhayg`h
tcef: (5)
pl:prf:avhvm]cif:
t]zpftysufwpfck ]zpfymG :wJah e\mrSm rsm:aomtm:]zifh ud< k f
u \Srd aewwfwmajumifh tJ't D ajumif:udk odz.kd twGuq f \dk if tJ'D
t]zpftysufxrJ mS ud< k w
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tawmfrsm:rsm:twGuf ud< k w f idk uf <
kd jf uyf pl:prf:avhvmúyD: owif:<l
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wd.k ? tpnf:ta&:yJG tajumif:wk.d ayg`h 'gt h ]yif owif:aqmif:yg:rsm:
twGuf vlawGe.J ae\mawGtajumif:udv k nf: ud<k w
f idk f avhvm<l
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36
IMMF2.pmd 36 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (5) pl:prf:avhvm]cif:f
uk d < f w k d i f u d k < f j uyf avh v mpH k p rf :

wmuawmh tcsuftvuf pkaqmif:zk.d twGuf
taumif:qH:k enf:ygy`J rsuf]rifoufao qkw d m
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awG u d k rS w f r d c sif r S rS w f r d r <f ? 'grS r [k w f
]zpfajumif:ukepf ifudk ]yefa]ymódik cf sifrS a]ymódik f
r<f? 'ght]yif wpfa<mufa<mufu a]ymwJh
tajumif:t\mwpfc[ k m [kwf r[kwf qkw d mudk
ud k < f w k d i f u k d < f j uyf oG m :junh f w m[mvnf :
wu<fawmh tvGeaf umif:ygw<f` ud< k fh rsufpd
eJ.wyftyf]rif\awmh rSef rrSef qkdwm aoao
csmcsm od\wmayg`h
t]zpftysufwpfck ]zpfwJhae\mrSm
udk<fwkdif\Sdaew<fqkd\if udk<fu tao:pdwf
tcsufawGudkyg \ódkifygw<f` tJ'Dtao:pdwf
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w<fqw dk mudk ud< k u f yDyD ]yif]yif azmf]yódik w f mayg`h tcsufawGudkvnf:
owdrlyg`
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txd? teH.? tjum:? t\omt]yif a<bk<s ücHpm:\csufá udyk g oH:k
úyD: owif:vdu k jf uygw<f` vlawG bmvkyaf ejuvJ? olw.kd \J. tae
txm: b<fv\kd v dS ?J bmoHawGjum:\vJ? bmeH.awG\vJ? \moDOwkukd
b<fvdkcHpm:\vJ (ylovm:? at:ovm:) 'gawGudk udk<hfbmom
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a\:ódik wf maygh`
37
IMMF2.pmd 37 6/2/2547, 23:41

vlawGeJ. pum:a]ymwJhtcgrSm olwkd.\J. trlt\mawGudk

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f olw.dk a]z\cufwhJ ar:cGe:f rsKd:ar:vdu k w f thJ cgrmS
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tao:pdwaf zmf]yaezk.d rvkyd gb:l ` vlwpfa<muf ae.v<fpmpm:ae wm
]rif\|kaH vmufe.J tJ't D ajumif:udk owif:xJrmS azmf]yaep\m rvdyk gb:l `
vk y f i ef : \S i f wpf a <muf u d k tif w moG m :AsL: wJ h tcg tJ ' D v l u
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vnfpnf:u vkyfief:\Siftajumif: azmf]y
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usus pl:prf:avhvmyHk tajumif: erlemrsm:udk
atmufrmS azmf]yvku d yf gw<f` tm|kiH g:yg:eJ.
ol.tvSavmufukdyJ cHpm:<lxm:wJh tao:pdwt f csufawGukd owdxm:junhyf g`
ra]ymygeJ.`
yxrwpfcu k tar\duefe.J tm\Sóikd if H owif:pm tawmf
rsm:rsm:rSm a\:om:azmf]ycJw h hJ owif:aqmif:yg:wpfy'k \f .J tzGiphf myd'k f
yg` xkid :f ódik if \H .J cspfp\m a\S:a[mif:úrdK.wpfúrdK.[m pufrKS zH.G úzdK:wk:d wuf
rSK'Ef cH\wJt h ajumif: ]zpfygw<f`
38
IMMF2.pmd 38 6/2/2547, 23:41

csif:rdkif? xdkif:` tifomcifac; a\S:yJGawmftwGuf

csif : rd k i f > úrd K .a[mif : yif r &if a yguf }d w f & ig:ae\mwG i f
rjumao:rDu vltrsm:pka&:a\muf \SdcJhjuonf` vdarRmfa\mif
ouFef:rsm: ]cHKvÏrf:xm:aom Ak'Ýbmom \[ef: oHCmrsm:u
bk\m:pmudk \Gwzf wfo\ZPsm<faejuum yJaG wmfvm vlxk uvnf:
yef:eH.omóSifh qDrD:uyfvSLum rdk:óSifh oD:óSHaumif:ygapajumif:
qkawmif:cJjh uonf`
ok.d aomf &ifaygu}f w
d &f rsm:teD:wGif <mOfusyfawmufae
aomajumifh [Gef:oHóSifh pufoHrsm:u bk\m:pm\GwfzwfoHudk
vÏrf:]cHK ypfvdkufovdk um:óSihf armfawmfqkdifu<f pufckd:rsm:
ajumifv h nf: eH.omarÏ:\eH.rsm: ]y<fc\hJ onf`
tck xyfazmf]yrSmu uaèm'D:<m:ódik if rH mS uav:oli<fawG

tay; rawmfrw\m: ]yKusifhcJhyHktajumif: tm\Sowif:pm tawmf
rsm:rsm:rSm azmf]ycJw
h hJ owif:aqmif:yg:\J. tzGiphf myd'k ]f zpfygw<f`
zóG r f : yif ? uaèm'D : <m:` uav:r\J . rsuf v H k : awG u

]yL:]yL:? yg:u azmif:azmif:` oluav:u teDa\mifawmufawmuf
wD\yS ?f t]zLa\mif &wfpekH .J nÛyzf ed yf topfp:D xm:w<f` ol. tcef:
eH\aH y;rSm aea\mif atmufrmS csKd:iSuu f av:wpfaumife.J twl
cspf p \mh u av:i<f a wG \ J . yH k u m:csyf u d k csd w f q J G x m:w<f `
w]cm:uav:i<fawGu t]yifbufrSm oDcsif:qkdaejuav\J.`
'gayrJh uav:ruawmh {nho f nfudk armhf rjunhb f J jurf:]yifuykd J
ai:junhaf e\Smw<f` wpfem\Davmufjumatmif a]ymqkd azsmif:zs
ayr<hv f nf: uav:r ]yHK:\Ïiv f matmif vkyrf \bl:`
rde:f uav:u touf 10 óSp\f ydS gúyD` ukecf w hJ hJ oH:k ywfu
ol[maqmifjumúrdKiw f pfcu
k ae xGuaf ]y:vmcJwh <f` oluav:udk
zcif \Jom:u tJ'rD mS a\mif:pm:ypfcw hJ <f`
39
IMMF2.pmd 39 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (6) awG.qHk ar:]ref:enf:rsm:
tcef:(6)
awG.qHk ar:]ref:enf:rsm:
owif:axmufawGqw dk m owif:]zpfwahJ e\mrSm t]rJwrf:
t\efoifh \Srd aeódik yf gb:l ` 'gajumifyh J rjumcEqko d vdk rsuf]rifouf
aoawG? 'grSr[kwf tajumif:t\mwpfcck u k kd em:vnfwwfuïrf:wJh
olawGeJ. awG.ar:ju\wmyg` wpfcgwavrSm \mZ&wfrSKcif:wdk.?
obm& ab:tÊ\m<fw.kd 'Ef ud< k w f ikd cf pH m:vduk \f wJh um<uH\iS f
awGeJ. awG.\wwfw<f` 'grSr[kwf wpfckck pGyfpJGcHxm:\ol wpf
a<mufeJ.]zpf]zpf awG.\r<f` owif:aumif:wpfyk'f \zdk.twGuf
owif:axmuf[m rSeu f efwhJ ar:cGe:f udk rSeu f efwhJ trlt\meJ. b<fvkd
ar:\r<fqw dk mudk odxm:\ygr<f`
tifwmAsL:awmif:]cif:
ódik if w
H csKd.rSm tpd:k \xdyw
f ef:
yk ñ d K vf r sm:u pme<f Z if : eJ . cyf
uif:uif: aewwfjuw<f` olw.kd
eJ. awG.qHkar:]ref:r<f qdkvnf:
ar: cG e f : ud k îud K ay: \wmrsKd : ?
'grS r [k w f ol w k d . \J . a]ymcG i f h \
ykñKd vfe.J yJ vÏJ ay:wmrsKd:eJ. juHK\
wwfw<f` awG.r<f? rawG.bl:
qkdwmudkvnf: \uftawmfjumrS
]yefjum:wwfjuw<f` 'Dvkd ta]c
taeeJ . juH K \\if ud k < f u tJ ' D
<Ofaus:rëcsif: t\m\SdîuD: \J. ae.pOftpDtpOfukd\atmif <lxm:oifhygw<f` tJ'D
uJG]ym:wmuvnf: t\m\SdîuD: t]yifxGufvmwJh wpfcsdefcsdefrSm cEjum:]zwf &ifúyD:
xl:]cm:rSKwpf\yf ]zpfygw<f`
ar:cGe:f wcsKd.udk ar:]ref:ódik w
f mayg`h
tv<ftvwftqif\h dS wm&ef\o dS rl sm:eJ. oduïrf:cifrifxm:
\if awmfawmf taxmuftul ]zpfygw<f` t\m\Sîd uD:wpfO:D \J. tjuH
ay:ykñKd vfe.J cifrifxm:w<fq\dk if tJ't D \m\Sîd uD:eJ. tifwmAsL:vkyf
cGihf awmif:zd.k twGuf vrf:yGiahf eygúyD` ud< k uf t\m\Sîd uD:awG\.J twGi:f
a\:rSL:awG? ud< k af \:t\m\Sad wGe.J qufqaH ]ymqkw d ahJ e\mrSm usKd:óGH
40
IMMF2.pmd 40 6/2/2547, 23:41

<Ofaus:pGmeJ. a]ymqk\d if ud< k thf wGuv f nf: tcGit fh vrf:aumif:awG

\vmódik yf gw<f`
tifwmAsL: tawmfrsm:rsm:udk zke:f eJ.yJ vkyjf u\wmyg` tcsed f
ukeof ufomwmayg`h 'gayrJh ]zpfóikd \f ifawmh vlu< kd w f idk o
f mG :úyD: AsL:
oifyh gw<f` txl:o]zifh ud< k ef .J t\ifu wpfîudrw f pfcgrS rawG.zl:
ao:wJo h ql \dk if wwfóikd of avmuf vlcsif:awG.AsL:ódik af tmif îudK:pm:\
ygr<f` vlcsif:awG.\wJt h cgrmS ud< k thf aeeJ. tJ'yD ñk Kd vfe.J ol.ywf&ef:
usiftaetxm:awGukd avhvmódik w f mayg`h úyD:awmh tJ'v D dk avhvm
awG.\S\d wJth xJu tcsufwcsKd.udv k nf: owif:xJrmS xnfah \:ódik yf g
w<f`
îudKwif]yifqifyg
ud<k af \:r<hf tajumif:t\mudk ydik yf ikd óf ikd óf ikd f odxm:av?

owif:\if:]rpfawGe.J ar:]ref:a]ymqd\k wm vG<u f al vygy`J 'Dvkd qkd
vduk v f .kd ud< k af \:r<hf tajumif:t\mrSm q\mîuD:wpfql ]zpfae\r<f
vd.k qdv k w kd mawmh r[kwyf gb:l ` 'gayrJh tajumif:t\mukd ud< k u
f
tcsde< f l okawoe vkyx f m:úyD:úyDqw kd m ud<
k uhf kd owif:ay:a]ym]yr<hf
owif:\if:]rpfawGu od\if olwu hkd ydúk yD: \Si:f vif:a]ym]ycsifvmwwf
w<f` 'gajumifh ud< k wfh udk rf mS pkxm:wJh pmtkypf mapmifawGukd zwf|KS
avhvm\ygr<f` w]cm: owif:axmufawGe.J t<f'w D mawG udk ar:]ref:
\r<f` uïrf:usifolawGqD zkef:qufar:? tifwmeufxJrSm \Smjunfh?
aemufco H rkid :f udk odxm:av? ud< k t hf ifwmAsL:u xda\mufavygy`J
a'gi:f }sKH:pf e<l:pf&ikd < f mtwGuf bÖma\: owif:awG a\:
om:ay:ydk.\wJh xkdif:trsKd:orD: owif:axmuf csef<myGef csef}sm|dk
<ifqkd\if pmawG trsm:îuD:zwfxm:whJt]yif bÖma\: owif:
axmufawGtwGuf oifjum:yd.k cswJh oifwef:awGuv kd nf: wufa\muf
cJo
h yl g` ae.pOf pawmhypGJ m:awGe.J ódik if ]H cm:aiGaju: ta\mif:t&<f
orm:awGudk olu tifwmAsL:vkyf\r<f` tJ'DvlawG qkdwmu tif
rwef tvkyrf sm:wJo h al wG`
üuïefr\J. yxrOD:qH:k ar:cGe:f udu k vdck sifwt hJ csufukd rdz.kd
vdkygw<f? uïefrudk<fYvnf: olwdk.qDu udk<fbmvdkcsifw<fqkdwm
odxm:w<f? rsm:aomtm:]zihu f wpfred pf? óSprf ed pfyJ tcsde\f wmav?
bmrSr[kww f hJ ar:cGe:f awGe.J olw.dk udk pdwt f aóSmift h <Suf r]zpfap
csifb:l ’vd.k csef<myGeu f a]ym]yygw<f`
41
IMMF2.pmd 41 6/2/2547, 23:41

t"duuswJh ar:cGe:f awGukd csef<myGeu f t\ifîudKúyD: a\:

rSwx f m:wJt h wGuf ar:ae\if:eJ. arhusef\pfwmrsKd: r\Sb d :l ` olu ar:
cGe:f awGuv kd nf: tpDtpOfusus pDúyD: ar:wwfw<f`
ar:cGef:awGudk îudKwif]yifqifwJh taeeJ. csa\:awmhr<f
qd\k if ud< k o hf wif:twGuf vkt d yfwhJ übá a]cmufv:kH t]yif ud< k \hf .J
pmzwfy\dowfîuD:u bmudk vkcd sifaewmvJ? olw.dk qk\d if b<far:
cGe:f rsKd: ar:rvJqw dk mudyk g pOf:pm:zd.k vdyk gw<f`
tifwmAsL:wpfck atmif]rifúyD:a]rmufz.kd twGuf qk\d if b<f
tajumif:t\mawG yg&if\r<fqw dk mudk odxm:zd.k u t"duyg` tJ'D
tajumif:t\mawGa\m? 'D]h yiftcsuftvufawGyg \atmif rSeu f efwhJ
ar:cGe:f awGukd îudKwif ]yifqifxm:\ygr<f`
owif:a\:om:wJh ae\mrSm tcsdefrDoGm:yg

bmhajumihf
]zpf\w<fqdkwmukdawmh
t]rJwrf: rodóf ikd yf g` 'g[m <Ofaus:orSK \S]d cif:eJ. tvkyu f kd av:pm:]cif:\J. ]y<k}f
yg` udk<fhudk owif:ay: a]ym]ywJholawGqkdwmu rsm:aomtm:]zifh
tvkyrf sm:wJh olawG]zpfwwfúyD: ud<
k uhf kd wrifwum tcsdeaf y:ju\wm
]zpfygw<f`
42
IMMF2.pmd 42 6/2/2547, 23:41

tifwmAsL:udk pwif]cif:? rdru

d <
kd u
f kd rdwq
f ufyg
tifwmAsL: pw<fq\dk if rdru d < dk u f ekd .J ud<
k \fh .J owif:pm?
pmapmifukd rdwq f uf a]ymjum:ay:yg` bmvd.k vJqadk wmh ud< k u fh kd owif:
axmufreS :f rodbJ a]ymvdu k wf hJ vlwpfa<muf\.J pum:udk rSm:<Gi:f úyD:
ud:k um:azmf]yrdrmS pd:k vd.k ]zpfygw<f` ud< k rhf mS vdypf muwf\\dS if uwfukd
xkwaf y:yg` ud< k b f mtajumif: a\:r<fqw dk m \Si:f ]yvdu k yf g` tJ'gu
tifwmAsL:ay; tm|kpH u dk vf mapzd.k twGuf taxmuftul ]zpfygw<f`
wpfcgwpf\HrSmawmh udk<far:\wJhvlu tcsdefray:ódkifwm
ajumifh csef<myGev f ykd J ar:cGe:f udk wnfwh nfah r:\wJh tcgrsKd: \Sw d wfyg
w<f` 'gayrJh tcsde\f w<fq\kd ifawmh w]cm: tmvmyovìmy (\moD
Owk? abmvH:k toif:tajumif: po]zih)f udk t\ifa]ymqdo k ifyh gw<f`
ol oufaomiho f ufom ]zpfomG :úyDqadk wmhrS ud< k af r:csifwhJ ar:cGe:f
awGukd ar:awmhayg`h
rSwpf ak \:rSw]f cif:óSihf wdy\f aD umf'goH:k ]cif:

wdy\f aD umf'g oH:k wmu wdwu d sus \w<f` ola]ymwm rSm:
a\:ygw<fv.kd b<fou l rS apm'u rwufóikd af wmhb:l ayg`h wdy\f aD umf
'gukd oH:k awmh a]ymwJo h l bma]ymaew<fqw dk mudv k nf: ydúk yD: tm|kpH u
kd f
ódik yf gw<f`
'gayrJh wcsKd.uusawmh wdyf\Daumf'gawGudk vef.w<f`
pum:vHk:wkdif:udk rSwfwrf:wifxm:r<hf toHzrf:pufa\S.rSm pum:
rsm:rsm: ra]ymcsijf ubl:` wdy\f aD umf'g oH:k wmu tcsed v f nf: pm:w<f`
owif:túyD: a\:om:ay:ydk.\r<hf aemufqHk:tcsdef owfrSwfxm:wJh
tcgrsKd:rSm wdyaf cGxu J csufuswJh aumufów k pf um:udk ]yefem:axmif
úyD: a\G:aezd.k tcsderf \wwfb:l ` aemufúyD: wdy\f aD umf'gqw dk mu ysuf
wwfw<f` "mwfceJ .J wdyaf cGtydafk wG <lomG :\r<f` 'gajumifh rSwpf ek .J
usm:uefxm:\ygr<f`
wpfzufvl a]ymwmudk em:axmif\if:eJ. rSwpf v k u kd rf w
S \f wm
vG<af wmhrvG<b f :l ` a]ymwJv h u
l ody]f ref]refîuD: a]ymaewmqk\d if
<Of<Ofaus:aus:eJ. enf:enf: ]znf:]znf:a]ymzd.k arwWm\yfcyH g` ud< k f
vdu k rf rSwóf ikd v
f u
kd wf m \S\d ifvnf: ol.udk aemufwpfîudrf ]yefa]ym]y
ay:zd.k awmif:yefyg` olw.dk a]ym]ywmudk wdwu d sus a\:rSwcf sifv.dk
yg qdúk yD: a]ym]yyg` tJ'gq\dk if olw.kd uvnf: oabmusr<f`
43
IMMF2.pmd 43 6/2/2547, 23:41

rSwpf rk w
S w f <fq\dk ifawmh wpfenf:enf:eJ. vufa\:wkd a\:
\r<f` vufa\:wkdoifwef:awG wufódkifygw<f` owif:axmuf
trsm:pkuawmh ud< k yf idk vf ufa\:wked nf:awG xGix f m:wwfw<f` Oyrm
übm]zpfv.kd vJqadk wmhá qkw d mudk ü .H áH ? üpD:yGm:a\:á udk üpD:/-á? ütpd:k \á
udk ‘Gov’ po]zihaf yg`h
a]ymorû pum:vHk:wkdif:udkvnf: a\:rSwfzdk. rvdkygbl:`
t"duuswJh a]ymqkdcsufeJ. udef:}Eef:awG? wpfa<mufa<mufu
a]ymwJh xif]rifcsufawGavmufuykd J a\:rSw\f ygr<f` tawG.tjuHK
\vmwmeJ.trû b<fpum:uawmh]zihf ud:k um:csufaumif: ]zpfr<fqdk
wmudk em:vnfvmrSm]zpfúyD: tJ'Da]ympum:udkvnf: csufcsif: wdwd
usus a\:rSwv f módik yf gvrd rfh <f`
owif:ra\:cifrmS ud< k \fh .J rSwpf ak wGukd pkpnf:xkwóf w k \f
r<f` tzGipfh myd'k f ]zpfvmódik w f hJ tajumif:t\mawGukd trSwt f om:
]y\if]y? 'grrS [kwv f nf: w]cm:ta\mif rife.J rsOf:om:? úyD:awmh quf
pyfaewJh tajumif:\yfawGukd aygi:f pnf:\ygr<f` rSwpf u k kd 'Dvkd pkpnf:
xkwóf wk ]f cif:tm:]zifh owif:ay;rSm ydúk yD: \Si:f vif:vmr<f` 'gqk\d if
a\:\wm vG<o f mG :ovdk a\:wJh tajumif:t\mawGvnf: tquftpyf
rdr<f`
tckatmufrmS a\S.ydik :f (tcef: 3? pmrsufómS 12) rSm azmf]y
cJw
h hJ tar\du]ynfaxmifprk mS pD:yGm:a\:wH.k qkid :f wmajumihf uaèm'D:
<m: txnfcsKyfvyk if ef:awG xdcu dk \f yHt k ajumif: owif:<lcw hJ hJ owif:
axmuf\.J rSwpf pk mtkyu f kd erlem azmf]yay:vdu k yf gw<f`
44
IMMF2.pmd 44 6/2/2547, 23:41

tJ'DerlemrSm owif:axmuf[m t}Fvdyf article pum:

vHk:awG]zpfwJh (the, a) eJ. &dbwfawG]zpfwJh (to, in) pwmawGudk
xnfha\:rxm:wm awG.\ygr<f` Âcif:csuftaeeJ. a]ympum:ukd
aumufókwfukd:um: azmf]yr<fqkd\ifawmh a]ymwJhvl\J. pum:twkdif:
twdtus a\:rSwf\ygr<f` txufu erlemrSm owif:axmufu
economy udk ‘econ’? Cambodia udk ‘Camb’? Factories udk ‘facts’
po]zifh twkad umuf oH:k oGm:ygw<f` &efîuD:udk tifwmAsL:aemufyikd :f
rSm xyfar:csifwhJ udpaP wGukd owif:axmufu rife.J &dik :f úyD: rSwx f m:
w<f` owif:axmufu ol.taeeJ. aemufcHorkdif: udef:}Eef:
tcsuftvufawG vdt k yfaewmudk ol.ud< k of l owday:wJt h aeeJ. #
trSwt f om:]yúyD: aw:rSwx f m:ygw<f` 'gawGukd wku d af \mufa\muf
csif: \SmazG\rSm ]zpfygw<f`
&efîuD:u tajumif:t\m tawmfrsm:rsm:udk a]ymoGm:wmyg`
owif:axmufu tar\duefrmS pD:yGm:a\:wH.k qkid :f wmajumifh txnf
csKyfvkyfief: xdckduf\yHkudk a\:csifw<f` 'gajumifh tJ'D ausm|dk:eJ.
qufpyfaewJh tcsufawG\.J ab:rSm axmifvu kd rf sOf:awG a\:]cpfúyD:
trSwt f om:]yKxm:vdu k wf <f` 'Denf:eJ. owif:eJ.oufqidk w f hJ tcsuf
awGukd xif:ceJ ]rifomoGm:\w<f` tJ'aD emufawmh owif:axmufu
ütrSeáf uav:awG]cpfúyD: tzGiphf myd'k f ]zpfóikd wf hJ tajumif:\yfawGukd
trSwt f om: vkyv f u
kd yf gw<f`
übmajumifáh ? üb<fvákd ar:cGe:f rsm:

ar:cGe:f awG ar:wJt
h cg a]ymwJo h u
l tajumif:t\mudk \Si:f
vif:a]ym]yvmatmif? tao:pdwu f sus a]ymvmatmif ar:\ygr<f`
ü[kww f <fá? ür[kwb f :l á avmufyJ a]z\r<hf ar:cGe:f rsKd:awG
udk a\Smifyg` Oyrm-
• ücifAsm: a\G:aumufc\H zd.k &ifúydKifaew<f r[kwb f :l vm:á

• ücif A sm: \nf \ G < f c suf yef : wk d i f u d k a\muf ó d k i f y gh r vm:á
qkw
d mrsKd:awGaygh`
tJ'v
D kd ar:cGe:f rsKd:tpm: übmajumifv
h áJ ? üb<fvv
kd áJ qdw
dk hJ
ar:cGe:f rsKd:awG ar:\ygr<f` Oyrm-
45
IMMF2.pmd 45 6/2/2547, 23:41

• üa\G:aumufy&GJ ifz.kd cifAsm: bmajumifh qH:k ]zwfwmvJá

• ücifAsm: \nf\<G cf suf yef:wkid u
f kd a\mufz.kd b<fvkd
pDpOfxm:ygovJá
qkúd yD:awmhaygh`
ar:cGe:f rsm:udk wkw

d ydk J ar:yg
wcsKd.owif:pmq\mrsm:u pum:ajum \Snw f wfjuw<f`
olw.kd u wpfîudrw f nf:rSm ar:cGe:f \Snîf uD:awG qufwu dk af r:cswwf
w<f` 'grsKd:udk a]z\wJo
h al wGu pdwrf \Snb f :l ` pdwv f nf:|SKyfomG :wwf
juw<f` olw.dk u yxrar:cGe:f udk a]zaewke:f rSmyJ aemufar:cGe:f awG
udk arhomG :wwfjuw<f` 'gajumifh ud< k uf |d:k |k:d eJ.\Si:f \Si:f yJ ar:yg`
em:axmifyg? owd\ydS g? rsufpu

d zdk iG x
fh m:yg
ud< k tfh vkyu

f ud<k ufh kd owif:ay: a]ym]ywJh owif:\if:]rpf
awG a]ymorûudk em:axmifz.kd yg` olw.dk udk a[ma]ymzd.k ? yd.k cszk.d ? olw.dk
eJ. ]iif:ckezf .kd r[kwyf gb:l ` ud<
k x hf if]rifcsuf \S\d ifvnf: ud< k \fh ifxrJ mS
yJ xm:yg` 'gajumifh ud< k u
f olrsm: a]ymorû emcHov l .kd qkv d wkd mawmh
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úyD: em:axmif\r<f` bmawGa]ymoGm:ovJ qkdwm pOf:pm:\r<f`
ol.ta]zawGe.J xif]rifcsufawG[m xd\\S .J vm: qkw d mudk junh\f r<f`
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t\m wpf \ yf u d k a]ymvmw<f q k d \ if
ud< k u f csufcsif: |SK axmifo h pfa]ymif:úyD:
xl:]cm:wJh vlawGudk vdkuf\r<f` owif:pmq\maumif: awG[m owif:wpfcktwGuf
\SmazGyg`
tifwmAsL: oGm:vky\f if:eJ. e}krd v l tajumif:t\m eJ. vH:k &rwlwhJ w]cm:
46
IMMF2.pmd 46 6/2/2547, 23:41

tajumif:t\mwpfcu k kd \vmwwfjuygw<f`
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udk a]ymwJh tcg vufo:D vuf armif:wef: a]ym ovm:? vufnKdÛ :aiguf
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aetdr?f |k:H cef: taetxm:udv k nf: rSwo f m:\yg r<f` 'Dtao:pdwf
tcsuf awGajumifh owif: uouf&ifvKS yf\mS : vmwwfygw<f`
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uïefru 'Dtajumif:udk \Sif:\Sif:vif:vif: em:vnfrS]zpfr<fá vdk.
olw.dk udk a]ymyg`
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cifAsm:a]ymwmu...á qdúk yD: ola]ymwJh tajumif:t\mudk b<fvekd m:
vnfw<fqw kd m ]yefa]ym]yódik yf gw<f` 'gq\dk if ud< k u
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qH:k ? olw.dk t]rifukd ta]ymoifq h :kH ]zpfwhJ tajumif: em:cs\ygr<f` tJ
'grv S nf: olw.dk u xif]rifcsuf ray:ao:bl:qk\d ifawmh olw.dk tae
eJ. tckvkd xif]rifcsuf ray:wJt h ajumif:udk owif:xJ xnfah \:\vdrfh
47
IMMF2.pmd 47 6/2/2547, 23:41

r<f qdw k mudk \Si:f ]yvdu k yf g` 'gq\dk if olw.kd taeeJ. wpfpw kH pfcu
k kd zH:k
uG<fxm:w<fvdk. pmzwfy\dowfîuD:u xifoGm:r<fqdkwmudk tJ'D
owif:\if:]rpfrsm:u odxm:juygw<f` 'gt h ]yif olw.dk \J. xif]rifcsuf
awG ryg\if ud< k ofh wif:[m ckid v f rkH KS ody\f rdS mS r[kwbf :l qkúd yD:awmhvnf:
olw.dk udk azsmif:zsódik yf gw<f`
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qk\d ifvnf: ol.tcGit hf a\:udk av:pm:\ygr<f` a<bk<stm:]zifah wmh
owif:\if:]rpfu xif]rifcsufay:zdk. ü]iif:qdkw<fá qkdwmudk xnfh
ra\:yge.J ` tJ'yD ñk Kd vfu xif]rifcsuf üray:bl:á vd.k yJ a\:yg` 'gu
rûwrSK \Syd gw<f`
owif:\if:]rpfwpfO:D u ra]zonht
f cg...
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awGukd wnfw h nfh ra]zqkw d wfb:l ` 'grsKd:qk\d if ud<k afh r:cGe:f udk xyf
ar:yg` 'grS tvkyrf ]zpf\if ar:cGe:f udk pum:vH:k toH:k tóSKef: a]ymif:ar:
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f m wpfzufu a]ymwmawGukd jum:xm:úyDqw dk m od\if ud< k af r:
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d af r:]ref:]cif:
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awGyJ ay:juw<f` 'gayrJh t]zpftysufudk aumif:aumif:em:vnfz.kd
48
IMMF2.pmd 48 6/2/2547, 23:41

eJ. pmzwfot l wGuf yDy]D yif]yif o|kyaf zmf]yódik zf .kd owif:axmuftae

eJ.u tao:pdwftcsuftvufawG odzdk. vdktyfygw<f` tJ'Dvdk
tao:pdwt f csuftvufawG odatmifq\dk if aemufqufwGJ ar:cGe:f
aumif:awG ar:wwf\w<f`
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d <fv.kd [dck sDrif:
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trsKd:tpm:vJ? um:awGu bmta\mifvJ qkdwmudk ar:\ygr<f`
wu<fv.kd vlo:kH a<muf 'Ef\m\oGm:w<fv.kd \Ju a]ym\if tJ'v D l
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îuD: rar:ódik wf mrsKd:vnf: \Sw
d wfw<f` tJ't D cgrsKd:rSm bmar:\r<fqkd
wm pOf:pm:zk.d tcsde\f atmif...
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d wf
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ar:ódik yf gw<f`
wpfcgwpf\HrSm pGyfpJGa]ymqdk cHxm:\wJh ykñdKvfwpfOD:OD:eJ.
49
IMMF2.pmd 49 6/2/2547, 23:41

awG.qHúk yD: ol.\J. acsycsuaf wGukd owif:<l\wm rsK:d vnf: \Sw d wfw<f`
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vnf: \Si:f vif:a]ym]y\ygr<f`
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u ra]zbl:qk\d ifawmifrS ola\S.rSm a]ymcJw h mawGukd owif:tcsuf
tvufwcsKd.awmh \vdu k óf idk yf gw<f`
owif:\if:]rpfu ud< k ef .J zke:f ra]ymbJ zke:f csypfvukd w
f <f?
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udk oufaomifo h ufomeJ. vGwv f wG v
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owif:\if:]rpfuvnf: oabmusvrd rhf <f` ola\:om:cJzh :l wJh aqmif:yg:
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vlawG\.J vSKyf\mS :vkyaf qmifrKS awGukd azmf]yay:ygw<f`
tifwmAsL:udk tqH:k owf]cif:

owif:\if:]rpfukd tckvkd tcsdeaf y: a]ym]ywJt h wGuf aus:
Zl:wifajumif: a]ymyg` 'gayrJh aemufq:kH ar:cGe:f oH:k ck ar:zd.k udak wmh
b<fawmhrS rarhyge.J `
50
IMMF2.pmd 50 6/2/2547, 23:41

• tck uïefawmf? uïefr ar:oGm:wmawGxrJ mS ta\:îuD:wJh

tcsufwpfcck k ar:zd.k usefomG :wmrsm: \Syd govm:`
• 'Dtajumif:t\meJ. ywfoufúyD: aemufxyfawG.oifw h hJ
ykñKd vfrsm: \Syd gao:ovm:? \S\d if vrf:òÏeaf y:ódik rf vm:`
• aemufxyf ar:p\mav:awG ay;vmcJ\h if xyfar:yg\ap`
(]zpfóikd \f if tdrzf ek :f eJ. rkb
d idk :f zke:f eHygwaf wG \atmif awmif: <lyg`
tcsut f vufawGe.J ywfoufv.kd r\Si:f wm\S\d if xyfar:yg\ap
qkwd m aocsmatmif a]ymxm:cJyh g`)
51
IMMF2.pmd 51 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (7) taxmuftxm:rsm:udk toH:k cs]cif:
tcef: (7)
taxmuftxm:rsm:udk toH:k cs]cif:
owif:axmufawG[m vlawG a]ymwm rSef rrSef od\atmif?

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wwfóikd o f avmuf \SmazGju\ygw<f` taxmuftxm:qkw d m a\:xm:
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rSww f rf:pm\Guu f av:wpf\u G ?f 'grrS [kwv f nf: uGeyf sLwmxJrmS odrk :DS
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f yl g`
52
IMMF2.pmd 52 6/2/2547, 23:41

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csuftay;rSm axmufcw H ?hJ ydrk ckd idk rf mapwJh Oyrmay:rSKawG? aumuf
ókwf a]ympum:awG? 'grrS [kwv f nf: ude:f }Eef: azmf]ycsufawGukd
\SmazGyg`
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a&wwfjuygw<f` ta\:îuD:wJh tpD\ifcHpmrsKd:awGudk qkd\ifawmh
w\m:&if rxkw]f yefcifrmS ud< k u
f \atmif îudK:pm:\ygr<f` 'grS aumif:
aumif: em:vnf oabmayguaf tmif zwfcsde\f r<f` tpD\ifcpH mrSm
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oufqidk \f m uïrf:usifoal wGqD ar:]ref:\r<f`
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avmuf \\Sód ikd v
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bmtaxmuftxm:? rSww f rf:rSw\f mawG \So d vJqw dk mudk

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\ifcpH mrsKd:awGukd xkw]f yefwwfovJ? tJ't D pD\ifcpH mawGu b<fvkd
yHpk rH sKd:eJ. xGuvf mwwfwmvJ? b<fXmepdw?f b<fwm&ef\dS ykñKd vfu
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53
IMMF2.pmd 53 6/2/2547, 23:41

tpd:k \wm&ef\o Sd wl pfa<mufa<mufuu kd yfúyD: ol.qDuae awmif:junhf

wmuyJ tvG<u f ql :kH ]zpfygr<f`
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d wf w<f`
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54
IMMF2.pmd 54 6/2/2547, 23:41

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55
IMMF2.pmd 55 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGi
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aemufq:kH rSm pmzwfoal wG tvG<w f ul em:vnfoabmayguaf tmif
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tvku d af umif:zd.k vdyk gw<f` owif:wpfy'k f a\:wmrSm tqifracsm
bJ tcuftcJawG.ae\w<fqkd\if udk<f[m owif:tcsuftvuf
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56
IMMF2.pmd 56 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGi
hf
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25 vH:k xuf rydo k ifbh :l ` tJ't
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57
IMMF2.pmd 57 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGi
hf
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58
IMMF2.pmd 58 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGi
hf
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59
IMMF2.pmd 59 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGi
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60
IMMF2.pmd 60 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGi
hf
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61
IMMF2.pmd 61 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGi
hf
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62
IMMF2.pmd 62 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGi
hf
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63
IMMF2.pmd 63 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGi
hf
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64
IMMF2.pmd 64 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGi
hf
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65
IMMF2.pmd 65 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGi
hf
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66
IMMF2.pmd 66 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGi
hf
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67
IMMF2.pmd 67 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGi
hf
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68
IMMF2.pmd 68 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGi
hf
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69
IMMF2.pmd 69 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (9) owif:udk pkpnf:]cif:
tcef: (9)
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pm:úyD:úyDq\dk if usefwthJ ydik :f udk qufúyD: yHak zmf<ól ikd yf gúyD` pmzwfou l kd
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70
IMMF2.pmd 70 6/2/2547, 23:41

owif:OD:rsm:
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H idk :f rSmyJ tJ'óD ikd if u
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ta\:tîuD:qHk:? pdwf&ifpm:p\m taumif:qHk:tcsuf?

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ta\:tîuD:qHk: übá a]cmufvHk:
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71
IMMF2.pmd 71 6/2/2547, 23:41

udk t\ifO:D qH:k a\:\w<f qkw d myg` úyD:rS odyt f a\:rîuD:wmawGukd

qufa\:oGm:\r<f` aemufq:kH ta\:rîuD:qH:k tcsufe.J tqH:k owf
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72
IMMF2.pmd 72 6/2/2547, 23:41

pum:vHk:tydk? tao:pdwf tcsuftvuf tydkawGrygbJ vdk\if:udk

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73
IMMF2.pmd 73 6/2/2547, 23:41

rauseyfol tiSm:<mOfarmif:rsm: 6 at vrf:rîuD:udk ydwq

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74
IMMF2.pmd 74 6/2/2547, 23:41

tae]zifh ukrE í > D pD:yGm:a\:vkyif ef:tay; taóSmift h <Suf ray:oifh

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75
IMMF2.pmd 75 6/2/2547, 23:41

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76
IMMF2.pmd 76 6/2/2547, 23:41

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77
IMMF2.pmd 77 6/2/2547, 23:42

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78
IMMF2.pmd 78 6/2/2547, 23:42

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79
IMMF2.pmd 79 6/2/2547, 23:42

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80
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tpOftvm <Ofaus:rSKrsm: tÊ\m<f\adS e\]cif:rSm xdik :f ódik if H
> A[krd S csKyfuidk v f eG :f aom ódik if aH \:pepfajumifh ]zpfajumif: OD'rfu
qkod nf` csif:rkid uf kd a'ocHrsm:u rtkycf sKyf\bJ befaumufraS pvÏwf
aom t\m\Srd sm:uom rsm:aomtm:]zifh tkycf sKyfonf` xk.d ajumifh
befaumufpw H efz:kd rsm:uyJ vÏr:f rk:d aeajumif: olu a]ymygonf`
üuïefawmfu orD:udk a]rmufydkif:pum: oifay:rvkd.yJ?
'gayrJh ol.q\mawG? ol.oli<fcsif:awGe.J |kyo f aH wGajumifh orD:u
roifcsifb:l avá [k olua]ymonf`
81
IMMF2.pmd 81 6/2/2547, 23:42

<Ofaus:rSKcsif: rwlayr<fh tpm:tpmrSmawmh tîudKufcsif:wlvmjuygúyD`

pma\:q\mued'ge:f rSm pcJw h hJ uèmvSncfh \D:onfrsm:tm: ü<Ofaus:rSKá ]yyJrG sm: wifquf
tajumif:t\mqD]yefomG :w<f` ]yo\eftwGuf tpd:k \wm&ef\o dS rl sm:u pDpOfaomfvnf: xdyk ñk Kd vfrsm:
'De}d :kH ydik :f rSmvnf:yJ azmf]ycsuf tae]zihf a'oÊ\<Of aus:rSKtajumif:udk pd:k pOf:rûyif rodjuajumif:
awGu tao:pdwyf gy`J
ta\miftaoG:vnf: pHw k <f` w]cm:aom a\S:arGxdef:odrf:a\: &g'Drsm:uvnf: apm'u wufju
rde:f rysKu
d av:oH:k a<muftajumif: onf` csif:rdik > f orkid :f ajumif:óSifh tarGtóSprf sm:onf zsufq:D cHae\
a\:]yxm:wmajumifph mzwfo[ l m ajumif:? <Ofaus:rSKS tay; wefz:kd xm:cHpm:]cif:? ok.d r[kwf ynmay:
aqmif:yg:udzk wfúyD:oGm:wJt h cgrmS
pOf:pm:oGm:r<f` 'Dowif:
]cif:rsm:xuf azsmfa]zwifqufúyD: ydu k q
f \H a\:twGuo f m toH:k csae
aqmif:yg:[m p? v<f? qH:k ajumif: olw.dk u a]ymonf` naç:ae\mwGif pm:aomufqikd rf sm:ok.d
oH:k yg:pvH:k udk pepfwus zJ.G pnf: vl&if\eftwGuf |k:d \mtu]zifh toH:k awmfcaH ejuavonf` xdik :f vl
wnfaqmufxm:w<f` enf:pk&if trsKd:orD:rsm:uvnf: awmifay;ae vDql:&wfpHkrsm:&wf
wpfy'k v f :kH udk t"dtajumif:
t\matmufrmS yJppk nf:xm:w<f` qifum awmifay;ae tcgvlrsKd:tu]zifh wifqufu]yjuonfudk
aumufów k pf um:awGe.J awG.\onf`
tao:pdwaf \:om:csuaf wGajumifh csif:rkdifúrdK.vlxkonf bk\m:ausmif:rsm:tm: tav:rxm:
pmzwfou l pmyk'q f :kH wJt
h xd awmhajumif: OD'rfu a]ymonf` ol.tqkt d \ vdck sifwm\Srd yS J bk\m:
qufzwfomG :]zpfw<f` úyD:awmh
tJ'aD umufów k f pum:eJ. ausmif:qDvmum qkawmif:juawmhonf` üAku d q
f mvm\if acguq f GJ
tao:pdwt f csuaf wGuvnf: qkid o
f mG :úyD: &<fpm:ovdyk aJ ygáh
t"du tajumif: t\meJ. rjumao:rDu qif<ifusif:ychaJ om tifomcif yJaG wmfwiG f
qufpyfaewmawGyg`
ZeD:armifóSHpHkwJGwpfwJGonf 13 \mpkacwf úrdK.awmfrkcfOD:qDodk.
82
IMMF2.pmd 82 6/2/2547, 23:42

zdwzf w
d af wmufaeaom [Ge'f gtufaumh um:opfîuD:]zifh armif:&ifvm
onf` xk.d aemuf pmtdwu f av:]zifh tvSLaiGay:vSLúyD:aemuf pUef.
20 tjumrSm ]yefomG :juonf` bke:f îuD:rsm:> w\m:pm\Gwq f o kd u H kd
vÏihfxkwfay:aeaom toHcsJ.atmfvHîuD:ay;wGif vltrsm:udk vm
a\muf bk\m:\Scd :dk ju\ef zdwaf c;aom t&ga\miftvHîuD:udk vÏix fh x l m:
onf` xdt k vHîuD:ay;rSmawmh rdb k ikd :f zke:f ukrE
í îD uD:wpfc>
k wHqyd u f kd
awG.\onf` rvSr:f rurf:rSmawmh rde:f rysKdo:kH a<mufonf w\m:pm
awGukd tm|krH ]yKbJ tcsif:csif:\<farm a]ymqk\d if: qlygpwk:d qkid îf uD:
wpfqidk > f ajumf]imudk junh|f KS aejuavonf`
w]cm: owif:aqmif:yg: yHpk rH sm:
owif:aqmif:yg: trsKd:rsKd:\So d vdk 'Dowif:aqmif:yg:awG\.J

pkpnf:a\:om:yHuk vnf: yHpk t
H rsKd:rsKd:ygy`J 'gawGukd ]y÷mef:pmtkyx
f m:úyD:
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eJ.ywfoufúyD: b&ifrus]zpfae\ifem:vnfwwfuïrf:wJh t<f'Dwm
aumif:? q\morm:aumif:udk ]yjunfw h m[m taumif:qH:k ygy`J
owif:aqmif:yg: trsKd:tpm:wcsKd.uawmh atmufygtwkid :f
]zpfygw<f`
• owif:OD: owif:xl:wpfy'k rf mS ygwhJ tajumif: t\mwpfcu

k kd
tcsderf D 'g b<fv]kd zpfwm? 'Dt]zpf\.J oufa\mufrKS ?
a\S.tvm:tvmawG tajumif:udk \Si:f vif:a\:om:wJh
owif:aqmif:yg:? 'grrS [kwf owif: oH:k oyfcsuf aqmif:yg:rsKd:
\Syd gw<f` Oyrm AD<uferfóikd if rH mS rkwo f kH \moD a\îuD:rSKtwGi:f
uav:awG bmajumifah o\wmvJ qkw d mrsKd:? ta\S.awmif
tm\Sóikd if rH sm:tzJ.G xJ tzJ.G &ifóikd if oH pfawG &ifvmwJh twGuf
b<fvkd ]zpfvmrvJ qkw d mrsKd:awGayg`h
• vlpw d &f ifpm:wJth ajumif: aqmif:yg:awGayg`h wd\pémefawG?
uav:i<fawGtajumif:rsKd:? &rf:enf:ajuuJpG \m t]zpfrsKd:?
tm:îuD: olwpfa<mufa<mufukd tódik \f oGm:wmrsKd:
po]zihaf yg`h 'Daqmif:yg: awGu aysmfp\m]zpfcsif]zpfr<f?
&rf:enf:p\m aumif:csifvnf: aumif:r<f` 'Dvkd
aqmif:yg:rsKd:awGu vlawGudkf pdwv f KS yf\mS :cHpm:rSK ]zpfapw<f`
• vlwpfa<muf\.J |kyyf v kH mÏ udk waphwapmif:ay;atmif azmf]ywJh
83
IMMF2.pmd 83 6/2/2547, 23:42

aqmif:yg:rsKd:vnf: \Sw
d <f`
• ae\ma'owpfct
k ajumif: azmf]ywJh c\D:oGm:aqmif:yg:rsK:d vnf:
\Sd w<f`
• owif:pHpk rf:a\:om:\wJh aqmif:yg:rsK:d uawmh enf:enf:wmoGm:
w<f` 'Daqmif:yg:rsKd:udk aoaocsmcsm tuGucf s?
tifwmAsL:awG vky?f ]zpfwahJ e\mawGqD ta\mufomG :?
taxmuftxm: rSww f rf:awGudk okawoevky?f
cJ]G crf:pdw]f zmpo]zifh îudK:pm:yrf:pm: vky\f w<f`
'Dvakd qmif:yg:rsKd:u wpfpw kH pfa<muf? vkyif ef:wpfc?k
tpd:k \wpfz.GJ u wpfcck u k kd zH:k uG<zf .kd îudK:pm:aewJh tcgrsKd:rSm
owif:vdu k úf yD: a\:\wJh aqmif:yg:rsKd:yg`
84
IMMF2.pmd 84 6/2/2547, 23:42

tydik :f (4) owif:a\:om:]cif:
tydik :f (4) owif:a\:om:]cif:
tcef: (10)
k cf sufrsm:udk oH:k ]cif:
a]ympum: aumufów
a]ympum: aumuf ó k w f c suf a wG u
owif:ukd <Hjk unfrKS \Sad pw<f? joZm\Sad pwmajumifh
wu<fta\:îuD:ygw<f` 'Dpum: aumufów k f csuf
awGu tzGirhf mS azmf]ycJw h hJ tcsutf vufawGukd ydúk yD:
\S i f : vif : ]ynh f p k H a tmif axmuf u l a y:ygw<f `
owif:\J. t"duuswJh tcsufawGukd ydúk yD: av:euf
atmif v nf : tav:aqmif : ay:w<f ` pmzwf
y\dowfîuD:u a]ympum: aumufókwfcsuf uae
bmomw\m:rsm:\J.
wpfqifh owif: \if:]rpfu a]ymwmudk wku d |f ukd ef m:eJ.qwfqwf üjum:á tqkdtrdefðrsm:u
apygw<f` 'gh t]yif tJ'o D wif:\if:]rpf\.J taetxm:? pdwcf pH m:rSKeJ. ukd:um:p\myg`
tusifhp|dkuf wkd.udkyg pmzwfy\dowfîuD:taeeJ. xdawG.cHpm:cGifh
\apygw<f` 'Dvdk a]ympum: aumufókwfcsufawGyg\if owif:u
úrdKifomG :w<f` pmzwfot l aeeJ. owif: tcsuftvufawGuckd snf:yJ
wpfajumif:úyD:wpfajumif: zwfae\wmrsKd: ]zpfraeawmhb:l ayg`h
a]ympum: aumufókwfcsufawG rygwJh owif:wpfyk'fudk
zwf\wmrsKd:uawmh wu<f úiD:aiG.p\mîuD:yg`
a]ympum:udk rnfonht
f cg oH:k rnfenf:
a]ympum:wpf\yfu ta]ctaewpfcck ak y;rSm csKyfúyD: azmf

]yódik pf rG :f \Sw
d hJ tcgrsKd:rSomvûif tJ'aD ]ympum:udk aumufów k af zmf]y\
wm ]zpfygw<f` tJ'pD um:rSm cHpm:csuf? 'grrS [kwf |kyyf v kH mÏ ? 'grS
r[kwv f nf: wpfa<mufa<muf\.J tusihpf |ku d u
f kd azmf]ywmrsKd: ygrS
omvûif oH:k \ygr<f`
erlemt]zpfe.J uaèm'D:<m: a\vkyo f m:wpfa<muf\.J a]ym
pum:ukd azmf]yxm:ygw<f` zóGr:f yify.kd pf owif:pmyg 'Da]ympum:
aumufów k cf sufu b&tay; 'Da\vkyo f m:\J. |SK]rifyukH kd csKyfúyD: azmf
]yódik pf rG :f \Sw
d m awG.\ygr<f`
85
IMMF2.pmd 85 6/2/2547, 23:42

tcef: (10) a]ympum: aumufów
üb&rSm usKyfvkyfwwfwm óSpfck\Sdw<f? ig:zrf:zdk.eJ.

pm:zdk.yJ? usKyftazvnf: ig:zrf:pm:cJhovdk usKyfom:awGvnf:
ig:zrf:pm:oGm:ju \rSmyJá
xkdif:]ynfxJa\:&efîuD:u \mZ&wfrSKrsm:? rl:<pfaq:&g:eJ.

avmif:upm:rSKrsm: usL:vGeaf ewJh ]ynfwiG :f rmzD:<m: vlq:kd }dE
k :f awG
f ajumif: a]ympum:udk befaumufy.kd pf
udk qufvufórdS ef if:oGm:r<ht
owif:pmu tckvkd aumufów k af zmf]yxm:ygw<f`
üuïefawmfhtaeeJ.befaumufeJ. teD:&ef: usif]ynfe<f

rsm:rSm rSKcif:awG uif:pifatmif taumiftxnfazmf aqmif\u G f
r<fqw kd m tJ'vD al wGukd owday:yg\ap`
ütJ'aD wmh raumif:rSKusL:vGeaf eolawGtaeeJ. ud<
k u
hf <kd f
udk aumif:atmif]yifjuawmh? uïefawmfu owdray:bl:vd.k awmh
ra]ymeJ.aemfá
'Da]ympum:u &efîuD:\J. ]ywfom:yHu k kd ay;vGiaf pygw<f`

tckqufúyD: AD<uferfppfyrGJ mS yg&ifwu dk cf u
kd cf w
hJ hJ tar\duef
wpfa<mufu ppfúyD:oGm:wJhaemufydkif: AD<uferfaus:vufwpfckrSm
ole.J qef.usifwb hJ ufu yg&ifwu dk cf u
dk cf o
hJ l wpfa<mufe.J awG.qHk
cku
d rf mS a]ymcJw
h hJ pum:udk azmf]yygO:D r<f` 'Da]ympum: aumufów k cf suf
u pmzwfou l kd owif:ae\mqD qJaG c;oGm:ódik o f vdk ud< k w f idk vf nf:
cHpm:\apw<f` 'Dowif:udk atyDowif:Xmeu a\:om:cJw h myg`
ütJ'rD mS olu uïefawmhpf ufb:D qDudk a]y:vmúyD: uïefawmhf

udk vSr:f qJ?G úyD:awmhzufvu kd w
f <f? tazu om:udk ayG.zufwmrsK:d `
üwu<f h u d k vS d K uf v S d K uf v S J v S J y gyJ A sm? aóG : axG : rS K ud k
uïeaf wmf ud< k wf idk f cHpm:\w<f? uïeaf wmft h aeeJ. ig:rdepfavmuf
jumatmifukd \ifxJ cHpm:\rdw<fá
xdrw d hJ a]ympum: aumufówk cf sufukd ud< k ofh wif:tpydik :f

em:rSm xnhaf \:ay:yg` tJ'gu pmzwfou l kd qufzwfomG :apzk.d tm:ay:
ygw<f` owif:tqH:k rSmvnf:yJ xdrw d hJ a]ympum: aumufów k cf suf
eJ. ed}:Hk csKyfóikd yf gw<f` tJ'gu pmzwfopl w d x
f rJ mS pJu
G sef\pfapódik yf g
w<f`
86
IMMF2.pmd 86 6/2/2547, 23:42

tzGihfudk taxmuf tul]zpfap

r<hf a]ympum:aumufów k cf sufudk a\: r<ff
qk\d if owdxm:\rSmu tzGirhf mS a\:cJúh yD:
wmudyk J xyf a\:wmrsKd: r]zpfapbJ aemuf
xyftajumif:t\mtopf wpfck ]zpfap\yg
r<f ` tzG i f h r S m yJ ] zpf ] zpf ? owif : xJ u
b<fae\mrSmyJ]zpf]zpf ygúyD:om: tajumif:
t\m wpfckwnf:ukdyJ aumufókwf pum:
t]zpfe.J a\:wmrsKd:ukad wmh a\Smifyg`
zóGr:f yif? uaèm'D:<m:` ydv k <D kd tajumao a\m}g vH:k & qefpyg:a\mif:&<fa\:eJð
uif:pif atmif wku d zf sufóikd cf úhJ yD ]zpfajumif: uaèm'D:<m:ódik if u H ywfouf úyD: olwðdk b<fvkd
]rifjuovJ`
<refae.u ajunmvdu k \f m 4if:onf ypdzw d t
f aemufyikd :f a'o
wGif Ta\m}gukd aemufq:kH wku d zf sufaomódik if H ]zpfvmonf`
&efîuD:csKyf [Geq f efu üydv k <D akd \m}gukd uaèm'D:<m:ódik if H
orkid :f wGif yxrOD:qH:k tîudrt f ]zpf t]rpf]ywfwu dk zf suóf ikd af jumif:
wpfuèmvHk:odk. ajunmódkifcJhonfá udk }kEf<lrdygajumif:
a]ymjum:onf`
a]ympum:awG aumufókwfazmf]ywJhtcgrSm úiD:aiG.p\m

aumif:wJhpum:rsKd:awG? em:vnf\cufwmawG? odomxif\Sm:úyD:om:
udpPawGudk a]ym]ycsufawGqdk\if roHk:ygeJ.` tJ'grsKd:awGudk owif:
pmom:xJrmS ud< k phf um:eJ.ud<k yf J a\:vkud yf g` owif:axmuftrsm:pku
ud<
k rfh w
S pf pk mtkyx f rJ mS ygvmw<fqúdk yD: a]ympum:awGukd odypf Of:pm:
raeawmhbJ csa\:ypfwwfw<f` olwkd.u 'Dowif:udk owif:\if:
]rpfawGqD oGm:ar:úyD: a\:wm qkw d t
hJ csufuykd J ay;vGiaf pcsifw<f`
tJ'grsKd:ukad wmh a\Smifyg`
üqk:d w’hJ a]ympum: azmf]ycsuw f csK.d udk atmufrmS azmf]yvku
d f
ygw<f`
AD<uferfóikd if H tpd:k \tzJ.G &if &efîuD:wpfO:D \J. a]ympum:
aumufów k cf sufwpfcyk g`
üpyg:e<fwm? w]cm:pm:oH:k oD:óSaH wG? aumfzeD .J vufzuf

t]yif opfe.J w]cm:opfawmxGuu f ek yf pPn:f awG xkwv f yk af \: [m
tvkyo f rm:awG tvkytf rsm:îuD:\ókid w
f hJ pD:yGm:a\: vkyif ef: awGygyáJ
87
IMMF2.pmd 87 6/2/2547, 23:42

'g[m AsL|ku d \uf t\m\Sad wG a]ymqdw k wfwJh em:vnf\cuf

wJh a]ymqdcdk sufyg` 'gukd \Si:f vif:atmif ud< k pfh um:eJ.ud<k yf J a\:]y
oihyf gw<f` 'Dae\mrSm ta\:îuD:wJh tcsufuawmh tJ'v D kd csra\:cif
rSm &efîuD:u bmqkv d ckd sifwmvJ qkw
d mudak wmh ud< k bfh mom t\if
em:vnfatmif vky\f ygr<f`
atmufrSm azmf]yxm:wm zóGrf:yif ukvorñtzJG.îuD:\J.
wm&ef\dS ykñKd vfwpfO:D u a]ympum:]zpfygw<f`
üuaèm'D:<m: bk\ift h pd:k \eJ. uèmvH:k qkid \f m obm&ywf

&ef:usif \efyakH iGtzJ.G wk.d tjum: yl:aygi:f aqmif\u G rf KS e.J tultnD
ay: rSKawG ydúk yD:aumif:rGev f mzd.k udk arûmfvihaf eygw<fá
'Da]ympum:u toufryg? úiD:aiG.p\mîuD:` úyD:awmh \Si:f

vnf:r\Si:f bl:`
atmufrmS xyfúyD: azmf]yxm:wmu aemufco H rkid :f udo
k m
a]ym]ywJh a]ympum:wpfcyk g` 'grsK:d udk aumufów
k af zmf]yp\m rvdyk gb:l `
ü]ref]ref<l ]ref]refpm:vd.k \wJh tpm:taomufwpfrsKd:u

bwf 40-50 \Sdw<f` óSdKif:<SOfa]ym\r<fqkd\ifawmh 'grsKd:u
pifumylrmS qk\d if tar\duef 7 a';vmeJ. tar\du ]ynfaxmifpk
rSm qk\d ifawmh 12 a';vmavmuf uswmaygáh
ydq
k :kd wmu 'Da]ympum:udk b<fob l <f&gu a]ymw<fqdk
wJh üowif:\if:]rpf’ rygwmbJ`
vkyo f uf\ifv
h mwmeJ. trû b<fpum:udk aumufówk af zmf]y
oifw h <f? b<fpum:udak wmh 'Dvkd azmf]yp\m rvkb
d :l qkw
d mukd odvm
rSmyg`
a]ympum:eJ. p rzGiyhf góSihf
a<bk<stm:]zifah wmh owif:wpfy'k u f kd a]ympum:eJ. p rzGifh

oifhygbl:` tJ'DvdkzGifhvdkufr<fqkd\if pmzwfy\dowfîuD:taeeJ.
em:vnf\ cufomG :wwfw<f` olw.dk taeeJ. 'gukd b<fou l a]ymwm
vJqwdk m Za&Z&g ]zpf\ovdk 'Dowif:[m bmtajumif: t\mudk a\:
aewmvJ qkw d mudyk g oabmrayguóf idk w
f mrsKd: ]zpfomG : wwfygw<f`
88
IMMF2.pmd 88 6/2/2547, 23:42

atmufrmS azmf]yxm:wmu t}Fvyd b f momeJ. xkwaf &wJh

vmtko
d wif:pmwpfapmif\.J tzGipfh myd'k yf g`
üuïefawmft h aeeJ. pdwrf csrf:a]r. ]zpf\wmu wcsKd. ódik if H

]cm: pme<fZif:awG[m vmtdók ikd if aH y;rSm t]rJyJ t]zpfreS af wGukd
xnhf rpOf:pm:bJ olwkd. pdwful:ayguf\mtwkdif: avûmufúyD:
pGypf aGJ \:om: aewmudyk gyáJ [k csefygquf]ynfe<f tkycf sKyfa\:rSL:
tGeef óD &l gzeG rf m csefu yufaq:wGif usif:yonfh owif:pmq\m
oifwef:zGiyhf w GJ iG f a]ymjum:oGm:onf` xdrk eufcif:wGif "m:]yrsm:
u vmtd-k xdik :f Aefawmif:-acsmifruf e<f]cm:vrf:rS wpfqihf
vmtkód ikd if x H J &ifa\mufcjhJ uonf`
tJ'grmS qk\d if tkycf sKyfa\:rSL:\J. a]ympum: &gus\Snîf uD: zwf

úyD: aemufq:kH "m:]yawGtajumif: a\mufawmhrS e<f]cm:udk "m:]yawG
&ifwu dk wf <fqykd gvm: qkw d m od\w<f` 'gawmifrS bm]zpfw<fqw dk m
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üpdwu f :l aygu\f má qkw d mbmvJ` t]zpftysuu f kd ud<
k u
f \Si:f vif:a\:]y
xm:úyD:wJah emufrS a]ympum:udk xnhaf \:wm[m ydúk yD: \Si:f ygw<f`
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vmtkód ikd if H awmifyikd :f e<fpyfa'owpfck wku d cf u

dk cf \H ]cif:
tay; ódkifiH]cm: rD'D<mrsm:> a\:om:azmf]ycsufrsm:tm:
csefygquf ]ynfe<f tkyfcsKyfa\:rSL: tGefeDól&g zGefrmcsefu
<refae.wGif ]ypfwif a&zefco hJ nf`
ódik if ]H cm:owif:axmufrsm:u xd]k zpf\yftm: tpd:k \tay;
olyek rf sm:u wku d cf u
dk o
f vdk yHak zmfa\:om:cJah jumif: tkycf sKyfa\:
rSL:u a]ymonf` od.k aomf xdw k u dk cf u
kd rf KS rSm "m:]ywku
d rf KS om ]zpf
onf[k olu qko d nf`
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a<mufwnf:u r[kwb f J oD:]cm:wpfa<mufpD ]zpfaew<fq\dk if tJ'D
a]ympum:awGukd 'Dtwdik :f tay;atmufpOfúyD: azmf]yoGm:vd.k r\bl:`
89
IMMF2.pmd 89 6/2/2547, 23:42

pmzwfotl aeeJ. 'Dpum:udk b<fou l a]ymaewmvJ qkw d m \Si:f rSm

r[kwaf wmhb:l ` 'gajumifh aemufwpfa<muf\.J a]ympum:udk a\:
awmhr<f qk\d if t\ifO:D qH:k tJ'yD ñk Kd vfe.J rdwq
f ufazmf]yay:\r<f` 'grS
'kw<
d vlwpfa<muf\.J a]ympum:qkw d m \Si:f r<f`
trSm:` ü\ok:H rSe:f a]c aiGpm\if:topf[m qif:\Jom:awGukd

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tkycf sKyfa\:rSL:u a]ymygonf`
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tkycf sKyfa\:rSL:u a]ymygonf`
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vm\vdrrfh <fá [k a]ymonf`
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tóSKef:u |kd:w<f? \Sif:w<f? úyD:awmh jum:aeoabmvnf: ouf
a\mufw<f` üa]ymonfá qkw d mawG xyfaerSmudk rpd:k \dryf ge.J ` pmzwf
olu 'gukd }|krpduk yf gb:l ` t}Fvyd pf mrSmawmh üa]ymonfá qkw d hJ said
tpm: w]cm: ‘claimed’ ? ‘declared’ ? ‘asserted’ po]zih f
oH:k wmawGvnf: \Swd <f` 'gayrJh tJ'pD mvH:k awGu ol.t"dymí <fe.J olyg`
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\Sw
d <fqwdk mudk azmf]ywm ]zpfygw<f`
a]ympum:udk wrif a]ymif:ra\:ygóiS hf
rsufawmif tzGifhtyddwf twGif:u a]ympum:qkdwm[m

owif:\if:]rpfu a]ymvdu
k w
f mudk ola]ymwJt
h wkid :f twdtus a\:]y
90
IMMF2.pmd 90 6/2/2547, 23:42

xm:w<fv.kd qkv d ykd gw<f` pmzwfoal wG \Si:f oGm:atmifqúkd yD: tJ'D

a]ympum:udk ]yifra\:yge.J ` a\:cGirhf \Syd gb:l ` (Âcif:csuftaeeJ. vlawG
pum:a]ymwJt h cg ygavhygx\Sw d hJ ütif:á? ütJá pwJh t"dymí <fr\Sw
d mrsKd:
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qk d j uw<f ` ) ud k < f u a]ympum:ud k
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bl:` qkv d w
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k ola]ymwJt
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azmf]yay:yg`
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vnf: ]zpfcsif]zpfr<f` ud< k u f awmh tquftpyf rdred .J wif]y\rSmyg`
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orm:awGe.J om óSKd if:<SOúf yD: a]ymaewm ]zpfygw<f`
91
IMMF2.pmd 91 6/2/2547, 23:42

a]ympum:rsm: tvGet
f rif:oH:k ]cif:udk owdxm:yg
a]ympum:awGukd ol.ae\meJ.ol tHusoH:k r<fq\kd if owif:
[m ydúk yD: tm:\Syd gw<f` 'gayrJh owif:pmq\m tawmfrsm:rsm:yJ a]ym
pum:awGukd wpfcúk yD:wpfck qifq h ifúh yD: aumufów
k af zmf]ywwfjuw<f`
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vif:yJaG wGtajumif: owif:a\:om:\wJh tcgrsKd:awGrmS ayg`h tJ'gu
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u \Si:f \Si:f vif:vif: a\:]yódik \f ygr<f`
92
IMMF2.pmd 92 6/2/2547, 23:42

tcef: (11) owif:aumif:wpfy'k af \:ódik \f ef vkt
d yfcsufrsm:
tcef: (11)
owif:aumif:wpfy'k af \:ódik \f ef vkt

d yfcsufrsm:
t"dutcsuf-owif:vdkuf]cif:
a\:om:wifqufyHk aumif:
w<fqdkwmxJrSm t\m\mudk tm|kH
pl:pkduf rSK\Sdwmvnf: ygw<f` 'gayrJh
yxr OD:qHk:taeeJ. owif: tcsuf
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bJeJ.awmh owif:aumif: wpfyk'f
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wu<hv f wl pfa<muftajumif: OyrmawGe.J a\:\r<fqw dk mudk a\S.
ydik :f rSm a]ymcJúh yD:om:yg` úyD:awmh pmzwfoal wG aumif:aumif: em:rvnf
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taeeJ. ]zpf\yfwpfcu k kd csufcsif: ]rif\? jum:\? cHpm:oGm:\atmif
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h csuf
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a\:\ygr<f` uspfvspf\r<f? tydpk um:awG rygap\bl:` a\:wJt h cg
93
IMMF2.pmd 93 6/2/2547, 23:42

d yfcsufrsm:
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rsKd:awGukd a\Smifyg` aemufúyD: qDonfrvufow k vf kd zefw\mawae
wJh t"dymí <frphJ um:vH:k awGuv kd nf: a\Smifyg` Oyrm a]ym\\if owif:
pmq\mawG oH:k avho:kH x\Sw d hJ üwpfarûmfwpfac;îuD: ]yef.usJaeaom
'kuo Q nfpcef:rsm:á? ütqih]f rift h yef:a]zpcef:á? üaiGaju:aç:upm:]cif:
u ódik if aH \:rwnfrúidrrf KS udk rD:xk:d ay:cJo h nfá qkw d mrsKd:awGayg`h
\Snfvsm:axG]ym:wJh &gusrsKd:awGvnf: ra\:ygeJ.` &gus
wpfajumif:rSm tajumif:t\mwpfcx k uf ryd\k atmif owdxm:yg` em:
vnfv< G rf <fh |k:d |k:d \Si:f \Si:f pum:vH:k awGe.J yJ a\:yg` ud< k af wmfajumif:?
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ra\:rdygapeJ.` Oyrm- üud< k af ysmufuek o f <G af \:á vd.k a\:r<fh tpm:
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f GJ xGuvf mwmvm:`
94
IMMF2.pmd 94 6/2/2547, 23:42

d yfcsufrsm:
pD:yGm:a\:u wkd:wufvmwmvm:? 'grSr[kwf ckew

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wmvm:`
ckid rf mtm:\Sw
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95
IMMF2.pmd 95 6/2/2547, 23:42

d yfcsufrsm:
awG usKd:ysufaeyHak wGukd ]rifomatmif a\:]yyg`

• [if:oD:[if:\Guo f nf üaysmf\iÏ af eonfá qkw d mavmufyJ ra\:yge.J `
ol]yHK:aewm[m yg:pyfu em:\GufrSm wufcsdwfawmhrwwfyJ qkdwm
ay;vGiaf tmif a\:]yyg`
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avhvmxm:ovJ qkw d t
hJ ay;rSm wnfw<f` ta\:tom: aumif:w<f
qkd\if pmzwfol[m oludk<fwkdif juHKawG.od]rifae\ovdkudk cHpm:\
w<f`
vlawG vSKyf\mS :vkyuf idk af ewmawGukd ]rifomatmif ]yzd.k qkd
wmuvnf: ta\:îuD:ygw<f` txl:o]zifh owif:aqmif:yg:aumif:
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taeeJ. vSKyf\mS :ouf&ifaewJh ]rifuiG :f wpfcu k kd yHak zmf]rifa<mif junfh
ódik w
f mayg`h
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cJyh gw<f`
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vd.k ygy`J ud< k u f tdwpf af \m}g]zpfapwJh Adik :f \yfy:kd tajumif: owif:
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96
IMMF2.pmd 96 6/2/2547, 23:42

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ol tdyaf ysmfomG :vdrrfh <f`
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pyg:pdu k yf sKd:rSKtajumif: owif:a\:om:csufuo kd m zwfjunhaf yawmh`
a[mif<mzef:]ynfe<fwGif pkpkaygif: pdkuf{\d<m> 80

\mckdifóSKef:óSifhnDrûaom [ufwm 9000 wGifvnf:aumif:?
qm<mbd\k ]D ynfe<fwiG f pkpak ygi:f pdu k {f \d<m> 53.9 \mckid óf KS ef:
óSihf nDrûaom [ufwm 11700 wGiv f nf:aumif:? zkeq f av]ynf
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97
IMMF2.pmd 97 6/2/2547, 23:42

d yfcsufrsm:
óS K ef : óS i f h nD r ûaom [uf w m 85000 wG i f v nf : aumif : ?

qm\mAef]ynfe<fwGif pkpkaygif:pkduf{\d<m> 64 \mckdifóSKef: óSifh
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8000 wGiv f nf:aumif: pyg:rsm:udk ysKd:cif:rS a\Ï.a]ymif: pdu
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98
IMMF2.pmd 98 6/2/2547, 23:42

d yfcsufrsm:
tJ'v
D ókd KdS if:<SO]f y]cif:u 'Dtm:[m b<favmufîuD:rm:w<f
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w<f`
um\efeabóSihf &gus twk?d t\Snf
ta\:tom:aumif:awGrmS um\efeabvnf: ygw<f`
First there was the Green Revolution.

Now comes the Gene Revolution.
'gu zóGr:f yify.kd pf owif:pmu owif:axmuf bdq k m\Gef

a\:om:wJh xkid :f ódik if u H v<f<mpdu k yf sKd:a\: ta]ymif:tvJtajumif:
owif:\J.tzGiyfh g`
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vH:k óSpcf \k .J uGm]cm:rSKuvnf: ay;vGiw f <f` 'DtzGiu hf pm:eyf\u d mQ
twGuf oD:óSHrsKd:aphawGudk odyíHenf:ynmtm:]zifh a]ymif:vJxkwf
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f myg`
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ë dk pmzwfoal wG ]rifatmif
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99
IMMF2.pmd 99 6/2/2547, 23:42

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wus vky\f mvnf: a\mufygw<f`
100
IMMF2.pmd 100 6/2/2547, 23:42

tydik :f (5) awG.juHKaeus]zpfaomfvnf: owdxm:\rnfo
h wif:rsm:
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101
IMMF2.pmd 101 6/2/2547, 23:42

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102
IMMF2.pmd 102 6/2/2547, 23:42

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tpDtpOfukd pnf:|k:H qufo< G zf .kd ygy`J Oyrm- vl 40000 pvH:k qef\
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awG odatmif ar:\ygr<f` owif:xkw]f yefcsufxrJ mS vl 300000
ausmf[m tk:d tdraf wGypf xGuaf ]y:cJ\h úyD: pm:a\\dumQ ]ywfvyfaew<f
vd.k azmf]yxm:w<f` 'Dawmh 'Dvl 40000 u b<fvakd jumifh üta]c
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rSKudk ]yefvnf]yifqifa\:twGuf rdom:pktqifáh qkw d m\<f? üaus:
vuf ta]ccHtaqmufttHk ]yefvnfxlaxmifa\:twGuf a\\Snf
aqmif\Guf\efá qkdwm\<fawGu bmudka]ymcsifwmvJ` 'gawGudk
ud< k uf odrS pmzwfou l kd \Si:f ]yókid rf <f`
owif:xkwf]yefcsuf
pufwifbm 7? 2001
'AvsLtufzfyD u uaèm'D:<m:ódkifiHrS a\ab:'kuQonf 40000 okd.

tpm:tpmrsm:ay:yd.k ]cif:`
zóGr:f yif` a\îuD:rSKrsm: topfwpfzef usa\mufaeaom uaèm'D:<m: ódik if rH S
aetdróf iS hf pm:a\\dumQ rsm: a\vÏr:f rd:k rSKxJ ygomG :ol 40000 cef.twGuf ukvorñ uèmh
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k yf gonf`
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pDrcH ef.cJaG \: wm&ef\o dS rl sm:u a\îuD:rSK'Ef tqk:d \Gm:qH:k cH pm:\onf[k owfrw S af y:aom
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xm:ygonf` wpfcsdew f nf:rSmyif at}sifpo D nf ydrk îkd uD:rm:aom vkyif ef:aqmifwmrsm:
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a'orsm:wGif tpm:tpm\\Sad \: vrf:ajumif:rsm:udyk g wm&ef<l vkyaf qmifaeygonf`
ü'D ó S p f \ J . tck t csd e f y d k i f : rS m aemuf x yf a\îuD : rS K awG t wG u f uïef r wd k .
toihf]yifxm:\r<fá [k uaèm'D:<m:ódkifiHqkdif\m 'AvsLtufzfyD nÏefjum:a\:rSL:
\Dbufum [efqifu a]ymjum:onf` <if:rSm 'AvsLtufzyf t D ae]zifh qefwefcsdef 500
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u<fq<fa\: \efyakH iG tpDtpOf]zifh \\Scd ]hJ cif: ]zpfygonf`
103
IMMF2.pmd 103 6/2/2547, 23:42

üróSpuf rJacgi]f rpf&uïef:ay;a\îuD:cJw h mtwGuf ]yefvnfxal xmifa\: vkyif ef:

awGu tckrS vufpowfcg \Sad o:wmqdak wmh uïefrwk.d rSm pdwyf al e\w<f? tck topf
]zpfwhJ a\îuD:rSKawG 'Efukd olw.dk wpfawG cHóidk rf mS r[kwb f :l á [k [efqifu qufa]ymonf`
uaèm'D:<m:ódkifiH ta\S.ydkif:óSifh awmifydkif:rS ]ynfol 300000 ausmfonf
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104
IMMF2.pmd 104 6/2/2547, 23:42

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105
IMMF2.pmd 105 6/2/2547, 23:42

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106
IMMF2.pmd 106 6/2/2547, 23:42

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107
IMMF2.pmd 107 6/2/2547, 23:42

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108
IMMF2.pmd 108 6/2/2547, 23:42

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109
IMMF2.pmd 109 6/2/2547, 23:42

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110
IMMF2.pmd 110 6/2/2547, 23:42

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111
IMMF2.pmd 111 6/2/2547, 23:42

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112
IMMF2.pmd 112 6/2/2547, 23:42

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113
IMMF2.pmd 113 6/2/2547, 23:42

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114
IMMF2.pmd 114 6/2/2547, 23:42

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115
IMMF2.pmd 115 6/2/2547, 23:42

pma\:q\mu yuferfqef vma\mufc]hJ cif: r\Sb

d J tqihef rd hf t\m\Sd wpfO:D
a]rmufu\dk :D <m:tajumif:udk púyD:
rdwq f uf azmf]yvdu
k wf <f`
]zpfol [m}ïr:f omvûifwufa\mufco hJ nf` xd.k ajumifh <ckópS f
aqG:aóG:yJGwGif tar\duef-a]rmufudk\D:<m: aqG:aóG:yJG
r]zpfa]rmufcahJ y`
a]rmufu\kd :D <m:ódik if o
H nf tar\du ]ynfaxmifp?k
awmifudk \D:<m:wkd.óSifh aqG:aóG:yJGrsm: taqmwvsif
'Dpmyd'k óf pS yf 'dk u
f tzGirfh mS
a]ymcJw
h thJ ajumif:udk wdu k |f udk f ]yefvnf]yKvkyaf \:udk [mu zsufq:D ypfvu kd yf gonf`
axmufulay:ygw<f` üaqG:aóG:yJ]G yefpzd.k twGuf tar\duef ódik if u
H Âcif:
csufawG xm:\Sdaew<f qkdúyD: olwkd.u qkyfudkif a]ymqkd
aew<fá [k tmqD<H tzJG. twGif:a\:rSL:csKyf |dka'ghzdk
qAm\Dóu kd vH]k cHKa\: aqG:aóG:yJrG sm: twGi:f [m > a]ymqkd
csufukd ]yefvnf a]ym]yygonf`
owif:axmufaumif:[m t]rJ ütar\duefuawmh r[kwfygbl:vkd. qkdw<f?

bufópS zf ufu owif:udk olw.dk u bm Âcif:csufrS owfrw S f rxm: bl:wJ?h aqG:aóG:
\atmif <lwwfw<f`
tckvnf: tar\du]ynfaxmifpu k yJGvkyfzdk. a]rmufudk\D:<m:bufu urf:vSrf:vmrSmudkyJ
a]rmufu\kd :D <m:\J. pGypf cGJ suftay; apmifah ewmygv.kd qkwd <fá [k qAm\Dóu
kd a]ymygonf`
b<fvwkd .kH ]yefovJv.dk ar:cJw h t
hJ wGuf
'Dta]zudk \\Scd w hJ myg`
t]cm:aomódik if rH sm:u awmif-a]rmuf aqG:aóG:yJG
rsm: ]yefvnf pwifapcsifajumif: 4if:wkd.> qóNudk
xk w f a zmf c J h j uonf h w k d i f a]rmuf u d k \ D : <m:wd k . buf u
a\iHók KS wfywd f aecJo h nf[k qAm\Dóu kd a]ym ]yonf`
pifppf üolw.kd u aqG:aóG:yJaG y;rSm raumif: ]rifae
tzGiu
hf kd ydúk yD: tm:]znhaf y:ygw<f` wmygá [ktrnfrazmfvakd om awmifu\dk :D <m: t\m\Sd wpfO:D
u a]ymygonf`
w|kwóf ikd if ]H cm:a\:&efîuD: wefuvnf: a]rmuf
ud k \ D : <m:óS i f h t]cm:aom ód k i f i H r sm: quf q H a \:wG i f
üaemufxyf wkd:wufrSKrsm: \Sdvmonfudk &rf:yef:wom
awG.]rifvykd gajumif:á xkwaf zmfa]ymjum:cJyh gonf`
vH]k cHKa\:aqG:aóG:yJw
G iG f a]rmufu\kd :D <m:ódik if o
H nf
vGefcJhaom wpfóSpfu yg&ifwufa\mufcJhúyD: xdkpOfu
tar\du]ynfaxmifpk? awmifudk\D:<m:wdk.óSifh qufqHa\:
vrf:yGichf \hJ onf` <if:rSm 1950 ]ynhv f eG f óSprf sm:twGi:f
116
IMMF2.pmd 116 6/2/2547, 23:42

awmifu\dk :D <m:óSiphf pf]zpfcahJ om uGe]f rLepf ódik if w

H pf ódik if H pmzwfot l aeeJ. owif:udk ydúk yD: em:vnf
atmif aemufcH orkid :f awG ]znhaf y:
tae]zifh ]yifyuèmodk.\Sm:\Sm:yg:yg: wHcg:zGifhay:cJh]cif: xm:wmyg` ud\k :D <m:udpP aqG:aóG:rSKawG u
]zpfygonf` t\if wpfópS u f atmif]rifcw hJ <f` 'gayrJh
'DópS rf mS awmh ratmif ]rifb:l `
vH]k cHKa\: aqG:aóG:yJw G iG f aemufxyf tm\Sv]kH cHKa\: t"duowif:om: 'DrmS yJ úyD:oGm:ygúyD`
udp]P zpfonhf awmifw|kwf yifv<fuïef:rsm:ta\: t]iif: pma\:q\mu tpnf:ta&:\J.
yGm:rSKrsm:wGiv f nf: wk:d wufrKS r\cJah cs` <if:uïe:f rsm: tay; odyt f a\:rîuD:wJh tydik :f udk ul:oGm:w<f`
e<fa]rydik q f ikd rf KS t]iif:yGm:\mrS w|kwóf iS hf tmqD<H tzJ.G &if üaemufxyf tm\S
vHk]cHKa\:udpP...rsm:wGif
ód k i f i H w csKd . tjum: vuf e uf u d k i f wk d u f c k d u f r S K rsm: wk:d wufrKS r\cJah csá qkw d m
]zpfymG :cJ\h onf` aemuftajumif:t\m wpfcq k D
acsmacsmarG.arG. ul:a]ymif:vdu k w
f myg`
aemufxyf yõdyuQrsm: r]zpf\atmif üóSpfOD: orkid :f aemufceH .J xl:]cm:csufawGukd
|d:k |k:d \Si:f \Si:f yJ azmf]yxm:w<f`
óSpfzuf vdkufem \rnfh pnf:rsOf:á wpf\yfudk tqkdyg
ódik if rH sm:u aqG:aóG:ndóÛ KdS if: aejuaomfvnf: 4if:pnf:rsOf:
xJwGif tusKH:&ifrnfh yx&D&if ae\m tus<ft&ef:
tygt&if udp\P yfrsm:wGif oabmwlnrD KS r\ao:ajumif: tpnf:ta&: usif:ywJh
wpfae.wmtwGi:f rSm wk:d wufrKS
vH k ] cH K a\: aqG : aóG : yJ G obmywd t ]zpf aqmif \ G u f o l bmajumifh r\wmvJ qkw d m\<f?
AD<uferf ódik if ]H cm:a\:&efîuD: ik<if'ikd ef if:u a]ymygonf` a]z\Si:f csuf tvm:tvm \<fukd
a\S.rwd:k aemufrqkwf ]zpfaeaom ta]ctaeukd azmf]yay:xm:ygw<f`
ausmfvmÏ : ódik \f ef <cktcg zdvpfyikd óf ikd if >H tqk]d yKcsuf
wpf\yfukd ódik if rH sm:u pOf:pm:oH:k oyfaeajumif: olu a]ymyg
onf`
aqG:aóG:yJGrsm:twGif: Oa\my orñ tygt&if

ódik if rH sm:u tar\duefóikd if > H 'H:k ysHumuG<af \:pepftay;
qef.usif uef.uGufcJh juajumif: tD:<ludk udk<fpm:]yK
wufa\mufonfh b<fv}f sD<efóikd if H ]cm:a\:&efîuD: vl&pf pma\:q\mu aemufxyf
ta\:odyrf îuD:wJh udpw P pfcq
k D
rkud u f <fu a]ymonf` xyfu:l oGm:w<f` 'Dowif:u
ü'H:k ysHumuG<af \:pepfe.J ywfoufúyD: tar\duef awmifw|kwyf ifv<f yõdyuQavmuf
awGe.J uïefawmfw.kd aqG:aóG:\r<f? bm]zpfv.kd vJqadk wmh ta\:ryg bl:` tajumif:uawmh
tar\duef 'H:k ysHtpDtpOftay;
'D [m u vufeuf zsuford :f a\:udprP mS qk:d usKd:awG ]zpfvm uef.uGurf KS awGe.J ywfoufv.kd
apódik v f .dk ygyáJ [k rkud u
f <fu owif:axmufrsm:udk a]ym]y w]cm: rD'< D mawGrmS owif:azmf ]yxm:úyD:
ygonf` ]zpfvdkhygyJ`
wefu ol.rdef.cGef:xJwGif 'Hk:ysHumuG<fa\:
tpD t pOf o nf a 'oúid r f : csrf : a\:óS i f h wnf ú id r f a \:uk d
117
IMMF2.pmd 117 6/2/2547, 23:42

tÊ\m<f]zpfapódik af jumif: w|kwf ódik if >

H owday:csufukd
xyfavmif:a]ymjum:cJhygonf` Tpepfonf üódkifiHrsm:
tjum: <HkjunfrSKóSifh yl:aygif:aqmif\GufrSK wkd.twGuf
raumif:ajumif:á olu a]ymqdo k nf`
nDvmcHrsm:
nDvmcHawGrSm owif:<lzkd. cufygw<f` nDvmcHawGudk
ynm\Siaf wG? tpd:k \r[kww f hJ tzJ.G tpnf:awG? vkyif ef:wpfcck u k kd vuf
awG. taumiftxnfazmf vkyu f ikd af eol tkypf ak wGe.J tpd:k \wk.d u OD:
pD:usif:yavh \Sw d wfjuw<f` tJ'D nDvmcHawGrmS rsm:aomtm:]zifh
qH:k ]zwfcsufwpf\yf\yfukd csrSwt f aumiftxnfazmfwmrsKd: r\Sw d wfbJ
ol.t]rif? ud< k t fh ]rif zvS<w f mrsKd:awGyJ \Sw d wfjuw<f`
nDvmcHrmS OD:aqmifa]ymqkw d hJ ykñKd vf\cdS \hJ if ol.\J. oH:k oyf
a]ymqdck suf[m ud< k o
fh wif:\J. t"du tajumif:t\m ]zpfvmódik yf g
w<f` wufa\mufvmol trsm:u ]yùemwpfct k ay; OD:wnf aqG:
aóG:juw<fq\kd ifvnf: tJ't D ajumif:u ud< k t hf wGuf owif: ]zpfóikd f
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a]ymqkyd g` olw.dk \J. xif]rifo:kH oyfcsufawGtay; tao:pdw d f ar:]ref:
yg` tckvkd ]zpfysuaf ewmudk b<fvkd aqmif\u G o f ifw h <fv.kd xifovJ
qkw d m ar:junhyf g`
nDvmcHawGuae t]rJwrf:awmh owif:aumif:awG r\
wwfygbl:` 'gayrJh uïrf:usifolawGeJ. awG.qHkúyD: owif:tpawG
\ódik wf hJ ae\maumif:awmh ]zpfygw<f`
tpnf:ta&:yJG tajumif: owif:a\:wJhtcgrSm tzGifhukd
b<foal wG wufa\mufw<f? b<fae\mrSm usi:f yw<f? b<ftcsed u f
usif:yw<f qkw d mavmufyJ ygwhJ tzGirhf sKd: ra\:yge.J ` tJ't D zGirhf sKd:u
tck atmufrmS azmf]yxm:wJh AD<uferfbmomeJ. xkwaf &wJh owif:pm
xJu tzGirhf sKd:yg`
tvkyo f rm: vSKyf\mS :rSK t zJ.G &ifrsm:twGi:f rl:<pf aq:&g:

óSifh vlrSKa\: ]ypfrSKrsm: qef.usifwkdufzsufa\: óSpfóSpfjum
vSKyf\Sm:rSK (1999-2000) tay; oHk:oyfonhf nDvmcHukd
uGrx f \DwiG f A[du
k ek o
f <
G af \:orñ vSKyf\mS :rSKu OD:aqmif usif:y
cJ\h m rwf 20 \uf u úyD:qH:k oGm:cJo h nf`
118
IMMF2.pmd 118 6/2/2547, 23:42

aemufyikd :f usrS tqif]h rifh t\m\Sw

d pfa<mufu rl:<pfaq:
&g:eJ. üvlrKS a\:]ypfrKS á awG[m avsmhyg:oGm:rSK r\Sad jumif:? bmajumihf
vJqakd wmh tzJ.G &ifwcsKd.u 'DvKS yf\mS :rSK[m olw.dk twGuf b<favmuf
ta\:îuD:w<fqw dk m em:rvnfjuwJt h wGuf ]zpfajumif: a]ymqko
d mG :
wmudk azmf]yxm:w<f` tJ'D ]yùemawGtwGuf a]z\Si:f ódik rf <fh enf:
vrf:awGuv kd nf: tJ'yD ñk Kd vfu tjuH]yKwif]yoGm:w<f` wu<fq\dk if
tzGirhf mS tJ'gukd a\:\r<f`
rde.f cGe:f óSihf owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJrG sm:
rûwrSK \Syd g
rde.f cGe:f a]ymwJo h ?l owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJrG mS \Si:f vif:a]ymjum:

wJo
h al wGrmS olw.dk a]ymqdck sifwt hJ ajumif:t\m wpfck \Sad ew<fqw dk m
odxm:yg` \Sif:vif:a]ymqkdolawG taeeJ. rD'D<mawGu wpfqifh
vlxq k D tajumif:t\mwpfck ]yef.oGm:apcsifw<f` olw.dk u ódik if aH \:
ygww D pfc?k 'grrS [kwf pD:yGm:a\: xkwu f ek w
f pfcu
k kd ]rÛiwfh ifay:aewmrsKd:
]zpfcsifvnf: ]zpfr<f` udprP \Syd gb:l ` owif:pmq\maumif:taeeJ.
'g[m wpfzufowf owif:awGyJ qkw d m odxm:úyD:om:` ud< k uf owif:
tcsuftvufawG ydúk yD: ]ynf]h ynfph pkH kH \atmif \Si:f vif: a]ymqdw k o hJ u l kd
ar:cG e f : awG ar:zdk. ? ol. \J. xkwf] yefa ]ymqkdcsuf u k d pd ef ac;zd k .
toif]h zpfae\ygr<f` rjumcEqko d vdk \Si:f vif:a]ymqdw k hJ ykñKd vf[m
udk<far:vdkufwJh ar:cGef:tay;rSmyJ tm|kH&ifpm:oGm:wwfwmajumifh
a\S.u xkw]f yefcsufxu J tajumif:t\mawGukd owdvw G of mG :wwf
w<f` tJ't D cg owdvw G úf yD: ola]ymvdu k w f m[m ud< k t fh wGuf owif:
]zpfomG :ókid yf gw<f`
\Si:f vif:a]ymqdo k l a]ymwJh tajumif:t\mawGu t]iif:yGm:
p\m ]zpfaew<fq\dk if owif:xJrmS ol.\J. xif]rifa]ymqkcd sufudk xnfh
oGi:f azmf]y\r<ft h ]yif ole.J <SOzf uf w]cm:ykñKd vfawG? uïrf:usifol
awG? 'grrS [kwf tJ'yD u GJ kd wufa\mufvmwJh y\dowfxu J oabmxm:
csif: rudu k n f o D al wGe.J awG.qHúk yD: olw.dk oabmxm:t]rifawGuv kd nf:
xnfah \:\ygr<f` 'grS ud< k o fh wif:u rûwrSK \Srd mS yg`
119
IMMF2.pmd 119 6/2/2547, 23:42

b<fou
l bma]ymw<f qk]d cif:udk tav:xm:yg
rde.f cGe:f eJ. owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJG tajumif: owif:awGa\:\if
atmufazmf]yygtcsufawG yg&ifoihyf gw<f`
• b<fou l a]ymwmvJ (emrnf? \mxl:eJ. tzJ.G tpnf:)`
• \Si:f vif:a]ymqdo k u l bmawGa]ymwmvJ (t"dutcsuf)?
xdrw d hJ a]ympum: aumufów k cf sufawGvnf: yg\ygr<f`
• rde.f cGe:f ? 'grrS [kwf owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJu G b<ftcsed ?f b<fae\mrSm
a]ymwmvJ? usif:ywmvJ`
• b<foal wG wufa\mufovJ (y\dowf)? úyD:awmh olw.dk u b<fvkd
wk.H ]yefjuovJ`
• 'Dupd rP mS <Suóf < G f yg&ifaewJh w]cm:olawGua\m xif]rifcsuf?
wH.k ]yefcsuf b<fv\kd v dS `J
tzGiu hf yxrtcsuóf pS cf su]f zpfwhJ b<fou l bma]ymwmvJ

qkwd hJ tcsufawGay;rSm tav:xm:\ygr<f`
rde.f cGe:f eJ. owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJaG wGtajumif: owif:pmawG
rSm rsm:aomtm:]zifah wmh b<fou l b<ftcsde?f b<fae\mrSm b<f
olawGukd a]ymqk\d iS :f vif:w<f qkw d mukad wmh a\:om:azmf]ywwfju
ygw<f` 'gayrJh \Si:f vif:a]ymqko d u l a]ymwJh t"dutcsufuakd wmh
razmf]ywwfjubl:` 'Dawmh \Si:f vif:a]ymqdo k l a]ymwJt h xJrmS b<f
tcsufu ta\:tîuD:qHk:eJ. pdwf&ifpm:p\m taumif:qHk:vJ? 'grS
r[kwf xl:]cm:rSK bm\So d vJqw dk m ud< k b fh mom ar:cGe:f xkwjf unhyf g`
Oyrm-\Si:f vif:a]ymqdo k ul ]yùemwpf\yftwGuf a]z\Si:f csuf topf
wpf\yftajumif:udk a]ym]yovm:` t]iif:yGm:p\m udpt P ay;rSm xif
]rifcsufwpfckck ay:ovm:` tJ'gawG ygw<fqkd\if tzGifhpmydk'frSm
wifa\:yg`
olu b<f a e\mrS m a]ymw<f q k d w m\<f e J . y\d o wf
tajumif:\<fukd 'kw< d ? 'grrS [kwf wwd<pmyd'k af wGrmS a\:om: azmf
]yódik yf gw<f` 'Denf:tm:]zihf tzGiu hf kd |k:d |k:d \Si:f \Si:f a\:ódik rf mS ]zpfygw<f`
úyD:awmh t"dutcsufawGuykd J tav:ay:úyD: azmf]yyg` rde.f
cGe:f xJ? owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJx G rJ mS ygorû tajumif:t\mawGtm:vH:k udk
xnhaf \:aep\m rvdyk gb:l ` ud< k t fh vkyu f ta\:tîuD:qH:k eJ. pdw&f if
pm:p\m taumif:qHk:tcsufawGudkom a\G:cs<fúyD: pmzwfolawGqD
wif]yay:zd.k ygyJ`
120
IMMF2.pmd 120 6/2/2547, 23:42

ta\:tîuD:qk:H udpaP wG[m \Snv f sm:axG]ym:wJh rde.f cGe:f awG vrf:ay;rS vl\.J t]rifu
\J. ed}:Hk ydik :f rSm ygvmwwfwmrd.k ud<
k u
f t]rJó:kd ód:k jum:jum: \Sad e\yg b<fvdk\SdrvJ`
r<f` &efîuD:csKyfu aq:ynmoifwef: ausmif:qif:yJG tcrf:tem:wpf
ckudk wufa\mufvmw<f qkyd gp.kd ` ol.rde.f cGe:f \J. yxr 45 rdepfrmS
usef:rma\: apmifah \SmufrKS awGtajumif:ukyd J a]ymoGm:w<f` aemuf
qH:k ig:rdepfrmS awmh olu tajumif:t\m a]ymif:úyD: w\m:r&if &if
a\mufvmolawGukd ta\:<lórdS ef if:r<ft h ajumif: ajunmvdu k w f <f
qkyd gawmh` w\m:r&if a\Ï.a]ymif:&ifa\mufvmol tm:vH:k udk Xmae\if:
]yefy.dk r<fqúkd yD: olu a]ymoGm:w<fayg`h
tu<fI ol a]ymwJt h xJrmS usef:rma\: apmifah \SmufrKS eJ.
ywfoufúyD: bmrS xl:xl:]cm:]cm: rygb:l qd\k if tzGiu hf kd tckvkd ra\:
oifyh gb:l `
&efîuD:csKyfonf <refae.u usif:yaom yxrtîudrf

a]rmuf aq:ynmoifwef:ausmif: qif:yJo G .kd wufa\mufum use:f
rma\:apmifha\SmufrSK tajumif: rdef.cGef:a]ymjum:úyD:aemuf
atmifvuf rSwrf sm: csD:]rÛit
hf yfóiS :f cJyh gonf`
tJ'v
D kd a\:r<ft
h pm: tckvkd a\:\ygr<f`
&ef î uD : csKyf u w\m:r&if &if a \muf v mol r sm:tm:

óSrd ef if:rnf ]zpfajumif: <refae.u ajunmvdu k yf gonf`
121
IMMF2.pmd 121 6/2/2547, 23:42

owif:aemufydkif:rSm 'Dvdka]ymqdkcsuf[m ausmif:qif:yJG

wpfcrk mS wufa\mufred .f cGe:f a]ymjum:wJt h xJxnhaf ]ymoGm:wm]zpf wJh
tajumif: a\:om:azmf]y\ygr<f` úyD:awmh ol.rde.f cGe:f trsm:pku awmh
usef:rma\:apmifah \SmufrKS awGtajumif:udyk J a]ymoGm:w<f qkw d mvnf:
azmf]y\ygr<f` 'Dvkd a\:vdu k vf .kd oifwef:qif:awGu pdwrf qk:d ygb:l `
rSwfxm:\rSmu udk<fowif:a\:wm[m oifwef:om:awG twGuf
a\:wmr[kwb f :l ? pmzwfy\dowfîuD:twGuf ]zpfw<fqw dk mudyk g`
\Sif:vif: a]ymqkdolawG[m rsm:aomtm:]zifh ta\:îuD:wJh
tajumif:t\mwpfcu k kd xkwaf zmfa]ymqdjk uayr<fv h .kd tJ't D ajumif:
tao:pdwu f adk wmh olw.kd u ra]ymwwfjubl:` 'gajumifh olw.dk a]ym
úyD:oGm:wJt h cgrmS a]ymoGm:wJt h ajumif:t\meJ. ywfoufv.kd \Si:f ]yzd.k ?
Oyrmay: a]ym]yzd.k xyfar:\ygr<f` 'gukd owif:xJrmS xnfah \:wJh t
cgrSmvnf: tckazmf]ywJh xif]rifcsuf? oH:k oyfa]ymqkcd sufawG[m ol
rde.f cGe:f a]ymúyD:wJah emuf ud< k ef .J tifwmAsL:vkyw f thJ cgrmS a]ymoGm:
wm ]zpfw<fqw kd mudk a\:om:azmf]yay:\r<f` 'Dvrkd S r[kw\f if tJ'D
yJu
G kd wufa\mufcw hJ hJ y\dowfu r\Si:f rvif:]zpfúyD: ud< k af \:wJo h wif:
[m rrSeu f ef? rwdusbl:vd.k qkv d mjuvdrrfh <f` csKyfúyD:awmh a]ym\
\ifawmh rde.f cGe:f awG? owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJaG wG wuf\if olw.dk a]ym
úyD:oGm:wJt h cgrmS \Si:f vif:a]ymqko d el .J awG.úyD: pum:a][cGio hf matmif
îudK:pm:yg` tJ'v D kd a]ym\]cif:tm:]zifh tao:pdwf tcsuftvufawGukd
ydkrdk od\ódkifwJht]yif ydkúyD: pdwf&ifpm:p\maumif:wJh a]ympum:
aumufów k cf sufawGuv kd nf: \\Sód ikd yf gw<f`
îudKwif]yifqifyg
wpfa<mufa<muf rdef.cGef: ray:cifrSm ola]ymr<fh
tajumif:t\mawG îudKwif]yifqifxm:wJh rde.f cGe:f pm\Guu f kd t\ifO:D
úyD: \atmif<x l m:yg` 'Dv\kd xm:]cif:tm:]zihf rde.f cGe:f tajumif:t\mudk
ud< k u
f avhvmzd.k tcsde\f úyD: xda\mufwahJ r:cGe:f awG ar:ódik rf mS vnf:
]zpfygw<f` 'gayrJh ud< k îf udK\xm:wJh rde.f cGe:f pm\Guef .J olwu<fa]ym
wJh rde.f cGe:f wd.k wl rwl qkw d mukad wmh }|kpu kd \f ygr<f` rde.f cGe:f a]ymol
awGu r jumcEqko d vdyk J rde.f cGe:f pm\Gux
f rJ mS rygwhJ tajumif:t\m
awGukd xnhaf ]ymwwfovdk wcsKd. tajumif:t\mawGukd csefxm:cJh
wmrsKd:vnf: vkyw f wfjuw<f` ud< k u
f rde.f cGe:f pm\Guu
f kd îudKr\xm:
bl:qkd\ifvnf: \Sif:vif: aqG:aóG:r<hf tajumif:t\mawGudkawmh
122
IMMF2.pmd 122 6/2/2547, 23:42

zwfxm:\rSm ]zpfygw<f` 'Denf:tm:]zifh rdef.cGef:a]ymqkdwJhtcgrSm

'Dowif: tajumif:t\mudk ud< k u
f odaeúyD:om: ]zpfaer<f`
rde.f cGe:f wpfck tajumif: a\:xm:wJh owif:aumif:wpfy'k f
udk junhjf u\atmifyg`
befaumuf? xkid :f (atyD)` &efîuD:csKyf oufqif 'Dowif:u oufqifa]ymorûudk

\Sief m&yfx\m onf wevFmae.u ol.tpd:k \opf> rl&g' ]yefa\:xm:wm r[kwq f wdk m
pmzwfou l csufcsif:odvu dk úf yD`
rsm:udk xkw]f yefajunmum uwdta]rmuft]rm: ay:vdu k f pma\:q\mu tzGirhf mS uwnf: u
aomfvnf: ol.tae]zifh vufawG.vkyf aqmif\ef cufcJ rnf qef.usifbuf t]rifuykd g
]zpfajumif: a&zeforl sm:u a]ymqkod nf` xnfha\:xm:wmudk:`
vÏwaf wmfopf> yxrtîudrf tpnf:ta&:wGif tzGirhf mS a<bk<soabmyJ azmf]ycJw h hJ

t"dutajumif: t\m]zpfwhJ
oufqif u 4if:> rl&g'udk a]ymjum:\mY tvkyt f udik rf sm: rl&g'tajumif:udk pma\:q\mu
zefw:D ay:\ef? &if aiGw:dk ap\efóiS hf ódik if b hH Efrsm:> aâu:úrD csufcsif:tusOf:csKyfúyD: azmf]yay:w<f`
28.5 bDvD<Ha';vmudk avûmfypf\ef \nf\G<fonf[k 'gukd oufqif\.J a]ympum:eJ.
tusOf:csKyfazmf]yúyD: tzGiu hf kd
qkyd gonf` tm:]znhaf y:w<f` 'Dae\mrSm rl&g'u
ütpd:k \taeeJ. b&opftwGuf tcGit hf vrf: awG tajumif:t\m topf tqef:
udk \So d rû tiftm:eJ. zefw:D wnfaqmuf<rl mS ]zpfygw<f? r[kww f majumifh tzGirhf mS ra\:wmudk
xdik :f ódik if [
H m buf aygi:f pHrk mS a]ymif:vJz.kd vdt
k yfaeygw<fá owd]yKyg` tJ'u D wdawGu a\G:aumufyGJ
rJq< G yf aGJ wGrmS ay:cJw
h mrd.k
[k w<fvu D eG f vkyif ef:\Sif olaX:îuD:t]zpfrS ódik if aH \:orm: owif:awGxrJ mS zefw\mawatmif
]zpfvmol oufqifu a]ymygonf` ygúyD:aeúyD`
oufqif> xdkif:\wfxkdif:ygwDonf v<form:

rsm:tm: aâu:úrD oHk:óSpfqkdif:iHhxm:ay:rnf? xdkif:aus:\Gm
77000 tm: wpf\mG vûif zH.G úzdK:a\:tulaiG a';vm 23800 pmzwfo[l m owif:udk
em:vnfódkifzdk.twGuf
pDay:rnf? qif:\Jom:rsm:twGuf aç:óSKef:csKdomaom aemufcHorkdif:udk
aq:&g:ukorSKóSihf bEfaâu:úrDupd t P wGuf ódik if hH \\efyidk cf iG hf ra\:r]zpf a\:\r<f`
pDrHcef.cJGrSK ukríEDîuD:wpfck zJG.pnf:ay:rnfqkdaom uwd
oH:k ck]zifh Zefe&g\D 6 \uf taxGaxGa\G:aumufyw GJ iG f tódik \f
\Su
d m nGe.f aygi:f tpd:k \udk OD:aqmif zJ.G pnf: cJ]h cif: ]zpfonf`
od.k aomf a&zeforl sm:url vlúyde:f îudKuf rl&g'rsm:

rS m p\d w f p u îuD : rm:vG e f : rnf ] zpf a jumif : owd a y:
xm:onf`
ütawG:tac;opfawG? vkyfaqmifcsuf topf
123
IMMF2.pmd 123 6/2/2547, 23:42

awG[m rSeu f efwt hJ awG:tac;? rSeu f efwhJ vkyaf qmifcsuf

vd.k a]ymvd.k r\bl:á[k twku d t
f cH acgi:f aqmifcïrfvyd ikd u f
ouf q if > rd e f . cG e f : óS i f h ywf o uf I vÏ w f a wmf w G i f :
tacstwif aqG:aóG:yJw G iG f a]ymqko d nf`
üodxm:\rSmu 'Dóikd if [ H m cifAsm:vdk rcsrf:ombl:
pma\:q\mu tzGi\hf .J qkwd mudyk gá [k olu a]ymygonf`
'kw<
d ydik :f ]zpfwhJ oufqif\.J rl&g' \\efydkifcGifh pDrHcef.cJGrSK ukríED wnfaxmifúyD:
tay; a&zefwt hJ ajumif:qD
a]ymif:a\:vmw<f` olu
ykñvdubEfrsm:> aâu:úrDukd wm&ef<al \:onf vlcsrf:om
aoaocsmcsm a\G:cs<f<x l m:wJh xdxrd rd d vkyif ef:\Siîf uD:rsm: twGuo f m tusKd:\Srd mS ]zpfúyD: tpd:k \tay;
a]ympum: oH:k ckukd azmf]yxm:ygw<f` &efxkyf&efydk:îuD:om ydkvmrnf]zpfajumif:vnf: cïrfu
owday:a]ymjum:onf`
ütcGefxrf:awG\J. aiGeJ. vlcsrf:omîuD:awGudk
ulnaD xmufyhH ay:zd.k cifAsm:rSm bmvkyyf idk cf iG rhf S r\Sb d :l á [k
cïrfu a]ymygonf`
rjumao:cifu ]zpfysufcw
hJ hJ wpfcsdefu pnfyifzGH.úzdK:cJhaom xkdif:ódkifiH>
xkid :f ódik if \H .J pD:yGm:a\:]zpfpOf
aemufcHorkdif:udkazmf]yay:vkduf]cif: pD : yG m :a\:onf uk e f x k w f v k y f r S K óS i f h yk d . uk e f r sm:twG u f
tm:]zifh pmzwfot l ae eJ. cïrfvyd idk \f .J toufaoG:ajum]zpfaom ódkifiH]cm:\if:óSD:]rÛKyfóSHrSKrsm:
rSwcf sufe.J qufpyfro d mG :wJth ]yif tJ'D ]yefvnfxkwf<loGm:aomtcg 1997-98 tm\S pD:yGm:a\:
qufpyfrKS tpOfu oufqiftaeeJ.
rl&g'opfawG bmhajumifh csrSw\f wmvJ
usqif:rSKxJ óGeH pfc\hJ avonf` TpD:yGm:a\: tusyftwnf:
qdwk mudyk g ay;vGiaf pygw<f` rsm:u bÖma\:pepftwGi:f vufoif\h m pm:awmfac; ]cif:
wu<fawmh owif:u'DrmS yJ óSifht}wd vdkufpm:rSKrsm: us<fus<f]yef.]yef. ]zpfay;ae
]ynfph o
kH mG :ygúyD` owif:pmrSm ae\musef ]cif:udk azmf]yae]cif:]zpfúyD: ódkifiHhpD:yGm:a\:u <ckwkdif
ao:w<fq\dk ifawmh ta\:rîuD:vSwhJ
oufqif\.J rl&g' a\:\m ajunmcsuf
]yefvnf emvefxv l m\ef |ke:f uefîudK:pm:ae\qJ ]zpfygonf`
awGeJ.aemufódkifiHa\:orm:wpfOD:\J.a&zef
a]ymqdrk KS awGukd qufvuf ütpd:k \taeeJ. tvsift]refe.J ta\:wîuD: vkyf
azmf]yódkifygw<f` aqmif\rSmuawmh pD:yGm:a\:taqmufttHk? tkyfcsKyfa\:
taqmufttH?k vlrKS a\: eJ. ódik if aH \: taqmufttHk awGukd
]yK]yifa]ymif:vJ]cif:tm:]zifh pD:yGm:a\: ]yùemawGudk
t]refqHk:a]z\Sif:ay:a\:ygyJ? 'gawGtm:vHk:udk wpfúydKif
eufwnf: vkyjf u\r<fá [k oufqifu a]ymygonf`
ol uwd]yKaom w]cm:tajumif:t\mrsm:rSm
vkyif ef:i<f orm:rsm:tm: acs:aiGxw k af y:ódik \f ef aus:\Gm
bEfrsm: wnfaxmifa\:? ódik if zH .GH úzdK:wd:k wufaf \: vkyif ef:rsm:
udk ódik if aH \:t\ &ifa\mufpu G zf uf ]cif: r\Sb
d J uïrf:usifol
124
IMMF2.pmd 124 6/2/2547, 23:42

ynm\Sifrsm:uyJ OD:pD:aqmif\Gufa\:? rl:<pf aq:&g:

arSmifcrdk KS rsm:tm: óSrd ef if:a\:óSihf tpd:k \> t}wdvu kd pf m:rSK
wkdufzsufa\:wGif ]ynfolrsm: yg&if\ef tm:ay:a\:wkd.
]zpfygonf`
acwfrDenf:ynmrsm: oHk:pJG]cif:]zifh tpdk:\ toHk:
p\dwfudk avûmh cs\efóSifh tcGefaumufpepfudk wkd:wuf
aumif:rGeaf p\ef vkyaf qmifúyD: bÖma\:qkid \f m pnf:rsOf:
pnf:urf:udk ]rÛifhwnfrnf]zpfajumif:vnf: olu uwd]yK
cJo
h nf`
ouf q if nG e f . aygif : tpk d : \tzJ G . > 'k w d <
acgif:aqmifurl vlúydef:îudKufrl&g'rsm:udk trsm:óSifhtwl
qef.usifygajumif: we}FaóG ae.u xkwaf zmfa]ymqko d nf`
e<l:tufpfya\:\Sif:ygwD 'kwd<acgif:aqmif
csmvrf <lbrf\efu oufqif> uwdpum:rsm:onf
rJrsm:rsm: \a\:twGuo f m ]zpfúyD: ]ynfo.l aâu:úrD &efxyk f
&efy:kd îuD:om ydv k maprnf[k qkyd gonf` aus:vuf aâu:úrD
uif:\Sif:a\:rl&g'rsm:rSm <ckrS topfr[kwfbJ <cif
uwnf:u rSm:<Gi:f vkyaf qmif cJh ]cif:rsm: ]zpfajumif: olu
a]ymygonf`
'Dowif:udk enf:enf:yg:yg: wnf:]zwfvu kd \f if ydúk yD:

tm:\S?d ydúk yD: \Si:f vif:vmygr<f` Oyrm- tzGiu hf kd tckvkd
a\:oihyf gw<f`
&ef î uD : csKyf ouf q if \ S i f e m&yf x \monf

wevFmae.u ol.tpd:k \> pD:yGm:a\:óSihf vlrKS a\:rl&g'
rsm:udk ajunmúyD: uwd u&wfrsm: ]yKcJ\h m a&zeforl sm:
url tqkyd guwdrsm:udk ]znhq f nf: zd.k cufcv J rfd rhf nf
]zpfajumif: a]ymqkyd gonf`
b<fvykd ]J zpf]zpfygav? tJ'o

D wif: uav:uawmh
rde.f cGe:f wpfck tajumif:a\:wJh erlemowif:aumif: wpfy'k f
ygy`J
125
IMMF2.pmd 125 6/2/2547, 23:42

tcrf:tem:rsm:rSmvnf:...
owif:axmufawG[m tcrf:tem:yJG
awGtajumif: owif:a\:om:wJh tcgrSmvnf:
rd e f . cG e f : awG e J . owif : pm\S i f : vif : yJ G a wG
tajumif:a\:wJt h cg rSm:wwfwt hJ wdik :f rSm:wwf
juygw<f` olwkd.u t\m\SdîuD: wpfa<muf
tcrf:tem:udk wufa\mufwJh tajumif:udkyJ
tzG i f h r S m tom:ay: wif a \:avh \S d w wf
juygw<f` 'gayrJh tJ'g[m wu<hf owif:
[kwf\J.vm:` tcrf:tem:eJ. zGifhvSpfay:vkduf
omref w<fqw dk hJ ausmif:tajumif:usawmh b<fa\mufaeovJ` 'Dausmif:
owif:\if:]rpfawGudkvnf: zGihfvdkufwmajumifh \GmxJu uav:awG yxrOD:qHk:tîudrf t]zpf
arhrxm:ygeJð`
ausmif:wuf cGihf \oGm:úyDvm:`
t]rJwrf:rSm bmu ta\:ygwmvJ? vlxktay; bm
oufa\mufrKS \So d vJ qkw d mudk pOf:pm:yg`
]refrmódik if u
H pme<fZif: oifwef:om:wpfpu k kd armfvúrdKiúf rdK.
îuD:rSm |kyf\Sif|kHopfwpf|kH zGifhvSpfvkdufwJhtajumif: owif:wpfyk'f
a\:ckid :f cJw
h <f` trsm:pku zGiyhf t GJ crf:tem:udk ppfbuft\m\Sîd uD:awG
wufa\mufwJhtajumif:udkyJ tzGifhpmydk'f t]zpf wifa\:cJhjuw<f`
tzGihf wpfcrk mS qd\k if ü|ky\f iS |f aHk \S.wGif zJîudK:udk ]zwfay:úyD:aemuf tcrf:
tem:wufa\mufvmolrsm:tm: vufaqmifypPn:f rsm: a&iSay:cJo h nfá
qdúk yD: a\:xm:w<f`
wu<fu 'D|yk \f iS |f u Hk kd zGiv
hf pS v
f udk w
f t
hJ wGuf trsm:]ynfol
awGtaeeJ. b<fvkd tusKd:\Srd mS vJqw kd muom t"du ta\:îuD:wm
yg`
armfvúrdKifúrdK.wGif 1971 ckópS u f púyD: <cktcsdet

f wGi:f
yxrqH:k tîudrf t]zpf zGiv hf pS v
f u
kd af om qlygpwm:|ky\f iS |f o
Hk .dk
|ky\f iS cf spfol 400 ausmfu <ae.wpfceJ uf vma\muftm:ay:
cJjh uonf`
qdúk yD:yJ a\:oihyf gw<f`
126
IMMF2.pmd 126 6/2/2547, 23:42

tydik :f (6)
tydik :f (6)
tcef: (14)
a\'D<?kd |kyo H wGuf owif:a\:om:]cif:
f t
a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoHowif:axmufawG taeeJ.vnf: a\S.u
tcef:awGrmS azmf]yoGm:cJw h hJ ta]ccHpnf:rsOf:rsm:twkid :f yJ vkud ef m usifh
oH:k ódik yf gw<f` 'gayrJh owif:pmrSm owif:a\:om:]cif:eJ. a\'D<ekd .J
|kyfoHawGtwGuf owif:a\:om:]cif:wkd.tjum:rSm ta\:îuD:wJh
uGm]cm:csufawGawmh \Syd gw<f`
pme<fZif:orm:awG owif:a\:w<fqdkwmu tajumif:
t\mwpf\yfukd pmzwfopl w d xf J ]rifa<mifvmatmif o|kyaf zmf a\:]y
\wmrsKd:yg` a\'D<ekd .J |kyo f H owif:axmufawGusawmh y\dowfukd
a]ym]y\wmrsKd:`
a\'D<ekd .J |kyo
f H owif:axmufawGu owif:]zpf\yfwpfck
tajumif: toHoiG :f xm:wm ]zpf]zpf? "mwfyakH wGu]kd zpf]zpf? AD'< D w
kd yd f
acG]zpf]zpf wifqufay:wmajumifh y\dowf[m t]zpftysufawGukd
ud< k w f idk jf um:\? ]rif\w<f` a\'D<ekd .J |kyo f oH wif:axmufaumif:
wpfa<muf[m toHoiG :f xm:wmawG? "mwfyakH wGe.J AD'< D wkd yd af cGawG
udk wifquf]yo|kHrûeJ. wm&efrausao:ygbl:` 'Dt]zpftysuf
tajumif:csif:\mudk y\dowfîuD: em:vnfoabmaygufatmifvnf:
\Si:f vif: wif]yay:\ygw<f`
wpfîudryf rJ .kd aocsmygap

owif:pmzwf y\dowftaeeJ. owif:wpfy'k u f kd r\Si:f bl:
qk\d if ol.rSm tcsde\f oavmuf ]yefzwfjunhv f .kd \ygw<f` owif:udk
tîudrfîudrf \Sif:wJhtxd zwfaevdk. \w<f` a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoH
y\dowfîuD:uawmh tJ'Dvdk rvkyfódkifbl:` olwkd.taeeJ. owif:
wpfy'k u f kd wpfîudryf J jum:odciG \hf w
dS <f` 'ght]yif a\'D<edk .J |kyo f H
owif:xkwv f iÏ rhf KS awGu rsm:aomtm:]zifh tcsdew f w
kd u
kd av:` a\'D
<dek .J |kyo
f oH wif:axmufawG taeeJ. owif:awGukd ajunma]ymqdk
zd.k twGuf cEuav:yJ tcsde\f wwfw<f`
127
IMMF2.pmd 127 6/2/2547, 23:42

tcef: (14) a\'D<?kd |kyo H wGuf owif:a\:om:]cif:
f t
'gajumifh a\'D<ekd .J |kyof o

H wif:axmufawG[m owif:awG
udk a\:om:wJah e\mrSm pme<fZif: q\mawGxuf ydúk yD: \Si:f vif:? uspf
vspf\r<hft]yif vufa\G:pifowif:rsKd:vnf: ]zpf\ygr<f` omref
ae.pOfo:kH pum:vH:k awGe.J tmvmyovìmy a]ymwJh yHpk rH sKd: ajunm
a]ymqk\d r<f` tajumif:t\m ]zpf\yfwpfcu k kd w]cm:vlwpfa<mufukd
a]ym]yaewJh yHpk rH sKd:twkid :f yJ &guswpfcek .J wpfc[ k m tquftpyf \S\d edS .J
acsmarG.aeap\ygr<f` em:axmifwJh y\dowf[m udk<hfowif:udk
jum:vku d \f wmeJ. em:vnf oabmayguóf ikd \f r<f`
t]zpftysufwpfc\k .J ? 'grrS [kwf owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJG wpfck
\J. tajumif:ud]k zpfap? |SKyfaxG:ayGvw D hJ ]zpf\yfwpfcu k kd ]zpfap wif]y
wJth cg ta\:tîuD:qH:k tcsuftvufawGuykd J a\G:cs<fwif]y\ygr<f`
udk<fhowif:\J. tp yxr&gus óSpfck? oHk:ckrSm tJ'D t"dutcsuf
tvuf? 'grrS [kwf tajumif:t\mudk wif]y\r<f` 'Dvekd nf:eJ. y\d
owfu 'Dowif:[m ta\:îuD:wJh owif:ygvm:? pdw&f ifpm:p\mygvm:
qkúd yD: qufem:axmif]zpfomG :r<f`
owif:pmawGrSmvdk aemufcHorkdif:eJ. tao:pdwftcsuf
tvufawG (Oyrm-vlrsm:\J. touf? ae\yfvyd pf m? pm\if:tif:awG)
u kd azmf]yay:zd.k rvdyk gb:l ` tJ'gawGuo kd m azmf]yae\\if a\'D<ekd .J
|kyo f oH wif:awG[m \Snv f sm:axG]ym:úyD: tm:vH:k |SKyfuek rf <f`
vuf\]dS zpfaeonfudk tm|kpH u

kd yf g
vlawGu owif:pm
udk aumuf ukid v f u
dk w f meJ.
'g rae.u owif : awG q d k
wm odxm:úyD:om:yg` 'gayrJh
vlawGu a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoH
puf a wG u d k zG i f h em:
axmifw<f? zGijhf unfw h <f
qkdwmuawmh aemufqHk:
owif:awGudk odcsifvdk.yJ
]zpf y gw<f ` 'D u ae.rS m
bmawG ]zpfysuf aeovJ?
a&:vHacgifowD hJ ae\mu <kwpf t
G qH:k tck avmavm vwfvwfrmS udk bmawG ]zpfaeovJayg`h
vlawG[m owif:ukd 'gajumif h a\'D < k d e J . |k y f o H owif : axmuf a wG [ m aemuf
tvkt d yfq:kH ygyJ`
128
IMMF2.pmd 128 6/2/2547, 23:42

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129
IMMF2.pmd 129 6/2/2547, 23:42

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130
IMMF2.pmd 130 6/2/2547, 23:42

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131
IMMF2.pmd 131 6/2/2547, 23:42

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132
IMMF2.pmd 132 6/2/2547, 23:42

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133
IMMF2.pmd 133 6/2/2547, 23:42

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134
IMMF2.pmd 134 6/2/2547, 23:42

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135
IMMF2.pmd 135 6/2/2547, 23:42

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136
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137
IMMF2.pmd 137 6/2/2547, 23:42

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138
IMMF2.pmd 138 6/2/2547, 23:42

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139
IMMF2.pmd 139 6/2/2547, 23:42

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140
IMMF2.pmd 140 6/2/2547, 23:42

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141
IMMF2.pmd 141 6/2/2547, 23:42

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142
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143
IMMF2.pmd 143 6/2/2547, 23:42

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144
IMMF2.pmd 144 6/2/2547, 23:42

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145
IMMF2.pmd 145 6/2/2547, 23:42

tydik :f (8)
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146
IMMF2.pmd 146 6/2/2547, 23:42

tcef: (16) tifwmeuf
Web site \J. vdypf modxm:w<fq\dk if browser udo k :kH úyD: tJ'D Web
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147
IMMF2.pmd 147 6/2/2547, 23:42

tcef: (16) tifwmeuf
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148
IMMF2.pmd 148 6/2/2547, 23:42

tcef: (16) tifwmeuf
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IMMF2.pmd 152 6/2/2547, 23:42

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Getting the story uvJG\if usefwJh pmtkyfawGtm:vHk:[m t}Fvdyfvdk a\:om:

]yKpkxm:wmawG ]zpfwJhtwGuf t}Fvdyfbmompum: ruïrf:usifolrsm:twGuf tcuftcJ
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The AP Broadcast News Handbook, by Brad Kalbfeld. Published in 2000 by McGraw-
Hill Professional Publishing.
The Associated Press Guide to News Writing (2nd edition), by Rene J. Cappon. Pub-
lished in 2000 by ARCO.
Getting the Story. This is a textbook and a videotape produced in 1990 by the Interna-
tional Center for Journalists, 1616 H Street, NW, 3rd Floor, Washington DC 20006-4999,
U.S.A.
A Handbook for Cambodian Journalists, by Huw Watkin. Published in Phnom Penh in
1998 by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Germany.
News Reporting and Writing (8th edition), by Melvin Mencher. Published in 1999 by
McGraw-Hill College Division.
The Newspapers Handbook (3rd edition) by Richard Keeble. Published in 2001 by
Routledge, London and New York.
Writing and Reporting News (3rd edition), by Carole Rich. Published in 1999 by
Wadsworth Publishing Co., 10 Davis Drive, Belmont, CA 94002, U.S.A.
tdwaf qmif pmtkyrf sm:

The International Center for Journalists u atmufygpmtkyf awGudkvnf: ]yKpk
xkwaf &xm:ygw<f`
Ten Practical Tips for Environmental Reporting, by Peter Nelson
Ten Practical Tips for Business and Economic Reporting in Developing Countries, by
Paul Hemp
Ten Steps to Investigative Reporting
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IMMF2.pmd 153 6/2/2547, 23:42

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vrf:nÏeaf y:]cif:rsm:yg yg&ifygw<f`
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k kd Sarah McLean? pmrsufómS 82 rSyu
yHu kH kd Nguyen Van Tien? pmrsufómS 91 rSyu kH kd Angela
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155
IMMF2.pmd 155 6/2/2547, 23:42

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trSKaqmif bkwt f zJ.G wGif apwemh &efxrf: t zJ.G &if]zpfonf` 1984 rS 1996 ckópS t f xd
befaumuf\Sd Associated Press owif:XmewGif owif:t<f'Dwmt]zpf aqmif\GufcJhúyD:
uaèm'D:<m:? vmtdk? ]refrm? xdkif:óSifh AD<uferfódkifiHrsm:> ae.pOf owif:rsm:twGuf
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tar\du]ynfaxmifpók iS hf tm\Sw.dk wGif xkwaf &aom owif:pm? rñZif:óSihf pmtkyrf sm:Y ta\S.
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vkyif ef:tawG.tjuHK \Scd o hJ nf` 2000 ]ynhóf pS w
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tvky|f aHk qG:aóG:yJrG sm:óSihf owif:pmynmoifwef:rsm: udk xdik :f óSihf vmtkód ikd if rH sm:Y yd.k csay:cJúh yD:
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]zpfonf` <ckaemufyikd :f wGif Living Color rñZif:Yvnf: yg&ifa\:om:vsuf\o dS nf` 1999
ckópS w f iG f tkid t f rftrftufzrf S ydchk saom obm&ywf&ef:usifqidk \f m owif:pmynmoifwef:ukd
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Cover.pmd 2 6/2/2547, 23:56

Reporting and Writing News Basic Handbook

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yDwmtJe:f óSifh }sufzaf [mh'q

]ynfo.l a\:\mXme \efuek úf rdK.

tif'ckd sKdi:f em: rD'<

immf.pmd 1 7/2/2547, 11:03

Copyright © 2001 The Indochina Media Memorial Foundation (IMMF), Thailand

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in

Cover photo by Vinai Dithajohn shows students on an IMMF course on urban

The Indochina Media Memorial Foundation

Maneeya Center Building, 6th Floor

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Tel.: 66 (0) 2255-5909, 2255-3626

Fax: 66 (0) 2255-5909

Email: immf@anet.net.th or immf@loxinfo.co.th

immf.pmd 2 7/2/2547, 11:03

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tcef: (2)? owif:\if:]rpfrsm:óSifh owif:twGuf pdwu f :l \SmazG]cif: 7

tcef: (3)? owif:> ta]ccHz.GJ pnf:wnfaqmufykH 11

tcef: (4)? owif:aumif:wpfy'k t f wGuf vdt

tcef: (6)? awG.qHak r:]ref:enf:rsm: 40

tcef: (7)? taxmuftxm:rsm:ukd toH:k cs]cif: 52

tcef: (9)? owif:udpk pk nf:]cif: 70

tcef: (11)? owif:aumif:wpfy'k af \:ódik \f ef vkt

immf.pmd 3 7/2/2547, 11:03

awG.juHKaeus]zpfaomfvnf: owdxm:\rnhf owif:rsm:

tcef: (12)? owif:xkw]f yefcsuf 101

tcef: (13)? tpnf:ta&:rsm:? rdechf eG :f rsm:? owif:pm\Si:f vif:yJrG sm: 110

aemufxyfavhvmzwf|KS oihaf om pmtkyrf sm: 153

pmtky]f yKpkoól pS Of :D 156

immf.pmd 4 7/2/2547, 11:03

a&g[m\\Si:f vif:csuf xiv

tydik :f (1) ta]ccHowif:pmynm 1

tcef: (1)? owif:pmq\mrsm:óSifh owif: 1

pmzwfoo l mvûif ta\:tîuD:qH:k 2

tcef: (2)? owif:\if:]rpfrsm:óSio

owif:\if:]rpfrsm:rsm:xm:yg? 'gayrJh owif:\if:]rpfaumif:]zpfygap 8

tcef: (3)? owif:> ta]ccHz.GJ pnf:wnfaqmufykH 11

tzGiófh iS phf muk<

qufpyfrt ë pOfóiS hf aemufco

tcef: (4)? owif:aumif:wpfy'k tf wGuf vdt

]ynhpf ]kH cif: 35

tydik :f (2) tcsuftvufpak qmif:]cif: 36

tcef: (5)? pl:prf:avhvm]cif: 36

tcef: (6)? awG.qHak r:]ref:enf:rsm: 40

immf.pmd 5 7/2/2547, 11:03

rSwpf ak \:]cif:óSihf wdy\f aD umf'goH:k ]cif: 43

übmhajumihf’? üb<fvk’d ar:cGe:f rsm: 45

ar:cGe:f rsm:ukd wkw d ykd aJ r:yg 46

em:axmifyg? owd\ydS g? rsufpu d zdk iG xfh m:yg 46

üuwfo:D uwfowf’ ar:cGe:f rsm:ar:\ef rajumufygóSifh 47

olww hkd pfawG wa]ymwnf:a]ymaevûif 48

aemufqufwaGJ r:cGe:f rsm:-tókpw d af r:]ref:]cif: 48

tifwmAsL:udk tqH:k owf]cif: 50

tcef: (7)? taxmuftxm:rsm:udk toH:k cs]cif: 52

úyD:awmh vltrsm:óSihf pum:a]ymjunhyf g 54

tydik :f (3)? pk|:Hk aygif:pnf:]cif: 55

tcef: (8)? tzGifh 56

tzJ.G tóJ.G tzGifh 57

tzGiu fh kd üóSpf’ rxm:ygeJh 60

tzGiu fh rkd csJ.vGe:f ygeJh 65

ü|SKaxmifh’ udak \G:cs<f]cif: 68

tcef: (9)? owif:udpk pk nf:]cif: 70