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8. DIMENSIONAMIENTO DE PRETENSADO
P t
Prestressed
d concrete
t d
design
i
Grupo de Construccin
gCons
Universidade da Corua
1. Introduccin
Designing
D
i i a beam
b
iis jjustt a question
ti off
proportion. Engineering is not a science,
its an art Gustave Magnel
ndice
1. Introduccin
2
2.
Hiptesis adoptadas
3. Planteamiento del problema
4. Procedimiento operativo
5. Ncleo central
6. Ncleo lmite
7
7.
A postesa: mtodo de compensacin de cargas
A.
8. Predimensionamiento del pretensado de arm. pretesa A.
pretesa: anclaje
p
j p
por adherencia
9. A. pretesa: enfundado de cordones
10. PROBLEMAS
2
1. Introduccin
1 IIntroduccin
1.
t d
i
1. Introduccin
1 IIntroduccin
1.
t d
i
1. Introduccin
w k wlim
donde:
wk=anchura caracterstica de fisuras
wlim=lmite marcado por normativa (EHE, Art. 49). wlim=0.1-0.4
mm (referencia ancho lnea PILOT=0.5mm)
Condicin para evitar la aparicin de fisuras
c f ct ,k , j
c 6 f c ' (ksi)
7
1 IIntroduccin
1.
t d
i
88
1. Introduccin
Efecto favorable
Permanente
G = 1.00
Efecto
desfavorable
G =1.00
Armadura pretesa
P = 0.95
P =1.05
Armadura postesa
P = 0.90
P =1.10
G*= 1.00
G*=1.00
Variable
Q = 0
0.00
00
Q =1.00
=1 00
Pretensado
1. Introduccin
E L S Fi
E.L.S.
Fisuracin
i a compresin
i ((microfisuracin):
i fi
i )
c 0.6 f ck , j *
c f ct ,k , j
*Estudios recientes (Dolan & Krohn, PCI Journal, Jan-feb 07, recomiendan -0.7fck,j
10
c=-0.6fck,j
c=0
c=fct,k,j
+
11
Relativ
ve strength
0,8
T=20C
0,7
0,6
t=13C
0,5
0,4
T=8C
0,3
0,2
Split
strength
T=20C
0,1
0
0
10
12
14 16
t (days)
18
20
22
24
26
28
1212
1. Introduccin
13
1. Introduccin
En las anteriores normativas (EH-91 y EP-93) se contemplaban
dos criterios de diseo de las estructuras de hormign
pretensado denominadas de clase I y clase II. La clase I es ms
p
restrictiva y, por lo tanto, conlleva un coste generalmente
superior de la estructura. Las condiciones que se imponan para
ambas
a
bas clases
c ases apa
aparecen
ece e
en la
a Tabla
ab a 1.
Tabla 1
COMBINACIN
DE COMBINACIN
ACCIONES
DESFAVORABLE
CUASIPERMANENTES
ACCIONES
CLASE I
CLASE II
c0
c0
MS
DE
c0
cfct,k,j
14
1 IIntroduccin
1.
d
i
NOTA: Definicin de envolventes de esfuerzos
Sea una viga. Una vez adoptado un criterio de signos,
en cada seccin de cada viga, x, se trata de obtener el
mximo esfuerzo (axil, cortante, momento flector,
momento torsor) y el mnimo esfuerzo que se pueden
producir debido a las acciones que actan sobre la
estructura.
Podis repasar el concepto de envolvente en los
libros:
Rodrguez-Vellando, P.; Apuntes de ecuaciones
diferenciales. Alicaciones a la Ingeniera.ETSICCP,
2007. Concepto impartido en Clculo II.
Mar,
Mar A.
A et al; Hormign
Hormign armado y pretensado
pretensado.
Ejercicios. Ediciones UPC, 1999. OJO no cumple
EHE-08. Ejercicios de acciones.
15
1. Introduccin
Hormign
Acero
16
2. Hiptesis adoptadas
1.
EQUILIBRIO
2.
COMPATIBILIDAD
3.
ECUACIONES CONSTITUTIVAS
0.6 f ck , j c f ct ,k , j
p f pk
c Ec c
p E p p
H k llaw
Hookes
17
Estado/s de vaco
pp(+cp)
P1
P2
pp(+cp)
18
Estado/s de servicio
pp+cp+sc
P1
P2
pp+cp+sc
19
2. Hiptesis adoptadas
4.
1 d2y
M
c 2
r dx
EI 1
*
2. Hiptesis adoptadas
5.
Evol.
E
l d
de llas propiedades
i d d d
dell h
hormign
i con lla edad
d d a T
T=20C
20C
PR
ROPIEDAD
fc/fc,28
fct/fct,28
Ec/Ec,28
Ec/Ec
28
h.end.normal
Ec/Ec,28 h.end
rpido
14
21
28
35
42
49
56
EDAD (das)
21
23
24
v
e(X)
cdg
P*
+
V
x
M
N
N P* P*ey My
c ( x, y , t )
Ac Ac
Ic
Ic
P* p P( x, t ) cos
25
4. Procedimiento operativo
1. Predimensionamiento de la estructura
Experiencia previa
Tablas, criterios, recomendaciones de
dimensionamiento
2. Obtencin de leyes
y de esfuerzos para
combinaciones de cargas externas
3. Seleccin de secciones crticas
Tpicamente,
p
, centros de vano ((vigas
g isostticas),
),
vertical de apoyos (hiperestticas)
26
4. Procedimiento operativo
4. Definicin de pares (N1, M1) y (N2, M2)
(vaco y servicio) en secciones crticas
5. Seleccin de tensiones lmite
6. Definicin de la excentricidad e en
secciones crticas en funcin de la
geometra
27
4. Procedimiento operativo
7. Planteamiento de inecuaciones
VACO
SERVICIO
cc ,adm
N1 P * P * ev M 1v
ct ,adm
Ac Ac
Ic
Ic
cc ,adm
N1 P * P * ev ' M 1v '
ct ,adm [2]
Ac Ac
Ic
Ic
cc ,adm
N 2 P * P * ev M 2v
ct ,adm
Ac Ac
Ic
Ic
cc ,adm
N 2 P * P * ev ' M 2 v '
ct ,adm [4]
Ac Ac
Ic
Ic
P* p P( x, t ) cos
[1]
[3]
28
4. Procedimiento operativo
Representacin grfica (ejemplo)
VACO (t = 28 d)
5.3
ct,adm
-7.68
-2.38
= 2.0
-30.23
= -18
-18.37
11.86
cc,adm
SERVICIO (t = )
3 91
3.91
-7
7.68
68
-8
8.34
34
-12
12.11
11
ct,adm
-22.28
11.86
= 2.0
12.88
2.46
cc,adm
= -18
29
4. Procedimiento operativo
8. Elaboracin del diagrama de Magnel (1889-1955)
Pe
tan
Pemax
emax
P
2
emax
1
Pmin Pmax
31
4. Procedimiento operativo
9. Seleccin del valor de P en la seccin crtica
para
pa
a la
a vida
da t
til de la
a est
estructura
uctu a
Pmn P P (t ) Pi Pmx
Suponiendo
p
15% de Pi y 20% de Pdif, se
predimensiona con P0 1.55Pmin
Si [Pmin, Pmax] es insuficiente, se reduce emax (lo
que conlleva aumentar P)
Si P0 << Pmax, la seccin est sobredimensionada
P0 slo se fija tras el clculo completo de prdidas
32
4. Procedimiento operativo
10. Materializar el pretensado en forma de
te do es
tendones
33
5. Ncleo central
Tensin para N = 0, M = 0:
N P* P*ey My
M
P* P*ey
P*
cy
Ac Ac
Ic
Ic
Ac
Ic
Ac
Ic
(radio de giro)
Ac
ey
1 2
v0
v' 0
P*
cy
Ac
eyy
2
2
1 2 0 v e v '
34
5. Ncleo central
P
c
cv = 0
c'
v'
v'
c'
cv' = 0
cv 0
e c'
cv ' 0
2
v
ec
2
v'
35
6. Ncleo lmite
Tensin para N = 0:
*
N P* P*ey My
P* e M / P y
1
cy
2
Ac Ac
Ic
Ic
Ac
*
P* e M / P y
2 M1
2 M2
0
cy 1
* e
*
Ac
2
v
P
v
'
P
36
6. Ncleo lmite
cv = 0
c
c'
v'
c
v'
c'
M1
M2
cv' = 0
cv 0
e c '
cv ' 0
M1
P*
ec
M2
P*
37
6. Ncleo lmite
c' c
M2(x)/P*
NCLEO LMITE
M1(x)/P*
M1(x)
M2(x)
38
6. Ncleo lmite
6. Ncleo lmite
6. Ncleo lmite
Ejercicios propuestos:
1 Cul es el ncleo lmite si la tensin de
1.
traccin admisible es fct,k?
2. Calcular el ncleo lmite a compresin.
3. Calcular el ncleo lmite p
para elementos
sometidos a traccin pura.
4 Dibujar a estima el ncleo lmite de una
4.
mnsula sometida a cargas uniformemente
repartidas
repartidas.
41
43
4hf 2
8hf
y 2 x y 2
L
L
P
8 Phf
n Py
P 2
r
L
88Ph
Phf
w
En trazados tendidos, P
L2
44
P
wP
MwP
Mw(pp+cp)
Mw(pp+cp+sc)
45
Predimensionamiento: seleccin de wP
Pretensado dbil: compensar el 100% de la
carga permanente
Pretensado medio: compensar el 100% de
la carga permanente y el 50% de la
sobrecarga
Pretensado fuerte: compensar el 100% de
las cargas
A partir de wP y condicionantes geomtricos,
se definen h y P
46
Interesa radio
mnimo de curvatura
de los tendones
Puntos de
inflexin
47
M TIL M 2 M 1
M 1 P * c ' e
*
M
P
c e
2
Se define el rendimiento ()
cc'
2
h
v v '
M til P
c c ' P h
*
T
Tanteo
inicial
i i i ld
de lla ffuerza d
de pretensado
d
M til
P
h
*
pd
pe
Lc
Lt
l. transmisin
distancia a
extremo viga
longitud de anclaje
LONGITUD DE TRANSMISIN: Lt
LONGITUD COMPLEMENTARIA A TRACCIN: Lc
50
pd
x P (t )
, x lt
lt A p
P(t ) x lt
Ap ld lt
f pd P(t ) , lt x ld
Ap
pd f pd , x ld
Lc
Lt
52
x l0
P (t )
lt
P ( x l0 lt ) P (t )
pd
P ( t ) x ( l 0 l t )
P ( t )
f pd
, l0 lt x l d
Ap
( l d l t )
A p
53
54
T.Y.Lin
Born in Fuzhou,
Fuzhou China as the fourth of eleven children,
children he was raised in
Beijing where his father was a justice of the ROC's Supreme Court. He did
not begin formal schooling until age 11, and only so because his parents
forged his birth year to be 1911 so that he would qualify. At only 14, entered
Jiaotong University's
University s (now Southwest Jiaotong University)
University), having earned
the top score in math and the second best score overall in the college
entrance exams for his entering class. He graduated with a bachelor's
degree in civil engineering in 1931 and left for the United States, where he
earned his master's degree in civil engineering from the University of
California, Berkeley in 1933. Lin's master's thesis was the first student thesis
published by the American Society of Civil Engineers.
Lin returned to China after g
graduation to work with the Chinese Ministry
y of
Railways. Before too long he earned the reputation of being a good
engineer. This positioned him to become the chief bridge engineer of the
and oversaw the design and construction of more than 1,000 bridges. He
y to jjoin its faculty
y in 1946,, and began
g to research and
returned to UC Berkeley
develop the practice of prestressed concrete. Lin retired in 1976 to work full
time at T.Y. Lin International, a firm he founded in 1954. He left that firm in
1992 to found a new company which oversees engineering projects in China.55
When Lin received the National Medal of Science from President Ronald Reagan
in 1986, he handed over a 16-page plan for a 50-mile bridge linking Alaska and
Siberia across the Bering Strait
Strait, a project he dubbed the Intercontinental Peace
Bridge. He also proposed a bridge across the Strait of Gibraltar that would have
16,000 foot spans and 3,000 feet tall towers. Lin was also the first recipient of the
A.S.C.E. lifetime achievement in design award, and the society renamed the
prestressed concrete award to the T
T.Y.
Y Lin award
award.
Lin fought against the pressures of economy by incorporating more aesthetics into
his bridges and developing new techniques that increased economy. Lin believed
g
g approach
pp
should be a g
global vision of the bridge.
g To fit the
that "engineering
environment and to express the structural forces and moments, and nature itself."
Attention had to be paid not only to the details of the bridge, but also to the
surrounding landscape. Prestressing the concrete allowed Lin to accomplish the
goal of incorporating
g
p
g unique
q shapes
p without sacrificing
g the bottom line.
Among his engineering accomplishments were the Moscone Convention Center
in San Francisco, the Kuan Du Bridge in Taiwan, and the roof of the in Caracas,
Venezuela.
He died of a heart attack at age 91.
91 His El Cerrito home is the world's first
residential structure made of prestressed concrete. His home features a 1,000
square foot dance floor serving as monument to his favorite pastime, dancing.
56