http://dx.doi.org/10.12702/ii.inovagri.

2014-a292

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, CROP COEFFICIENTS AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF

FOUR FOREST SEEDLINGS SPECIES IN DIFFERENT SHADING LEVELS
C. C. da Silva1; A. C. da Silva2; V. S. Kazama1; W. F. B. Demartini3; E. M. Borges4; A. P. Souza2
ABSTRACT: This work aimed to determine the crop coefficient (Kc) values, crop evapotranspiration
(ETc) and water use efficiency (WUE) of four forest species in Fabaceae family as Adenanthera pavonina,
Cassia fistula, Parkia pendula and Hymenolobium petraeum, in three shading levels with poliefinas black
screen (0, 50, and 65%), in Sinop-MT region. The Kc values were determined through ratio between ETc
and ETo (reference evapotranspiration). The ETo was estimated by Penmam-Monteith FAO 56
methodology. The ETc values were determined by containers weighing with plants from 21 DAT (days
after transplanting). Exotic species as Adenanthera pavonina and Cassia fistula had the highest values of
ETc, Kc and WUE in three shading levels in comparison with native species as Parkia pendula and
Hymenolobium petraeum. The forest species indicated at 71 DAT were ready for the next seedlings
production process phase. The average Kc values ranged from 0.72 at 0.83 under full sun; 0.61 at 0.73 to
50% shading; and 0.58 at 0.66 to 65% shading. The leaf area index showed increasing trend with
evapotranspiration stabilization after total substrate coverage. Occurred differences between native and
exotic species in cumulative evapotranspiration.
KEYWORDS: irrigation management, forest species, water relations

EVAPOTRANSPIRAO, COEFICIENTES DE CULTIVO E EFICINCIA DO USO DA

GUA DE MUDAS DE QUATRO ESPCIES FLORESTAIS EM DIFERENTES NVEIS DE
SOMBREAMENTO
RESUMO: Objetivou-se determinar os valores de coeficiente de cultivo (Kc), evapotranspirao da cultura
(ETc) e a eficincia do uso da gua de quatro espcies florestais da famlia Fabaceae, Adenanthera
pavonina, Cassia fistula, Parkia pendula e Hymenolobium petraeum, em trs nveis de sombreamento de
telas poliefinas pretas (0, 50, e 65%), na regio de Sinop MT. Os valores de Kc foram determinados por
meio da razo entre ETc e ETo (evapotranspirao de referncia). A ETo foi estimada pela metodologia
proposta por Penmam-Monteith FAO 56. Os valores de ETc foram determinados por pesagem dos
recipientes com as mudas a partir dos 21 DAT (Dias aps transplantio),. As espcies exticas Adenanthera
pavonina e Cassia fistula apresentaram maiores valores de ETc, Kc e EUA nos trs nveis de
sombreamento em comparao com as nativas Parkia pendula e Hymenolobium petraeum. As espcies
florestais indicaram aos 71 DAT, estarem prontas para a prxima fase do processo de produo de mudas.
Os valores mdios de Kc variaram de 0,72 a 0,83 a pleno sol; de 0,61 e 0,73 em 50% de sombreamento; e
de 0,58 e 0,66 para 65% de sombreamento. Os ndices de rea foliar foram crescentes, propiciando a
estabilizao da evapotranspirao aps cobertura total do substrato. Ocorreram diferenas na
evapotranspirao acumulada entre espcies exticas e nativas.
PALAVRAS-CHAVES: manejo de irrigao, espcies florestais, relaes hdricas

Bolsista Pibic CNPq, Graduanda em Engenharia Florestal, ICAA/CUS/UFMT, Sinop Mato Grosso. E-mail:
catiasilvaflorestal@gmail.com.
2
Doutor(a), Prof(a). Adjunto, ICAA/CUS/UFMT, Sinop Mato Groso. E-mail: adilsonpacheco@ufmt.br;
acarvalho@ufmt.br.
3 Bolsista Pibic CNPq, Graduando em Agronomia, ICAA/CUS/UFMT, Sinop Mato Grosso.
4 Mestrando em Cincias Ambientais, ICNHS/CUS/UFMT, Sinop Mato Grosso.
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II INOVAGRI International Meeting, 2014

INTRODUCTION
The demand of forest products, agriculture and agro industrial are increasing with the
population growth. To amend the consequences of this new scenario, especially forestry, species with
high production in afforestation and reforestation programs are being introducing in the country
(Santos et al., 2000; Bolfe et al., 2004).
The eco physiologic studies that indicate the environmental factors influence in survival
distribution and forest species development and helps in the ecosystem comprehension become
fundamental on forestry planning. The forest species planting, as an economic or conservationist way,
need a role care which depends on previous knowledge about their physiology and ecological
requirements in several steps in the development cycle (Pinto et al., 1993).
In general, a large deficiency occur in the initial phase of plants development, indicating that the
planting success depends on seedlings quality, which must be done under appropriate hydric,
nutritional and climatic conditions for each specie. According to Davide & Silva (2008), the forest
nurseries can be understood as delimited areas and with appropriate characteristics to promote the
action of agricultural inputs, equipment and techniques aiming seedlings production with high quality.
Among the mainly used techniques, the irrigation stands out because it allows the seedlings production
in different seasons, to promote the high germinate potential and generate homogeneity on seedlings
development, in function of quantity, uniformity and efficiency of water application, with root zone
availability on correct time (Fernandes & Turco, 2003; Torres, 2012).
In this context, an important parameter in crop water consumption estimate is the
evapotranspiration which, according to Doorenbos e Kassam (1994), the crop water consumption is
dependent on knowledge of local climatic conditions, soil physic hydric characteristics, crop
physiological and morphological characteristics, represented by the crop coefficient (Kc), that
incorporates the crop characteristics and the soil evaporating effects, varying during the crop cycle
depending on growth rates (Allen et al., 1998; Souza et al., 2011). In general, to irrigation
management, the crop coefficients can be obtained by crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and reference
evapotranspiration (ETo) rate, in different plants phenological phase (Bernado et al., 2006; Gomide &
Maeno, 2008).
In greenhouse or shading conditions occurs high control of local microclimatic conditions,
which allow obtaining seedlings and or products with better quality. Several are the alterations into
this environment when compared to planting in the field, especially on solar radiation incidence and
wind speed, thermal amplitude and with evapotranspiration reduction. According to Viana et al.
(2003), this reduction intensity is dependent on the installation characteristics, cover (density, color
and time of use), management conditions and soil cover.
The aim of this study was to determine the evapotranspiration, crop coefficient and water use
efficiency and correlate it with the vegetative growth index of Adenanthera pavonina (L.), Cassia
fistula (L.), Parkia pendula (Willd.) e Hymenolobium petraeum (Ducke) forest seedlings, in different
shading levels, in Sinop, Mato Grosso State, Brazil.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experiment was done at Mato Grosso Federal University, Sinop University Campus
(1151'58"S e 5530'56"W), during 71 days (06/16 to 08/27/2012). According to Kppen
classification, the region weather is tropical hot and humid (Aw), characterized by two seasons: rainy
(between October and April) and dry (between May and September), and small annual thermal
amplitude, with monthly averages range between 23.5 C and 25.5 C and maximum temperature
below 36 C (Souza et al., 2013).
The suspended Wood-based nurseries were used with dimensions of 1.5 x 5.0 x 1.0 m (width x
length x height). The seeds were collected from health arrays trees which belong to the city. The
germination occurred on germitex paper, into BOD growth chamber, with constant temperature of 30
C. The Holambra commercial substrate was used in the seedlings production (compost by Pinus bark
biostabilized, vegetal turf, expanded vermiculite and acidy correctives), fertilization based on NPK
(04-14-08) and forest soil in proportion of 500 g of fertilizer : 12.5 kg of substrate : 40 kg of soil.
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The used treatments were black poliefinas of 50 and 65% of global radiation attenuation and
without cover. Was adopted the completely randomized design, with 10 repetitions for each specie in
each evaluation. In the evapotranspiration determination was done a daily weighting of recipients
(plastic bags) with the seedlings to define the ETc with weight difference. The ETo was estimated by
Penman-Monteith FAO 56 (Allen et al., 1998), with data from Automatic Weather Station of UFMT,
Sinop campus. The daily water reposition was defined to maintain the recipient initial weight (plastic
bags with substrate) in field capacity (equivalent of 1.70 kg). Based on daily rates between ETc and
ETo was defined the crop coefficient (Kc). The water use efficiency (WUE) to four forest species was
defined by the rate between the dry mass and total hydric demand on the finalization time of the
seedlings production cycle, before the acclimation, 71 days after transplanting (DAT).
The growth analysis was given by five destructive evaluations, with root system volume, fresh
and dry mass of different plant parts: leaves, stem and root, in intervals of 15 days. The nondestructive
evaluations (stem diameter, plant height and leaves and folioles number) occurred weekly.
The data were analyzed with Sisvar program (5.0 version), being done variance analysis and
mean comparisons (when significant) by Tukey test (at 5% of probability).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It was observed significant interactions between sampling times and shading levels for the
evaluated growth variables, especially for exotic plants. The changes in dry mass showed differences
only for C. fistula and A. pavonina at all shading levels from 30 DAT (Table 1), with greater increases
in dry mass at 65 % of shading to C. fistula and 50 % shade for other species.
The dry mass variations were influenced by absolute seedling growth variables, the increased
level of shading led to a linear increase of stem diameter for H. petraeum and height for A. pavonina
(Table 2). The main differences within the same shade level occurred for seedlings of C. fistula and A.
pavonina when compared with P. pendula, since they showed the highest development rates for three
evaluated shading levels. Although the linear trend of height growth in response to the increase on
shading intensity to be very common in the tropical forest species juvenile phase, this response varies
with the adaptability of each species (Uchida and Campos, 2000).
Unlike height, the stem diameter is an important morphological parameter to evaluate the
species hardiness in the seedling stage, showing a strong correlation between the survival percentage
and seedlings growth in the field (Rosa et al., 2009). In general, there was no influence of shading
levels for this variable, except for Angelim pedra seedlings (Table 2).
The volume of C. fistula and A. pavonina roots after 60 DAT varied between 1.5 and 2.4 cm 3 at
different shading levels (Table 3). The two Angelim studied species showed that the total fresh mass
of 74.08 and 83.28% lower than in C. fistula and 84.76 and 90.15% lower than A. pavonina in the
shading absence. Overall, it was observed reductions between fresh mass and total dry mass of 41.92,
25.64, 33.55 and 24.36% to Angelim pedra, Angelim saia, Cassia and Fake Pau Brazil, respectively,
when implemented in full sun.
To Dipteryx odorata, Uchida & Campos (2000) found a trend of dry matter accumulation in
leaves, stem and roots with decreased shading levels. However, an excess of shading (above 70 %)
promotes the seedling growth reduction (Dutra et al., 2012). According to Silva et al. (2007), the
Hymenaea parvifolia seedlings have higher dry matter production under 50 % of shade, while Dantas
et al. (2009) found that Caesalpinia pyramidalis seedlings are not influenced by variation in
brightness.
According to Silva et al. (2011) the growth analysis expresses the physical and physiological
conditions of the plant and quantifies the production, derived from the photosynthetic process, being
the result of the assimilatory system performance, over a time period, this performance being
influenced by biotic and abiotic factors on plant mainly regarding the water availability. In general, the
growth rates of plants are genetically controlled and the factors that determine different initial growth
rates have an effect only during the exponential growth phase of the plants, decreasing in intensity as
the plants develop (Carvalho and Nakagawa, 2000).
Therefore, in Figure 1 and Table 4 are showed the polynomial behavior of leaf area, crop
growth rate and relative growth rate, indicating that reaching full development at the seedling stage
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(before hardening for transplanting in the field), because they are perennials occur increasing on trends
of three aforementioned variables.
In Figure 2 are presented the ETc variations in three shading levels (full sun, 50 and 65 %),
regardless the species, the highest evapotranspiration values occurred in full sun, with variations
between 1.26 and 3.91 mm day-1. In full sun and 50 % of shade, the exotic species of C. fistula and A.
pavonina showed 2.59 and 2.12, 2.87 and 2.12 mm day-1, respectively, these ETc values being higher
when compared with the native species as H. petraeum and P. pendula with 2.62 and 1.98, 2.37 mm
and 2.40 day-1, respectively. At 65 % of shading, the ETc averages of native species surpass the
averages of exotic plants. The average of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in the period in which the
seedlings remained in the nursery (75 days) was 3.68 mm day -1. The highest evapotranspiration values
(Figure 1) occurred between 40 and 60 DAT, period of greater seedling growth.
The average of crop coefficients (Figure 3) were: i) full sun: between 0.72 and 0.83; 50 % of
shading: from 0.61 to 0.73; and 65 % of shading between 0 58 and 0.66, similar behavior to ETc for
different treatments and species.
The Table 5 shows the data of dry mass (g), the water depth (mm day-1) and the water use
efficiency (kg m-3) obtained for the four evaluated forest species. The exotic species showed higher
total dry mass, applied water and WUE in relation to native species. With the shadings
implementation, had a decrease of applied water, and among the species were significant differences,
but A. pavonina and C. fistula presented the highest irrigation levels compared to H. petraeum and P.
pendula, probably due to leaf surface of exotic species be larger than the native species. The water use
efficiency of P. pendula and H. petraeum showed no significant differences between the treatments,
however A.pavonina e C. fistula had higher WUE in 50 % of shading.
CONCLUSIONS
The two evaluated shading levels (50 and 65%) had no influence on the P. pendula and H.
petraeum development, however, caused an increase in fresh and total dry mass of C. fistula and A.
pavonina seedlings from 30 DAT.
The evapotranspiration of forest seedlings in the nursery and the crop coefficients (Kc)
decreased with the increasing of shading levels. Exotic species showed different evapotranspiration
and water use efficiency which showed by native species under nursery conditions. The Kc average
values ranged between 0.58 and 0.83, while the average of daily evapotranspiration ranged between
1.98 and 2.87 mm day-1 for the four studied species.
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for granting the
scientific initiation scholarship.
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DAVIDE, A.C.; SILVA, E.A.A. Produo de sementes e mudas de espcies florestais. Lavras:
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DOORENBOS, J.; KASSAM, A. H. Efeito da gua no rendimento das culturas. Campina Grande:
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DUTRA, T.R.; GRAZZIOTTI, P.H.; SANTANA, R.C.; MASSAD, M.D. Desenvolvimento inicial de
mudas de copaba sob diferentes nveis de sombreamento e substratos. Cincia Agronmica, v.43,
n.2, p.321-329, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-66902012000200015
FERNANDES, E.J.; TURCO, J.E.P. Evapotranspirao de referncia para manejo da irrigao em
cultura de soja. Irriga, Botucatu, v.8, n.2, p 132-141, mai-ago, 2003.
GOMIDE, R.L.; MAENO, P. Requerimento de gua pelas culturas. In: ALBUQUERQUE, P. E. P.;
DURES, F. O. M. Uso e manejo de irrigao. Braslia, DF: Embrapa Informao Tecnolgica,
2008. p.227-253.
MOTA, L. L.; BOTON, D.; FONSECA, R. C.; SILVA, W. C.; SOUZA, A. P. Balano hdrico
climatolgico e classificao climtica da regio de Sinop, Mato Grosso. Scientific Electronic
Archives, Sinop, v.3, n.2, p 38-44, mai-ago, 2013.
PINTO, A.M.; VARELA, V.P.; BATALHA, L.F.P. Influncia do sombreamento no desenvolvimento
de mudas de Louro Pirarucu (Licaria canella (Meissn.) Kostern.). Acta Amazonica, v.23, n.2,
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ROSA, L.S.; VIEIRA, T.A.; SANTOS, D.S.; SILVA, L.C.B. Emergncia, crescimento e padro de
qualidade de mudas de Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke sob diferentes nveis de
sombreamento e profundidades de semeadura. Revista de Cincias Agrrias, v.52, n.1, p.87-98,
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no crescimento de mudas de Hymenaea parvifolia Huber. Revista rvore, Viosa, v.31, n.6,
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(Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. Fabaceae), cultivas em viveiro. Acta Amaznica, v.30, n.1,
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Table 1. Dry mass (in grams) of four forest species at the initial development stage (up to 60 DAT), in
different shading conditions.
Days after Transplanting (DAT)
15
30
45
60
Hymenolobium petraeum
Full Sun (0%)
0.0469 Aa
0.0473 Aa
0.0743 Aa
0.0956 Aa
0.2076 Aa
50%
0.0527 Aa
0.044 Aa
0.1662 Aa
0.1599 Aa
0.2243 Aa
65%
0.0531 Aa
0.0168 Aa
0.1102 Aa
0.1410 Aa
0.2210 Aa
Parkia pendula
Full Sun (0%)
0.0275 Aa
0.0255 Aa
0.0427 Aa
0.0644 Aa
0.1090 Aa
50%
0.0408 Ab
0.0363 Ab
0.0586 Aab
0.0717 Aab
0.2357 Aa
65%
0.0383 Aa
0.0448 Aa
0.0549 Aa
0.0355 Aa
0.0752 Aa
Cssia - Cassia fstula
Full Sun (0%)
0.0601 Ac
0.1032 Ac
0.1059 Ac
0.3635 Ab
0.7803 Ba
50%
0.0586 Ac
0.2073 Abc
0.1548 Ac
0.3589 Ab
0.7513 Ba
65%
0.0519 Ac
0.1190 Ac
0.1350 Ac
0.3501 Ab
0.9730 Aa
Adenanthera pavonina
Full Sun (0%)
0.1105 Ab
0.0732 Ab
0.0782 Ab
0.0722 Ab
0.7202 Ba
50%
0.1244 Ac
0.1261 Ac
0.1835 Ac
0.4601 Bb
1.1670 Aa
65%
0.1243 Ac
0.1470 Ac
0.1500 Ac
0.4505 Bb
0.7616 Ba
Means followed by the same uppercase and lowercase letters in the column lines do not differ by Tukey test at 5%
probability.
Shading Levels

Table 2. Nondestructive growth variables of four tree species at the initial development stage (up to 75
DAT), in different shading conditions.
Shading Levels

Hymenolobium petraeum
Parkia pendula
Cassia fistula
Adenanthera pavonina
Coleto diameter (mm)
Full Sun (0%)
1.3 Bc
1.80 Abc
2.07 Aab
2.35 Aa
50%
1.9 Aa
2.00 Aa
2.00 Aa
2.40 Aa
65%
2.2 Ab
1.80 Aab
2.13 Aab
2.50 Aa
Leaves number
Full Sun (0%)
3.70 Ab
4.30 Ab
3.47 Ab
11.70 Aa
50%
4.50 Ab
4.50 Ab
3.47 Ab
9.45 Ba
65%
4.10 Ab
3.70 Ab
3.87 Ab
9.50 Ba
Plants height (cm)
Full Sun (0%)
10.40 Aa
7.60 Ba
10.80 Aa
10.35 Ba
50%
8.90 Ab
11.00 Aab
12.67 Aa
13.30 Aa
65%
10.00 Abc
7.50 Bc
12.13 Aab
14.65 Aa
Means followed by the same uppercase and lowercase letters in the column lines do not differ by Tukey test at 5%
probability.

Table 3. Mean values of destructive variables to growth analysis of four forest species in the initial
development stage in different shading conditions.
Species

VR cm3)

Hymenolobium petraeum
Parkia pendula
Cassia fistula
Adenanthera pavonina

0.15 Ba
0.1 Ba
1.5 Ab
1.6 Ab

Hymenolobium petraeum
Parkia pendula
Cassia fistula
Adenanthera pavonina

0.03 Ca
0.1 Ca
1.8 Bb
2.4 Aa

Hymenolobium petraeum
Parkia pendula
Cassia fistula
Adenanthera pavonina

0.1 Ca
0.1 Ca
2.4 Ba
1.9 Ab

Nf

MFT (g)
Full Sun (0%)
9.6 Ba
0.5302 Ca
11.3 Ba
0.3421Ca
12.1 Ba
2.0457 Ba
199.1 Aa
3.4747 Aa
50% shading
11.7 Ba
0.6674 Ca
13.5 Ba
0.7841 Ca
11.50 Ba
2.3974 Ba
208.6 Aa
3.5667 Aa
65% shading
11.4 Ba
0.4144 Ba
8.8 Ba
0.5025 Ba
11.1 Ba
3.0475 Aa
216.8 Aa
3.9109 Aa

MST (g)

MSR (%)

MSC (%)

MSF (%)

0.2076 Ba
0.1091 Ba
0.7803 Aa
0.7202 Ab

14.74
24.40
47.62
19.19

18.35
43.76
7.37
8.10

66.91
31.83
45.01
72.71

0.2243 Ca
0.2357 Ca
0.7413 Ba
1.1669 Aa

19.08
16.80
55.16
13.34

19.22
15.10
9.58
24.84

61.70
68.10
35.26
61.82

0.2196 Ba
0.0752 Ba
0.9607 Aa
0.7616 Ab

15.94
24.34
45.45
25.18

27.28
27.66
8.32
7.55

56.79
48.01
46.24
67.27

Means followed by the same capital letters in column (within species) and lower in columns (within levels of shading) do not differ by Tukey
test at 5% probability. VR: root system volume (cm 3) Nf: number of leaflets; MFT: Total fresh mass (g); MST: total dry mass (g); MSR: root
dry mass; MSC: stem dry mass; MSF: leaf dry mass.

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Table 4. Polynomial coefficients of the regressions obtained in correlations between leaf area, crop
growth rate (TCC) and relative growth rate (TCR), over 75 DAT, for Cassia fistula at the initial
development stage, in different shading conditions.
Shading Levels

Parkia pendula

Hymenolobium petraeum

Adenanthera pavonina

Species

0%
50%
65%
0%
50%
65%
0%
50%
65%
0%
50%
65%
0%
50%
65%
0%
50%
65%
0%
50%
65%
0%
50%
65%
0%
50%
65%

b
c
Leaf area (cm)
5.4063
-24.425
23.219
5.0565
-17.086
14.252
2.9331
-7.8648
6.7218
Growth rate (g m-2 day-1) - TCC
0.0112
-0.044
0.0372
0.0062
-0.0156
0.0097
0.0005
0.0052
-0.0062
Relative Growth rate (g g-1 day-1) - TCR
2.5388
-10.02
8.6205
0.0737
1.1255
-1.3928
-0.1479
1.8652
-1.9228
Leaf area (cm)
0.5992
-1.994
2.4426
-0.0705
2.38
-1.8108
-0.0292
1.5864
-0.6438
Growth rate (g m-2 day-1) - TCC
0.0014
-0.0096
0.0207
0.0038
-0.0288
0.066
0.0014
-0.0101
0.0233
Relative Growth rate (g g-1 day-1) - TCR
0.5904
-4.2725
9.8409
1.2626
-9.7182
22.796
0.7548
-5.5341
12.49
Leaf area (cm)
0.0564
-0.0529
0.2878
0.4572
-1.7973
1.9266
-0.0101
0.2314
0.1482
Growth rate (g m-2 day-1) - TCC
0.0022
-0.008
0.0067
0.0001
0.0002
-0.0001
0.0003
-0.0007
0.0008
Relative Growth rate (g g-1 day-1) - TCR
0.1333
0.1297
0.0141
1.2509
-4.5653
3.9007
0.5983
-1.9379
1.5169

...
...
...

0.8802
0.9905
0.9691

...
...
...

0.9385
0.9996
0.7883

...
...
...

0.94165
0.9273
0.7452

...
...
...

0.9416
0.9699
0.9979

-0.0124
-0.0402
-0.014

0.9890
0.9900
0.9900

-6.1141
-14.26
-7.4952

0.990
0.990
0.990

...
...
...

0.9577
0.9146
0.719

...
...
...

0.8980
0.9545
0.9979

...
...
...

0.9333
0.8192
0.9929

Table 5. Water depth (mm) applied and water use efficiency (kg m-3) for four tree species at the
initial development stage on 75 DAT, in different shading conditions.
Species
Wather depth (mm day-1)
Parkia pendula
Hymenolobium petraeum
Adenantera pavonina
Cassia fistula
Wather use efficiency - EUA (kg m-3)
Parkia pendula
Hymenolobium petraeum
Adenantera pavonina
Cassia fistula

Full Sun (0%)

50%

65%

137,69 Db
154,82 Ca
178,16 Ba
178,86 Aa

139,22 Ba
116,80 Dc
131,68Cb
146,35Ab

117,63 Dc
125,90 Bb
124,49 Cc
136,00Ac

0,791 Ba
1,340 Ba
4,044 Ab
4,362 Ab

1,692 Ca
1,922 Ca
8,862 Aa
5,133 Bab

0,639 Ba
1,746 Ba
6,118 Ab
7,156 Aa

Means followed by the same capital letters in column (within species) and lower in columns (within levels of shading) do not differ by Tukey
test at 5% probability.

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II INOVAGRI International Meeting, 2014

Figure 1. Regressions of leaf area (LA), growth rate of culture (TCC) and growth relative rate
for Cassia fistula at the initial stage of development, in different shading conditions.

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Seedlings evapotranspiration (mm)

C. C. da Silva et al.

Crop coefficient (Kc)

Figure 2. Evapotranspiration (mm day-1) of four forest species seedlings at different shading levels (0,
50 and 65%), over 75 DAT, A) Cassia fistula, B) Adenanthera pavonina, C) Hymenolobium petraeum
and D) Parkia pendula.

Days after transplanting (DAT)

Full sun

Figure 3. Crop coefficients (Kc) of seedlings on nursery period under three shading levels, T1 (full
sun), T2 (50%) and T3 (65%), depending on transplanting day (DAT). A) Cssia fistula, B)
Adenanthera pavonina, C) Hymenolobium petraeum, D) Parkia pendula.
2176