Automatic 12

Automatic pneumatic bumper and brake actuation before collision
2015-2016
CHAPTER:-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC BUMPER AND BRAKE ACTUATION
BEFORE COLLISION
We have pleasure in introducing our new project AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC BUMPER
AND BRAKE ACTUATION BEFORE COLLISION, which is fully equipped by IR sensors
circuit and Pneumatic bumper and braking activation circuit. It is a genuine project which is fully
equipped and designed for Automobile vehicles. This forms an integral part of best quality. This
product underwent strenuous test in our Automobile vehicles and it is good.
The technology of pneumatics has gained tremendous importance in the field of workplace
rationalization and automation from old-fashioned timber works and coal mines to modern
machine shops and space robots. It is therefore important that technicians and engineers should
have a good knowledge of pneumatic system, air operated valves and accessories.
AUTOMATIC
PNEUMATIC
BUMPER
AND
BRAKE
ACTUATION
BEFORE
COLLISION. This system is consists of IR transmitter and Receiver circuit, Control Unit,
Pneumatic bumper system and pneumatic braking system. The IR sensor is used to detect the
obstacle. There is any obstacle closer to the vehicle (with in 3-4 feet), the control signal is given
to the bumper activation system and also pneumatic braking system simultaneously. The
pneumatic bumper and braking system is used to product the man and vehicle. This bumper and
braking activation system is only activated the vehicle speed above 30-40 km per hour. This
vehicle speed is sensed by the proximity sensor and this signal is given to the control unit and
pneumatic bumper and braking activation system.
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1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION

In conventional vehicles there are different mechanism operated for braking system like
hydraulic, pneumatic, air, mechanical, etc. But all these braking mechanisms receive the signal or
input power directly from the driver so it totally manual operated. When the driver saw the
obstacle or any vehicle in front of his driving vehicle, he was irritated or becomes mazy. Due to
this the driver fails to give the proper input to braking system and proper working is not occurs.
Also the driver may not able to pay the full attention during night travelling so there are many
chances to accidents. After the accident occurs, there is no any provision to minimize the
damages of vehicles. In currently used vehicles generally bumpers used are of rigid types. These
bumpers have specific capacity and when the range of the accidental force is very high then the
bumpers are fails and these force transferred towards the passengers. So this system never
reduces the damage of both vehicle and passengers. To overcome these unwanted effects we
have to design the Automatic Braking System with Pneumatic Bumpers which have following
objectives
To increase the sureness of braking Application.

To increase the response time of braking system.
To improve the pre-crash safety.
To avoid the percentage of passenger injury by using external vehicle safety.
To reduce the requirement of internal safety devices like air bags.
1.3 INTRODUCTION TO THE SAFETY SYSTEM

The aim is to design and develop a control system based on pneumatic breaking system of an
intelligent electronically controlled automotive braking system. for comparison of iterative
technologies / techniques. The final phase of the new modern vehicle shall include:
Development of improved ABS control systems

Development and assessment of an electro-hydraulic- BBW (EH-BBW) system
Individual wheel braking combined with traction control
Assessing sensor failure and fault tolerant control system design
Preliminary studies into an electrically actuated system
Re-engineering using simplified models.
1.4 INTODUCTION TO THE AIR COMPRESSOR
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Fig 1.4 Air Compressor 8 bar pressure polytypic compression
Compressor is the air producing machine. They collect the airs from the atmosphere are in the
running of machine are engine. Air compressors are utilized to raise the pressure a volume of air.
Air compressors are available in many configurations and will operate over a very wide range of
flow rates and pressures. Compressed air was expelled by primitive man to give glowing embers
sufficient oxygen to allow them to flare up into a air. During the compression process, the
temperature increases as the pressure increases. This is known as polytypic compression. The
amount of compression power also increases the temperature increases. Compressors are staged
there by reducing the temperature and improving the compression efficiency. The temperature of
the air leaving each age is cooled prior to entering the next stage. This cooling process is called
inter cooling. A metric efficiency also increases with multi-stage compression since the pressure
ratio over the first stage will be decreased. Selections of the air compressor are only the first step
in designing an efficient and disable compressed air system. The air exiting the compressor is
saturated with moisture and will have compressor lubricants (lubricated compressors only).
Other chemicals that have been drawn into the compressor intake may also be present. This
contamination harmful to many processes, pneumatic tools, instruments and equipment.
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Air purification equipment, filters, air dryers, breathing air purifiers, monitoring equipment, used
alone or in combination will remove these contaminants. Selection and purchase of the
compressor and necessary purification equipment can be easily done on compressed air site. Our
application engineers are ready to answer all of your questions and to assist you in placing your
order. And it works in the process of rotation fan and the piston movement with the help of
current supply.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
1.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC BUMPER
AND BRAKE ACTUATION BEFORE COLLISION
WHEEL SPEED SENSING ARRANGEMENT
CONTROL UNIT
IR TRANSMITTER
POWER SUPPLY
IR RECEIVER
FLOW CONTROL VALVESOLINOID VALVE
PNEUMATIC CYLINDER -1 BUMPER ENGAGMENT

AIR TANK
(COMPRESSOR)
PNEUMATIC CYLINDER -2 BRAKING ENGAGMENT
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CHAPETR:-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 PNEUMATICS
The word pneuma comes from Greek and means breather wind. The word pneumatics is the
study of air movement and its phenomena is derived from the word pneuma. Today pneumatics
is mainly understood to means the application of air as a working medium in industry especially
the driving and controlling of machines and equipment.
Pneumatics has for some considerable time between used for carrying out the simplest
mechanical tasks in more recent times has played a more important role in the development of
pneumatic technology for automation. Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air
which must be made available in sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the
system. When the pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however it wills indeed
the necessary to deal with the question of compressed air supply. The key part of any facility for
supply of compressed air is by means using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine
that takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure. Compressor
capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed and delivered and the volume expressed is that
of the air at intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and normal ambient temperature.
The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robert Boyle in 1962 and that found that
the product of pressure and volume of a particular quantity of gas.
The usual written as
PV = C
(or) PV = P2V2
In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured which for free is about 14.7 Psi and
is of courage capable of maintaining a column of mercury, nearly 30 inches high in an ordinary
barometer. Any gas can be used in pneumatic system but air is the mostly used system now a
days.
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2.2 SELECTION OF PNEUMATICS

Mechanization is broadly defined as the replacement of manual effort by mechanical power.
Pneumatic is an attractive medium for low cost mechanization particularly for sequential (or)
repetitive operations. Many factories and plants already have a compressed air system, which is
capable of providing the power (or) energy requirements and the control system (although
equally pneumatic control systems may be economic and can be advantageously applied to other
forms of power).
The main advantage of an all pneumatic system are usually economic and simplicity the
latter reducing maintenance to a low level. It can also have outstanding advantages in terms of
safety.
2.3 PNEUMATIC POWER

Pneumatic systems use pressurized gases to transmit and control power. Pneumatic systems
typically use air as the fluid medium because air is safe, low cost and readily available.
2.4 The Advantages of Pneumatics:

1. Air used in pneumatic systems can be directly exhausted back in to the
surrounding environment and hence the need of special reservoirs and no-leak
system designs are eliminated.
2. Pneumatic systems are simple and economical.
3. Control of pneumatic systems is easier.
2.5 The Disadvantages of Pneumatics:

1. Pneumatic systems exhibit spongy characteristics due to compressibility of air.
2. Pneumatic pressures are quite low due to compressor design limitations (less that 250
psi).
2.6 PRODUCTION OF COMPRESSED AIR
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Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air, which must be made available in
sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the system. When pneumatic system is
being adopted for the first time, however it wills indeed the necessary to deal with the question
of compressed air supply. The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means
using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a certain
pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure.
Compressor capacity is the actual quantity
of air compressed and delivered and the volume expressed is that of the air at intake
conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and normal ambient temperature. Clean
condition of the suction air is one of the factors, which decides the life of a compressor. Warm
and moist suction air will result in increased precipitation of condense from the compressed air.
Compressor may be classified in two general types.
1. Positive displacement compressor.

2. Turbo compressor
Positive displacement compressors are most frequently employed for compressed air plant and
have proved highly successful and supply air for pneumatic control application.
The types of positive compressor:
1. Reciprocating type compressor
2. Rotary type compressor
Turbo compressors are employed where large capacity of air required at low discharge pressures.
They cannot attain pressure necessary for pneumatic control application unless built in
multistage designs and are seldom encountered in pneumatic service.
2.7 RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS:Built for either stationary (or) portable service the reciprocating compressor is by far the most
common type. Reciprocating compressors lap be had is sizes from the smallest capacities to
deliver more than 500 m/min. In single stage compressor, the air pressure may be of 6 bar
machines discharge of pressure is up to 15 bars. Discharge pressure in the range of 250 bars can
be obtained with high pressure reciprocating compressors that of three & four stages. Single
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stage and 1200 stage models are particularly suitable for pneumatic applications , with
preference going to the two stage design as soon as the discharge pressure exceeds 6 bar ,
because it in capable of matching the performance of single stage machine at lower costs per
driving powers in the range .
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CHAPTER:-3
COMPONENTS OF PNEUMATIC BUMPER AND

BRAKING SYSTEM
3.1
PNEUMATIC CYLINDER:3.1.1 Double acting cylinders:
Fig 3.1.1 Double Acting Pneumatic Cylinder

A double acting cylinder is employed in control systems with the full pneumatic cushioning and
it is essential when the cylinder itself is required to retard heavy messes. This can only be done at
the end positions of the piston stock In all intermediate position a separate externally mounted
cushioning derive most be provided with the damping feature. The normal escape of air is out off
by a cushioning piston before the end of the stock is required. As a result the sit in the cushioning
chamber is again compressed since it cannot escape but slowly according to the setting made on
reverses. The air freely enters the cylinder and the piston stokes in the other direction at full force
and velocity.
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3.1.2 GENERALLY USED MATERIALS

Cylinder Tube Materials:
LIGHT DUTY
MEDIUM DUTY
1.
Hard drawn brass tube

.
Aluminum
Hard drawn brass tube
Brass, Bronze, Iron
Castings, welded steel tube
Plastic
2. Hard drawn
Aluminum tube
3 Hard drawn
Brass tube
HEAVY DUTY
Hard drawn steel tube
3.1.2 End Cover Materials:
LIGHT DUTY
1. Aluminum stock
(Fabricated)
2. Brass stock
(Fabricated)
3. Aluminum
Castings
MEDIUM DUTY
HEAVY DUTY
Aluminum stock
Hard tensile
(Fabricated)
Castings
Brass stock
(Fabricated)
Aluminum, Brass,
iron or steel Castings.
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3.1.3 Piston Materials:

LIGHT DUTY
1.Aluminium
Castings
2.
3.
MEDIUM DUTY
Aluminum Castings
HEAVY DUTY
Aluminum Forgings,
Brass (Fabricated)
Bronze (Fabricated)
Iron and Steel
Aluminum Castings.
Bronze (Fabricated)
Brass, Bronze, Iron or
Castings
Steel Castings.
MEDIUM DUTY
Aluminum, Brass
HEAVY DUTY
High Tensile
And Steel Castings
Steel Castings
High Tensile
3.1.4 Mount Materials:

LIGHT DUTY
1. Aluminum
Castings
2. Light Alloy
(Fabricated)
Steel Fabrication
3.1.4 Piston Rod Materials:

MATERIAL
Mild steel
FINISH
Ground and polished hardened,
REMARKS
Generally preferred chrome
Stain less steel
ground and polished.

Ground and Polished
plated
Less scratch resistant than
chrome plated piston rod
3.1.6 Single acting cylinder:
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Fig 3.1.6 Single acting Pneumatic Cylinder

Stroke length : Cylinder stoker length 160 mm = 0.16 m ,Quantity: 1 ,Seals : Nitride (Buna-N)
Elastomeric ,End cones: Cast iron, Piston: EN 8 Media : Air ,Temperature : 0-80 C ,Pressure
Range: 8 N/m.
The cylinder is a Single acting cylinder one, which means that the air pressure operates forward
and spring returns backward. The air from the compressor is passed through the regulator which
controls the pressure to required amount by adjusting its knob. A pressure gauge is attached to
the regulator for showing the line pressure. Then the compressed air is passed through the single
acting 3/2 solenoid valve for supplying the air to one side of the cylinder. One hose take the
output of the directional Control (Solenoid) valve and they are attached to one end of the
cylinder by means of connectors. One of the outputs from the directional control valve is taken to
the flow control valve from taken to the cylinder. The hose is attached to each component of
pneumatic system only by connectors.
3.2 SOLENOID VALVE:

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3.2.1 a) 5/2 Double Acting Solenoid Valve

The directional valve is one of the important parts of a pneumatic system. Commonly known as
DCV, this valve is used to control the direction of air flow in the pneumatic system. The
directional valve does this by changing the position of its internal movable parts.
This valve was selected for speedy operation and to reduce the manual effort and also
for the modification of the machine into automatic machine by means of using a solenoid valve.
A solenoid is an electrical device that converts electrical energy into straight line motion and
force. These are also used to operate a mechanical operation which in turn operates the valve
mechanism. Solenoids may be push type or pull type. The push type solenoid is one in which
the plunger is pushed when the solenoid is energized electrically. The pull type solenoid is one is
which the plunger is pulled when the solenoid is energized.
The name of the parts of the solenoid should be learned so that they can be recognized
when called upon to make repairs, to do service work or to install them.
Fig.4.7.1
5/2 Solenoid centre Valve
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3.2.2 Parts of a 5/2 Solenoid Valve

1.Coil
The solenoid coil is made of copper wire. The layers of wire are separated by insulating layer.
The entire solenoid coil is covered with an varnish that is not affected by solvents, moisture,
cutting oil or often fluids. Coils are rated in various voltages such as 115 volts AC, 230 volts
AC, 460 volts AC, 575 Volts AC, 6 Volts DC, 12 Volts DC, 24 Volts DC, 115 Volts DC & 230
Volts DC. They are designed for such frequencies as 50 Hz to 60 Hz
.
2.Frame
The solenoid frame serves several purposes.
Since it is made of laminated sheets, it is
magnetized when the current passes through the coil. The magnetized coil attracts the metal
plunger to move. The frame has provisions for attaching the mounting. They are usually bolted
or welded to the frame. The frame has provisions for receivers, the plunger. The wear strips are
mounted to the solenoid frame, and are made of materials such as metal or impregnated less fiber
cloth.
3.Solenoid Plunger
The Solenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of the solenoid. The plunger is made of steel
laminations which are riveted together under high pressure, so that there will be no movement of
the lamination with respect to one another. At the top of the plunger a pin hole is placed for
making a connection to some device. The solenoid plunger is moved by a magnetic force in one
direction and is usually returned by spring action.
Solenoid operated valves are usually provided with cover over either the solenoid or the
entire valve. This protects the solenoid from dirt and other foreign matter, and protects the
actuator. In many applications it is necessary to use explosion proof solenoids.
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3.2.3 Working of Solenoid Valve

The solenoid valve has 5 openings. This ensure easy exhausting of 5/2 valve. The spool of the
5/2 valve slide inside the main bore according to spool position; the ports get connected and
disconnected. The working principle is as follows.
Position-1
When the spool is actuated towards outer direction port P gets connected to B and S remains
closed while A gets connected to R
Poisition-2
When the spool is pushed in the inner direction port P and A gets connected to each other and
B to S while port R remains closed.
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3.2.4 b) 3/2 SINGLE ACTING SOLENOID VALVE (OR) CUT OFF VALVE:
The control valve is used to control the flow direction is called cut off valve or solenoid valve.
This solenoid cut off valve is controlled by the electronic control unit.
In our project separate two 3/2 Single acting solenoid valve is used. One solenoid valve
is open/close of vegetable in Hooper cylinder and another one is collecting of vegetable in a
tray cylinder.

Fig 3.2.4 Solenoid Valve centre (Cut of Valve)
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3.3 HOSE COLLAR AND PU CONNECTOR:-
Fig 3.3 Hose And Collar centre
In our pneumatic system there are two types of connectors used; one is the hose connector and
the other is the reducer. Hose connectors normally comprise an adapter (connector) hose nipple
and cap nut. These types of connectors are made up of brass or Al or hardened steel.
Fig 3.3 reducer

Fig 3.3 spau connector
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Reducers are used to provide inter connection between two pipes or hoses of different
sizes. They may be fitted straight, tee, V or other configurations. These reducers are made up
of gunmetal or other materials like hardened steel etc.
Hoses used in this pneumatic system are made up of polyurethane. These hoses can with
stand at a maximum pressure level of 10 kg/cm2.
3.4 ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT:Here the 555 IC has been used as a multi vibrator. The output of IC 555 is fed to the input pin
(pin no 14) of CD 4017 continues counting. The output of the IC becomes available at pin Nos.
3, 2 and 4. The output pulse of any one of output pin triggers (Puts ON) the Triac and current
starts flowing across the load connected. This process continues on other pins at different time
intervals and the cycle continues. The frequency interval (Time) of the cycle can be adjusted by
the pre-set look connected to pin 6 of 555 Timer IC.
IC 555 TIMER
The IC SE / NE 555 monolithic circuit is a highly stable controller capable of producing accurate
time delays or oscillations. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if
desired. In the timing operations, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and a
capacitor, by the operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and the duty cycle are
both accurately contributed with the external RC constants.
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3.4.1 PIN DIAGRAM:

GROUND
TRIGGER
SUPPLY (Vcc)
DISCHARGE
IC
NE 555
OUTPUT
RESET
THERSOLD
CONTROL
PIN NO: 1
It is ground terminal.
PIN NO: 2
The trigger voltage to the
lower
comparator
is
applied. It has constant

voltage that is at least one
third
of
voltage,
the
supply
when
trigger
voltage falls below this

level the flip-flop changes
its
state
and
becomes high.
Fig 3.4.1 electronic circuit

PIN NO: 3
output
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It is the output terminal, in low state output is equal to zero and when at higher state output is
equal to Vcc.
PIN NO: 4
It controls the flip flop directly. It turns the device to its original position when reset pin is
connected to ground the output is approximately equal to zero. When reset is not used it is
connected to Vcc.
PIN NO: 5
It is the control voltage terminal. It is connected to ground through a capacitor of 0.01 F. Any
external voltage at pin: 5 will change both the threshold voltage and the trigger voltage reference
level.
PIN NO: 6
Threshold voltage of upper comparator is applied from this terminal. The resistor Rt connected to
Vcc and pin: 6 is grounded by an external capacitor. The output is high capacitor charges by
resistor Rt. When the capacitor changes to the threshold level, the output becomes low.
PIN NO: 7
It is the discharge pin for external capacitor. Usually pin: 7 is connected with pin: 6 directly to by
a resistor. When the output becomes low then the external capacitor discharges by internal
discharge transistor remains at cut-off and the external capacitor charges to Vcc.
PIN NO: 8
It is the positive supply terminal. A dc voltage from +5 to + 15 can be applied.
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The important features of IC555 can be summarized as follows.
Timing range from microseconds to hours.

Mono-stable and A stable operation is possible through IC555.
The duty cycle can be adjusted according to our necessity.
It has the ability to operate from a wide range of supply Voltage.
The output of 555 is compatible with CMOS, DTL and TTL, logic.
used with a 5V supply.

Triggering and reset inputs are logically compatible.
Output can be operated as normal ON and normal OFF.
High temperature stability.
Unlike RC timers, 555 provide a time intervals that is virtually independence of
But when
supply voltage Vcc. This because that, the charge rate of CT and the reference voltage to
the threshold comparator are all directly proportional to the supply voltage.
3.4.2 IC 555 SPECIFICATION
Supply Voltage (Vcc)
4.5 to 15V
Supply Current (Vcc=5V/2)
3 to 6mA
Supply Current (Vcc=25V/2)
10 to 15mA
Output Current
200mA (maximum)
Power dissipation
600mw
Operating temperature
0-70degreeCelsius.
3.5 WHEEL AND BRAKING ARRANGEMENT:
Fig 3.5 Wheel
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The simple wheel and braking arrangement is fixed to the frame stand .This wheel 16 inch
diameter of air filled rubber tyres ,consist of a 4 wheels are needed. and bearing size16mm
inner 32 mm outer and 16mm shaft. These wheels are not fabricated it is purchased.
3.6 STAND:
Fig 3.6, mild steel hallow pipe

This is a supporting frame where wheel are fitted at four corner of the stand made up of mild
steel. By preparing body with this mild steel hallow pipe, after that all parts is to be assembled.
we require 4 feet length and 2 feet width and 1 inch length in each of 4 sides .The material must
be mild steel of hallow pipe with 18 gauge.
3.7 BUMPER:
Fig 3.7 Bumper

This material is made up of a stain less steel and its dimension is 2 feet long 18 mm diameter.
The material must be purchased this bumper is fitted in front of the vehicle its working is to
resist opposite collision force and it works with the help of single acting pneumatic cylinder.
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3.8 IR SENSOR
IR Based Obstacle Detector
Adjustable Range with POT
Operating Voltage 5v
Sensitivity up to - 30cm-Adjustable
Logic output -1/0
Application - Industrial safety devices
Fig 3.8 IR Sensor
Fig 3.8 circuit diagram of IR Sensor
A sensor is a transducer used to make a measurement of a physical variable. Sensor Types of

sensor: Passive sensors detect the reflected or emitted electro-magnetic radiation from natural
sources, while active sensors detect reflected responses from objects which are irradiated from
artificially generated energy sources, such as radar. Optical sensors are characterized specified by
spectral, radiometric and geometric performance the spectral characteristics are spectral band and
band width, the central wavelength, response sensitivity at the edges of band, spectral sensitivity
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at outer wavelengths and sensitivity of polarization. Sensors using film are characterized by the
sensitivity of film and the transmittance of the filter, and nature of the lens. Scanner type sensors
are specified by the spectral characteristics of the detector and the spectral splitter. In addition,
chromatic aberration is an influential factor. The radiometric characteristics of optical sensors are
specified by the change of electro-magnetic radiation which passes through an optical system.
They are radiometry of the sensor, sensitivity in noise equivalent power, dynamic range, signal to
noise ratio (S/N ratio) and other noises, including quantification noise. elements. IFOV is defined
as the angle contained by the minimum area that can be detected by a scanner type sensor. For
example in the case of an IFOV of 2.5 mille radians, the detected area on the ground will be 2.5
meters x 2.5 meters, if the altitude of sensor is 1,000 m above ground. In our project IR
transmitter and IR receiver are used to detect the obstacle. These sensors are fitted at the front
side of the vehicle.
3.8.1 IR TRANSMITTER AND IR RECEIVER
Fig 3.8.1
IR Sensor Rays
The IR transmitting circuit is used in many projects. The IR transmitter sends 40 kHz (frequency
can be adjusted) carrier under 555 timer control. IR carriers at around 40 kHz carrier frequencies
are widely used in TV remote controlling and ICs for receiving these signals are quite easily
available. The transmitted signal reflected by the obstacle and the IR receiver circuit receives the
signal and giving control signal to the control unit. The control unit activates the pneumatic
breaking system, so that break was applied.
3.8.2 Components used

Resistor
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Fig 3.8.2 Resistor 4,305-Reads

Resistor is a passive component used to control current in a circuit. Its resistance is given by the
ratio of voltage applied across its terminals to the current passing through it. Thus a particular
value of resistor, for fixed voltage, limits the current through it. They are omnipresent in
electronic circuits.
3.8.3 LED
...
Fig 3.8.3 LED 8,657-Reads
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor light sources. The light emitted from LEDs
varies from visible to infrared and ultraviolet regions. They operate on low voltage and power.
LEDs are one of the most common electronic comp..
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3.8.4 IR LED | Infrared LED

.
Fig 3.8.4 IR LED 16,562-Reads
An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays
in the range of 760 nm wavelength. Such LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide...
3.8.5 Preset
Fig 3.8.5 Preset 15,982-Reads

A preset is a three legged electronic component which can be made to offer varying resistance in
a circuit. The resistance is varied by adjusting the rotary control over it. The adjustment can be
done by using a small screw driver or..
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3.9 RELAY
Fig 3.9 relay

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical
circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or
many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is able to
control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can be considered to be, in a
broad sense, a form of an electrical amplifier.
Operation:When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts an armature that is
mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either makes or breaks a connection
with a fixed contact. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a
force approximately half as strong as the magnetic force to its relaxed position. Usually this is a
spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are
manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage application, this is to reduce noise. In a high
voltage or high current application, this is to reduce arcing.
If the coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the coil, to dissipate the
energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise generate a
spike of voltage and might cause damage to circuit components. Some automotive relays already
include that diode inside the relay case. Alternatively a contact protection network, consisting of
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a capacitor and resistor in series, may absorb the surge. If the coil is designed to be energized
with AC, a small copper ring can be crimped to the end of the solenoid. This "shading ring"
creates a small out-of-phase current, which increases the minimum pull on the armature during
the AC cycle.[1]
By analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device, a solid-state relay is made
with a thruster or other solid-state switching device. To achieve electrical isolation an opts
coupler can be used which is a light-emitting diode (LED) coupled with a photo transistor.
Fig 3.10 Relay Switching
3.11 Features
Printed circuit mounts 10A relay
1 pole changeover contacts or 1 pole normally open contact.

Miniature-Sugar cube package.
DC coil-360mW.
Cadmium Free contact material option.
3.12 Advantages of Relay
Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.
Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
Relays can switch many contacts at once.
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CHAPTER:4
POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

4.0
POWER SUPPLY UNIT
A power supply is a device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output
load or group of loads. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less
often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.
Fig 4.0 Power supply system
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Power supply unit consists of following units

1. Step down transformer
2. Rectifier unit
3. Input filter
4. Regulator unit
5. Output filter
4.1 Microcontroller Power Supply

If you don't have a power supply then you should use the following standard circuit.
All you will need is a wall power supply block with dc output (greater than 8V and no more than
35V) or a 9V battery to plug into CN1.
Fig 4.1 Micro controller power supply

Note: It is best to use the 5V power supply circuit as it not only correctly regulates the dc voltage
but it protects your PIC chip. The input voltage can go up to 35V without damaging the 7805.
You would not want to use that high voltage for very long if using reasonable current as the 7805
would have to get rid of the excess power as heat. Say you used 100mA dropping 35V to 5V
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gives P=VxI = 30 *0.1 = 3W - a huge power output - the 7805 would get very hot and go into
thermal shutdown!
Fig 4.2 7805 voltage regulator

7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage
regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the fixed
voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx
in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated
power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending
upon the respective voltage levels.
4.3 PINS OF 7805 IC

Pin No
Function
Name
Input voltage (5V-18V)
Input
Ground (0V)
Ground
Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V)
Output
4.4 Simple 5V power supply for digital circuits
Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output current
capability of 100 mA
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Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC
gets too hot
Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build
Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation
Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic components
Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have used this circuit successfully
as part of many electronics projects
Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply
Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply
Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA.
4.5 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF OTHER COMPONENTS
1. RESISTOR
Resistor
Fig 4.5 Three resistors

Type
Passive
Electronic symbol
(Europe)
(US)
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A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals that
is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR
Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most
electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as
resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).The primary
characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum working voltage and the
power rating. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less
well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the maximum
permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance depends
upon the materials constituting the resistor as well as its physical dimensions; it's determined by
design. Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits.
Size, and position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers; resistors must be
physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power.
4.6 CAPACITOR
.
Capacitor
Fig 4.6 Modern capacitors, by a cm rule.

Type
Passive
Invented E wald Georg von Kleist (October 1745)

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Electronic symbol
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors
separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an
electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force
between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated
conductors.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured in
farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference
between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage
current
leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the
dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while
allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power
supplies, and for many other purposes. They are used in resonant circuits in radio frequency
equipment to select particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies.
4.7 Ceramic capacitor

In electronics ceramic capacitor is a capacitor constructed of alternating layers of metal and
ceramic, with the ceramic material acting as the dielectric. The temperature coefficient depends
on whether the dielectric is Class 1 or Class 2. A ceramic capacitor (especially the class 2) often
has high dissipation factor, high frequency coefficient of dissipation.
Fig 4.7 ceramic capacitors

A ceramic capacitor is a two-terminal, non-polar device. The classical ceramic capacitor is the
"disc capacitor". This device pre-dates the transistor and was used extensively in vacuum-tube
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equipment (e.g., radio receivers) from about 1930 through the 1950s, and in discrete transistor
equipment from the 1950s through the 1980s. As of 2007, ceramic disc capacitors are in
widespread use in electronic equipment, providing high capacity & small size at low price
compared to other low value capacitor types.
Ceramic capacitors come in various shapes and styles, including:
disc, resin coated, with through-hole leads
multilayer rectangular block, surface mount
bare leadless disc, sits in a slot in the PCB and is soldered in place, used for UHF
applications
tube shape, not popular now
4.8 Electrolytic capacitor
Fig 4.8 Axial lead (top) and radial lead (bottom) electrolytic capacitors
An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an ionic conducting liquid as one of its
plates with a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types. They are valuable in relatively
high-current and low-frequency electrical circuits. This is especially the case in power-supply
filters, where they store charge needed to moderate output voltage and current fluctuations in
rectifier output. They are also widely used as coupling capacitors in circuits where AC should be
conducted but DC should not.
Electrolytic capacitors can have a very high capacitance, allowing filters made with them to have
very low corner frequencies.
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4.9 Transistor
.
Fig 4.9 Assorted discrete transistors.

A transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A
transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's
terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled
(output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power, the transistor provides
amplification of a signal. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in
integrated circuits.
The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and its presence is
ubiquitous in modern electronic systems.
4.10 Usage
The bipolar junction transistor, or BJT, was the most commonly used transistor in the 1960s and
70s. Even after MOSFETs became widely available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice
for many analog circuits such as simple amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of
manufacture. Desirable properties of MOSFETs, such as their utility in low-power devices,
usually in the CMOS configuration, allowed them to capture nearly all market share for digital
circuits; more recently MOSFETs have captured most analog and power applications as well,
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including modern clocked analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters,
motor drivers, etc

4.11 Advantages
The key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace their vacuum tube predecessors in
most applications are
Small size and minimal weight, allowing the development of miniaturized electronic
devices.
Highly automated manufacturing processes, resulting in low per-unit cost.
Lower possible operating voltages, making transistors suitable for small, battery-powered
applications.
No warm-up period for cathode heaters required after power application.
Lower power dissipation and generally greater energy efficiency.
Higher reliability and greater physical ruggedness.
Extremely long life. Some transistorized devices have been in service for more than 30
years.
Complementary devices available, facilitating the design of complementary-symmetry

circuits, something not possible with vacuum tubes.
Insensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration, thus avoiding the problem of micro
phonics in audio applications.
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4.12 Limitations
Silicon transistors do not operate at voltages higher than about 1,000 volts (SiC devices
can be operated as high as 3,000 volts). In contrast, electron tubes have been developed
that can be operated at tens of thousands of volts.
High power, high frequency operation, such as used in over-the-air television

broadcasting, is better achieved in electron tubes due to improved electron mobility in a
vacuum.
On average, a higher degree of amplification linearity can be achieved in electron tubes

as compared to equivalent solid state devices, a characteristic that may be important in
high fidelity audio reproduction.
Silicon transistors are much more sensitive than electron tubes to an electromagnetic
pulse, such as generated by an atmospheric nuclear explosion.
4.13 Bipolar junction transistor

The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the first type of transistor to be mass-produced. Bipolar
transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The
three terminals of the BJT are named emitter, base, and collector. The BJT consists of two p-n
junctions: the baseemitter junction and the basecollector junction, separated by a thin region of
semiconductor known as the base region (two junction diodes wired together without sharing an
intervening semiconducting region will not make a transistor). "The [BJT] is useful in amplifiers
because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by the relatively small base
current."[14] In an NPN transistor operating in the active region, the emitter-base junction is
forward biased (electrons and holes recombine at the junction), and electrons are injected into the
base region. Because the base is narrow, most of these electrons will diffuse into the reversebiased (electrons and holes are formed at, and move away from the junction) base-collector
junction and be swept into the collector; perhaps one-hundredth of the electrons will recombine
in the base, which is the dominant mechanism in the base current. By controlling the number of
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electrons that can leave the base, the number of electrons entering the collector can be controlled.
[14]
Collector current is approximately (common-emitter current gain) times the base current. It
is typically greater than 100 for small-signal transistors but can be smaller in transistors designed
for high-power applications.
Unlike the FET, the BJT is a lowinput-impedance device. Also, as the baseemitter voltage
(Vbe) is increased the baseemitter current and hence the collectoremitter current (I ce) increase
exponentially according to the Shockley diode model and the Ebers -Moll model. Because of
this exponential relationship, the BJT has a higher trans conductance than the FET.
Bipolar transistors can be made to conduct by exposure to light, since absorption of photons in
the base region generates a photocurrent that acts as a base current; the collector current is
approximately times the photocurrent. Devices designed for this purpose have a transparent
window in the package and are called phototransistors.
CHAPTER:-5
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DESIGN AND DRAWINGS

5.0 PNEUMATIC CYLINDER:
Design of Piston rod:

Load due to air Pressure.
Diameter of the Piston (d)
40 mm
Pressure acting (p)
6 kg/cm
Material used for rod
C 45
Yield stress (y)
36 kg/mm
Assuming factor of safety
Force acting on the rod (P)
Pressure x Area
p x (d / 4)
6 x {( x 4 ) / 4 }
73.36 Kg
Design Stress(y)
y / F0 S
36 / 2
P / ( d / 4 )
18 Kg/mm
4 p / [ y ]
4 x 75.36 / { x 18}
5.33 =
2.3 mm

Minimum diameter of rod required for the load =
We assume diameter of the rod
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2.3 mm
15 mm
5.1 Design of cylinder thickness:

Material used
= Cast iron
Assuming internal diameter of the cylinder = 40 mm

Ultimate tensile stress
= 250 N/mm =
2500 gf/mm
Working Stress
= Ultimate tensile stress / factor of safety
Assuming factor of safety
= 4
Working stress ( ft )
= 2500 / 4 = 625 Kg/cm
According to LAMES EQUATION
Minimum thickness of cylinder ( t )
ri { (ft + p) / (ft p ) -1 }
Where,
Ri
inner radius of cylinder in cm.
ft
Working stress (Kg/cm)
Working pressure in Kg/cm
Substituting values we get,

t
2.0 { (625 + 6) / ( 625 6) -1}
0.019 cm = 0.19 mm
We assume thickness of cylinder
2.5 mm
Inner diameter of barrel
40 mm

Outer diameter of barrel
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40 + 2t
40 + ( 2 x 2.5 )
Approach stroke
160 mm
Length of threads
2 x 20 =40mm
Extra length due to front cover
12 mm
Extra length of accommodate head
20 mm
Total length of the piston rod
160 + 40 + 12 + 20
232 mm
230 mm
45 mm
5.2 Length of piston rod:
By standardizing, length of the piston rod
5.3 SPECIFICATION
5.3 Double acting pneumatic cylinder
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Fig 5.3 Double Acting Pneumatic Cylinder

Technical Data
Stroke length
Cylinder stoker length 160 mm = 0.16 m
Quantity
Seals
Nitride (Buna-N) Elastomeric
End cones
Cast iron
Piston
EN 8
Media
Air
Temperature
0-80 C
Pressure Range
8 N/m
5.4 Single acting pneumatic cylinder
Fig 5.4 Single Acting Pneumatic Cylinder

Technical Data
Stroke length
Cylinder stoker length 80 mm = 0.08 m
Quantity
Seals
Nitride (Buna-N) Elastomeric
End cones
Cast iron
Piston
EN 8
Media
Air
Temperature
0-80 C
Pressure Range
8 N/m
5.5 Solenoid Valve

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Fig 5.5 Solenoid valve (Cut off valve)
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Technical data
Max pressure range :
0-10 x 10 N/m
Quantity
5.6 Flow control Valve

Technical Data
Port size
0.635 x 10 m
Pressure
0-8 x 10 N/m
Media
Air
Quantity
5.7 Connectors and reducer
Fig 5.7 Reducer
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Technical data
Max working pressure
10 x 10 N/m
Temperature
0-100 C
Fluid media
Air
Material
Brass
5.8 Hoses
Fig 5.8 Hose and Collar
Technical date
Max pressure
10 x 10 N/m
Outer diameter
6 mm = 6 x 10 m
Inner diameter
3.5 mm = 3.5 x 10
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5.9 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

1.
The outstanding advantage of pneumatic system is the control valve which consistently
applies a specified load with minimum effort.
2.
From thin foils to metal sheets can be pierced according to desirable shapes.
3.
It can be modified to any extend to bring out the required effort.
4.
Its outcome can be utilized properly in the extensive mechanical field.
5.
Multiple cylinder systems can be put into action according to the need of pressing
effort.
6.
In modern payer plants this pneumatic system can be used for loading press roll.
7.
Simple construction than the mechanical and hydraulic presses.
8.
Compared to hydraulic and mechanical presses pneumatic press is economical.
9.
It does not require current carrying cables.
10.
No extra skill is required for operating this system.
11.
Operation is very smooth and in this system we can get more output by applying less
effort.
12.
This system can be effectively used for punch mark in industrial materials such as
industries name, address or number of product.
5.10 LIMITATIONS
Hard and thick materials can not be riveted.
Even a bit of leakage may result in power loss.
Due to the linkages there will be frictional losses.
Maintenance will be more due to the number of moving parts.
Stroke length is fixed.
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CHAPTER:-6
BUMPER AND BREAK ACTUATION METHDOLOGY
6.0 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The compressed air from the compressor at the pressure of 5 to 7bar is passed through a pipe
connected to the Solenoid valve with one input. The Solenoid Valve is actuated with Control
Timing Unit. The Solenoid valve has two outputs and one input. The air entering into the input
goes out through the two outputs when the timing control unit is actuated. Due to the high air
pressure at the bottom of the piston, the air pressure below the piston is more than the pressure
above the piston. So these moves the piston rod upwards which move up the effort are, which is
pivoted by control unit.
This force acting is passed on to punch/rivet which also moves
downwards.
The punch/rivet is guided by a punch/rivet guide who is fixed such that the punch/rivet is
clearly guided to the die. The materials are in between the punch/rivet and die. So as the
punch/rivet comes down the materials are sheared to the required profile of the punch/rivet and
the blank is moved downwards through the die clearance. When the piston is at the extreme
point of the stock length, the exhaust valve is opened and the air is exhausted through it and the
pressurized air come in at the top of the piston and it pushes the piston downwards. So the one
side of the air is pulled downwards and the other side is lifted upwards. So the punch/rivet is
therefore pulled upwards from the die. Now the piston reaches the bottom point of the required
stroke length. Now the material is fed and the next stroke of the piston is made ready. When the
material is correctly positioned then this machine is again actuated automatically. The time
duration of the succeeding punching is adjusted with the help of control timing unit.
Fig 6.0 circuit diagram of bumper and braking system
6.1 ADVANTAGES
1. It able to Increase the sureness in braking system.
2. Braking system able to give fast response.
3. System able to increase the pre-crash safety.
4. System able to provide more safety to the passengers.
5. System plays an important role to save human
6. Life in road accidents.
6.2 LIMITATIONS
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1. System has few limitations in densely traffic road.

2. System has no provision to prevent and cure the accidents from rear side of vehicle.
3. Hard and thick materials cannot be riveted.
4. Due to the linkages there will be frictional losses.
5. Maintenance will be more due to the number of moving parts.
6. Stroke length is fixed.
6.3 APPLICATIONS
1. This system may be applicable in all types of light vehicles like cars, Rickshaws, Tempos.
2. This system also successfully installed in the heavy vehicles like buses, trucks, trailers, etc.
CHAPTER:-7
IMAGES
Fig 7.1 Air compressor
Fig 7.2 Mild steel hallow pipe cutting

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Fig 7.3 Welding the joints
Fig7.4 Polishing
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Fig 7.5 Partial assembly
Fig 7.6 Completed model
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CHAPTER:-8
8.0 WORKED MODEL
Bumper
IR Sensor
Relay
Wheel
Single acting
pneumatic
cylinder
Transformer
Stand/Frame
Motor
1400 rpm
Solenoid
Valve
V-belt Pully
Single acting
pneumatic
cylinder
Electric
wires
Fig:-8.0 Pneumatic bumper and brake actuation before collision
Fig 8.1 Pneumatic bumper and braking arrangement
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CHAPTER:-9
CONCLUSION
This project work has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience, to use our limited
knowledge. We are feeling that we have completed the work within time successfully. The
PNEUMATIC BUMPER & BRAKE FOR FOUR WHEELER is working with satisfactory
conditions. Thus we have prepared an PNEUMATIC BUMPER & BRAKE FOR FOUR
WHEELER which helps to know the how to achieve low cost product.
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CHAPTER-10
SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

The bumper and brake system plays a major role in the safety of an automobile. An automated
safety system over manual one is more advantageous in terms of monitoring and deploying in
case of accidents. The Automatic pneumatic bumper and brake actuation provides this advantage
to reduce vehicle damage and save passengers lives. With further improvements, the Automatic
pneumatic bumper and brake actuation systems use can be expanded from a small size four
wheeler to large trucks and other transportation vehicles. This makes it possible to reduce the
catastrophic effects of accidents to a greater extent or even eliminate them completely.
The idea can be cost effective if used with the existing safety system and makes it more effective
in achieving safety goals in automotive field.
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CHAPTER-11
REFERENCES
[1] Erik Coelingh, etal, Collision Warning with Auto Brake, Sweden, ppn: 07-0450.
[2] Dr. Kripal Singh, Automobile Engineering Vol. 1, Standard Publishers Distributors New
Delhi- 110 006
[3] S. P. Patil, Mechanical System Design, Second Edition, JAICO Publishing House,
Mumbai 400 001
[4] Dr.Sanjiy.K.Bhatia, Dr.George.M.Lacy, InfraRed Sensor Simulation, Missouri,(2009)
[5] Dr.Eung Soo Kim,Fabrication of Auto Braking System Using Sensor, International Journal
Of control And Automation, Vol-2, and no1.

Automatic 12

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Automatic pneumatic bumper and brake actuation before collision

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG, AMCEC Page 1

Automatic pneumatic bumper and brake actuation before collision

1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION

To increase the sureness of braking Application.

1.3 INTRODUCTION TO THE SAFETY SYSTEM

Development of improved ABS control systems

1.4 INTODUCTION TO THE AIR COMPRESSOR

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG, AMCEC Page 2

Automatic pneumatic bumper and brake actuation before collision

Fig 1.4 Air Compressor 8 bar pressure polytypic compression

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG, AMCEC Page 3

Automatic pneumatic bumper and brake actuation before collision

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG, AMCEC Page 4

Automatic pneumatic bumper and brake actuation before collision

WHEEL SPEED SENSING ARRANGEMENT

FLOW CONTROL VALVESOLINOID VALVE

PNEUMATIC CYLINDER -1 BUMPER ENGAGMENT

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG, AMCEC Page 5

Automatic pneumatic bumper and brake actuation before collision

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG, AMCEC Page 6

Automatic pneumatic bumper and brake actuation before collision

2.2 SELECTION OF PNEUMATICS

2.3 PNEUMATIC POWER

2.4 The Advantages of Pneumatics:

2.5 The Disadvantages of Pneumatics:

2.6 PRODUCTION OF COMPRESSED AIR

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG, AMCEC Page 7

Automatic pneumatic bumper and brake actuation before collision

Compressor capacity is the actual quantity

1. Positive displacement compressor.

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG, AMCEC Page 8

Automatic pneumatic bumper and brake actuation before collision

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG, AMCEC Page 9

Automatic pneumatic bumper and brake actuation before collision

COMPONENTS OF PNEUMATIC BUMPER AND

PNEUMATIC CYLINDER:3.1.1 Double acting cylinders:

Fig 3.1.1 Double Acting Pneumatic Cylinder

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG, AMCECPage 10

Automatic pneumatic bumper and brake actuation before collision

3.1.2 GENERALLY USED MATERIALS

Hard drawn brass tube

Hard drawn brass tube

Brass, Bronze, Iron

Castings, welded steel tube

Hard drawn steel tube

3.1.2 End Cover Materials:

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG, AMCECPage 11

Automatic pneumatic bumper and brake actuation before collision

3.1.3 Piston Materials:

And Steel Castings

3.1.4 Mount Materials:

3.1.4 Piston Rod Materials:

Stain less steel

ground and polished.

3.1.6 Single acting cylinder:

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG, AMCECPage 12

Automatic pneumatic bumper and brake actuation before collision

Fig 3.1.6 Single acting Pneumatic Cylinder

3.2 SOLENOID VALVE:

Automatic pneumatic bumper and brake actuation before collision

3.2.1 a) 5/2 Double Acting Solenoid Valve

5/2 Solenoid centre Valve

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG, AMCECPage 14