SHABAN BOOLKET

SHABAN BOOLKET

SHABAN
CIVIL
ENGINEERS
BOOKLET
Prepared by Consultant Civil
Engineer:

Majed A. Shaban Akree

Mobile No. for Viber and WhatsApp:

+964 770 446 1234

IRAQ - Erbil 2016

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INDEX
Subject
1- GENERAL
2- STEEL
3- BUILDINGS
4- ROADS
5- SANITARY
6- CONCRETE
7- ESTIMATION
8- Electrical &
Mechanical

Page
5
20
38
63
98
112
128
139

9- Miscellaneous

149

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GENERAL

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Conversions
1
1
1
1
1

mile
barrel
Inch
kg.
horse
Power
1 hector
1 acre
1 donam
1 Olk
1 bar
1 kg.
1 bar
1 gallon
1 Psi

1.609
210
2.5
2.204
745.7

km
Liter
cm
lb.
watt.

10000 m2
4046.86 m2
2500
m2
100
m2
1.019 kg/cm2
9.81 Newton
105
Pascal
3.785
Liter
6.89
N/m2
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Densities
MATERIAL

kg/m3

Concrete
Asphalt Conc.
Bricks
Cement
Clay(wet)
Cement mortar
Concrete
(Reinforced )
Gypsum
Sand
Concrete Blocks
Gravel
Steel
Wood (average)
Water

2300
2400
1900
1400
2080
1440
2400

1200
1650
1400
1800
7850
400-700
1000

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ASTM Soil Classification

Class % sand % silt

% clay

sand
80-100
0-20
0-20
Sandy
Loam
50-80
0-50
0-20
loam
30-50
30-50
0-20
Silty
Loam
0-50
50-100
0-20
Sandy
C.L.
50-80
0-30
20-30
clay L.
20-50
20-50
20-30
Silty
C.L.
0-30
50-80
20-32
Sandy
Clay
50-70
0-20
30-50
Clay
0-50
0-50
30-100
Silty
Clay
0-20
50-70
30-50
S= sand passing (2- 0.05mm)
L= loam passing ( 0.05-0.005 mm)
C= clay passing(less than 0.005mm)

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Soils Bearing Capacity

TYPE

kg/cm2

Hard rock

30 - 40

Rock

10 - 20

Loose rock

8 -12

Gravel &
sand
Coarse
sand
Hard dry
clay
Clay &
sand
Fine sand

6 10
3-5
2-3
1.5 - 2
1-2

Loose clay

0.5-0.75

Filling soils

0.25- 0.50

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Materials Tests -1
Important tests
Item
Bitumen Penetration test every
Filler
Bricks
Cement

supplied Tanker .
Gradation every day , or when
source changed
Compressive strength & water
absorption , specimen of 50
bricks every 20 000 unit .
Compressive strength,
fineness and chemical test for
each 100 ton .
Gradation test one sample for
every 50 m3 of supplied
material .

Gravel
and
Sand
Sanitary Thickness, weight per unit
length, and thickness of
pipes
Galvanized layer for each
supplied quantity.

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Materials Tests 2
Item
Mosaic
Tiles
Gypsum

Building
stones
Concrete
blocks
Steel
bars
Concrete

Important tests
Modules of Rapture,
absorption Mosaic thick for
every (3000) unit .
Compressive strength, color
, and chemical tests for
every (150) tom.
Compressive strength and
absorption test , for every
(100) m3
Compressive strength and
absorption , 20 sample for
every 10 000 unit.
Tensile strength, Elongation
for every (25) Ton.
Compressive strength for
every (50)m3 , or per day
work and slump test.

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Materials Tests 3
Item
Paints

Stinger
Tiles
Concrete
Pipes

Damp
proofing
bitumen
Water for
concrete

Important tests
Mineral content , coloring
material , oil and Resin ,
one gallon as sample
every 100 gallon .
Modulus of Rupture , % of
absorption , 6 samples for
each 5000 unit .
Nominal Internal Diameter
with tolerance of + , - 10 %
, Crushing test , absorption
one sample for each 50
units
Flexibility , Heat resistant ,
and Tensile resistant , one
sample for each source .
% of So4 , % of salt ,
Alkalinity or acidity , one
sample for each source .

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Timber size for

FORM WORKS
Part of
form work

Timber thickness or
size in mm

Sheetings
25 to 50
Beam&
column
25 to 50
side
Beam
50
bottom
Ledgers
50 x 100 to 75 x 200
Posts
50 x 100 to 75 x 200
75 x 100 to 150 x
Joists
150
Column
50 x 100 to 100 x
Yoke
100
Studs and 50 x 150 to 150 x
walling
150

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Expansion joints
T = C x L x Co
T = Total expansion joint width in (mm)
C = coefficient of linear expansion
L = length of structure in mm
Co= change of temperature in centigrade.

Material

C mm/mm/co

Structural
steel
Concrete
Masonry
Reinforced
concrete

0.0000017
0.0000094
0.000013

NOTE: For concrete structure an

expansion joint to be provided every
(15-20)m interval, for fences (5-6)m,
and for Retaining walls (8-10)m,this
when it is not computed as above.

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LEVEL CHECKING
a1
A

b1
B

p
d1

a2
A

Fig : 1

d2
b2
B

d1+d2

Level Instr.

Fig : 2
Q

d3

Error(e) =
( a2 - b2 ) - ( a1 - b1 ) / ( d1 + d2)
1-At Fig 1 , Put level at point P and
Take levels at A & B , read a1,b1
2-At Fig 2 , Take levels at A & B ,
while the level is at Q point, read
a2 , b2
3-Calculate e, allowable error is equal
+,- 0.5 mm per each 10 m length.
4- d1,d2,& d3 are about 25 m.l each .
5- C= 0.0675 k2
C= Leveling curvature correction
in meters
K= Leveled Distance in Kilometers

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Piles foundations
Types of piles:
1- Timber piles , 2- Steel H-piles ,
3- Steel pipe piles , 4- Precast concrete
piles , 5- Concrete piles , 6- Composite
piles of different materials .
Main Purpose of using Piles:
1- High Structural Load compression or
uplift pressure.
2- Weak Bearing of upper layer of soil .
3- High Lateral Pressure .
For piles Load Carrying Capacity (Q)

Q = Q1 + 2 * * r * f * D
where :
Q1 = Base Resistance in Ton
r = Circular Pile Radius in Meters
f = skin Friction between Pile and soil
which vary from 500-2000 ton/m2
D = Depth of the Foundation in meters .

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SITE ENGINEER TOR -1

TOR = Terms of reference
1- All Project work items should be
Implemented according to Contract
required Technical Specifications .
2- All materials used in the project should
be new , from required sources and
approved by Site Engineer .
3- All construction materials should be
tested according to Construction Works
Specification in the Laboratory .
4- The contractor should check all Project
designs before starting project including
B.M.s, reference points, then re-fix and
add any other necessary points for
construction operation if needed .
5- The contractor should provide and
install Suitable Sing Board For Buildings
projects and station plates For Roads.
6- Any Discrepancies between Project
Drawings and B.O.Q should be studied
reviewed , and decided by Site engineer .

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SITE ENGINEER TOR -2

7-Site Engineer should Supervise the
contractors maintenance and running
operation procedures.
8-Supervise all work being implemented
during the defects liability period.
9-Monitor, assist and supervise
performance tests and start-up of the
project according to contract.
10-Carry out final works inspection and
issue contractors release work final
acceptance certificates.
11-Liaise, organize and chair regular
progress site meetings.
12-Issuing the Project Progress reporting
periodically with Project duration.
13-Organize and participate in all final
acceptance tests, inspections,
proceedings, and final Project handover
proceedings to owners .
14-Issue the Certificate of Final
Completion report and Final Handover
Certificate to the Authorities or owners .

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STEEL

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STEEL BARS WEIGHTS

Bar
Bar Dia.
Dia.
Inch
mm

1 /4
1 /3
3 /8
1 /2
5 /8
3 /4
1.0
1 1/4
1 1/2
1 5/8

6
8
10
12
16
20
25
32
38
40

Kg/ml

Area mm2

0.222
0.395
0.617
0.888
1.580
2.470
3.860
6.315
8.900
9.865

28
50
79
113
201
314
491
805
1134
1257

Steel Bars Density = 7850 kg/m3

General Equation :Steel Bar weight
in kg/ml =
(BAR Diameter )2 / 1.62

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Steel sections weights

Section

Kg

Angle 20mm x 3mm Thick

Angle 25mm x 3mm Thick
Angle 40mm x 4mm Thick
Angle 50mm x 5mm Thick
Channel 75 x 36 x 6 mm
Channel 100 x 50 x 6 mm
Channel 120 x 55 x 7 mm
I-section 100 mm Height
I-section 140 mm Height
I- section 160 mm Height
Flat steel 25mm x 3mm
Thick
Flat steel 35mm x 6mm
Thick

6.0
7.0
14.0
25.0
47.0
62.0
75.0
50.0
82.0
96.0
4.0
9.0

Note : All above weights are for 6.0

meter section length .

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BRC Reinforcing
Bar
Gage Dia. Section
Net weight
61 7.62 2.99
4.69
62 7.01 2.53
3.97
63
6.4
2.11
3.31
64 5.89 1.79
2.8
65 5.38 1.49
2.34
66 4.88 1.23
1.92
67 3.25 0.54
0.86
1- All bars spacing are 15.2X15.2 cm
2-Normally BRC nets are of 2X6 m
diameter.
3- Bar Dia. In mm, section is steel
bars cross section is in cm2 per
meter length.
4 - weight of the Net is in kg / m2.

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Mineral Plate weights

mm Inch
1.1 1/24

Iron
8.13

Steel
8.3

copper
9.3

1.2 1/22

8.9

9.1

10.2

1.3 1/20

9.8

10

11.2

1.4 1/18

10.8

11.1

12.4

1.6 1/16

12.2

12.5

14.0

3.2
6.4

1/8
1/4

24.4
48.8

24.9
49.8

27.6
55.8

10

3/8

71.1

74.7

83.8

NOTES:
1- All weights in kg / m2
12 - 1 / 24 inch means gage.
23- mm & Inch are Thicknesses

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I - Sections for Roofs

Cross
section
(mm) width
x height
55 x 100
64 x 120
73 x 140
82 x 160
100 x 200
110 x 120
120 x 240
135 x 270

Span in
Weight
meters
kg /ml
1.5 -2.0
8.1
2.0 -3.0
10.4
3.0 -3.5
12.9
3.5 -4.0
15.8
4.5 -5.0
22.4
5.0 -5.5
26.2
5.5 -6.0
30.7
6.0 -7.0
36.1
Note:
Maximum Distance between (2)
I -sections is( 80) cm, and Min.
wall bearings in (cm) is =
Span in (cm) / 20

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Min. length= 12 bar x

Diameter
Wall

L/7
L/5
L/4

Span = L
L/5
Wall

l/4
l/3

Span = l
L= Span of edge panel
l = Span of intermediate panel

26

Note : This values used for slab or

beam on ordinary Bearing walls .

Standard cutoff Reinforced

steel bend point

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TYPICAL REINFORCEMENT
needed For ordinary works
TYPE

Kg /m3

1 -Slabs and stair cases

(Tension loads)
2 -Beams (stirrups,
Transverse, & Shear
Reinforcement.)
3- Columns and
concrete walls.

120

4 -Concrete Foundations

130

5- Doors and windows

lintels

50

70

150

NOTE:
For (12- 18) cm thick slabs
assume approx. (10) kg/m2

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TYPICAL ( 2 ) Story House

Reinforcing Part- 1
Reinforcement
Dimension
Steel Bars
Width x
Continuous 3 - 16 mm Top,
4 - 16 mm
Depth
Foundation Bottom, stirrups 80*30cm
For walls 10 mm @ 20cm 60*25cm
Type

Rectangul
ar T
Beams ,
(4 5 ) m
span
Square
Columns
up to (4 )m
height

3 16 mm top,
Beam Height
5-16 mm
x Beam width
bottom , with
40*30cm
stirrups 10 mm ,
45 *35cm
@ 20cm.

4 20 mm or 6
- 16 mm , with
30*30 cm
stirrups 10 mm
40*40cm
@ 20cm
spacing.
12 mm @ 20*
Slabs , 20 cm or 10 mm Thickness =
@
12 to 18
stairs up to
15/15cm
cm
(4) m span
spacing.

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TYPICAL ( 2 )Story House

Reinforcing Part- 2
Type

Reinforcement
Dimension
Steel Bars

Slab 20 cm
Top tensile bars
thick on wall
12 mm @ 10 cm
,10 cm at
c/c
end ,
Distribution steel
bearing 40
8 mm @12 cm
cm on wall
Use 12 mm
Parapet 80 steel bars @ 15 10 12 cm
cm height cm c-c , both
thickness
direction
Cantilever, At top 4 - 16 mm
25 * 30 cm
T - beams , bottom 2 - 16
30 * 40 cm
up to 2.0 mm , stirrups 10
40 * 50 cm
length
mm @ 15 cm
Stair case
12 mm @ 15 cm 12 to 15 cm
3.0 m
both direction
thickness
height
Cantilever,
slab up to
2:0 m width
, live load
400 kg / m2

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Steel Bars & Tests

1- Steel bars used for reinforced
concrete should have maximum
carbon content not more that 2%
2- Min. lap distances for splices in
tension steel bars is ( 40 * bar
diameter) but not less than 12
inch (30) cm
3- For compression bars minimum
splices = (26*bar diameter ).
4- Minim positive steel reinforced
required for Flexural members
in concrete is 200/fy. ( psi)
5- Minim laboratory Test specimen
required is 3 for each 25 tons ,
for steel bars Dia . 3/8 , each 35
Ton for bars 3/8 to 5/8 , and
each 45 Ton for bars > 5/8 .
6- Minim Concrete cover for steel
bars is equal to (1. 5) cm .

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Recommended Steel Bars

Spacing
1-For slabs Min. clear distance
between parallel bars = 25 mm up to
25 mm bar Dia. , and equal to
nominal bar Dia. For bigger sizes.
2-For Columns Min. spacing between
longitudinal bars is = 40 mm, up to
25 mm bars diameters , and equal to
1,5 x bar dia. For bigger sizes .
3-For beams and girders , the clear
distance between multiple reinforced
layers should be at least 25 mm .
4-For bridges = 1.5 x bar diameter , or
1.5 x Max. size of aggregate .
5-For walls , slabs Max. spacing of
principle reinforcement should be
450 mm , or 3 x wall or slab
thickness, whichever is smaller.

31

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471

679
1006

1207
1273

1527
1901

2281

2455

2946

3080

3696

4021

4826

5090

6108

5671

6805

Groups of steel bars area (mm2 ) Part -1

6
No
566

3402

393

3054

2268

5
No.

2413

2036

1134

4536
1848

1609

1018

38

4072
1473

1232

805

36

3217
1140

982

616

32

2464
764

760

491

28

1964

604

509

380

25

1520

340

402

255

22

1018

236
226

201

18

805

3
No.
157

113

16

453

2
No.
79

12

314

1
No.

10

4
No.

Dia.
mm

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942

1357
2212

2413
2800

3054

4181

4561

5401

5892

6776

7392

8847

9651

11198

12216

12475

13609

Groups of steel bars area (mm2 ) Part - 2

12
No.
1244

10207

864

9162

9073

11
No.

7238

8144

7939

11341
5544

6434

7126

38

10180
4419

4928

5630

36

8043
3421

3928

4312

32

6160
2291

3041

3437

28

4910

1810

2036

22
2661

25

3801

1018

1609

1782

22

2545

707
905

1408

18

2011

9
No.
628

792

16

1131

8
No.
550

12

785

7
No.

10

10
No.

Dia.
mm

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3.93

5.65
11.49

10.05
14.51

12.70

21.71

19.00

28.05

24.54

35.20

30.80

45.96

40.21

58.17

50.90

64.81

56.71

Groups of steel bars area (cm2 /m. length spacing) part - 1

20
cm
6.46

90.73

4.49

81.44

113.4

17.5
cm

64.34

101.8

151.2

75.61
44.26

80.43

135.7

38

67.87
38.27

61.60

107.2

36

53.62

30.40

49.09

82.13

32

41.07

20.32

38.00

65.45

28

32.72

16.08

25.40

50.67

25

25.33

9.05

20.17

33.87

22

16.93

6.28
11.31

26.81

18

13.40

12.5
cm
7.85

15.08

16

7.54

10
cm
10.47

12

5.24

7.5
cm

10

15c
m

Dia.

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1.95

2.83
5.74

5.03
7.26

6.35
10.86

9.50

14.03

12.28

17.60

15.40

22.98

20.11

29.09

25.45

32.41

28.36

Groups of steel bars area (cm2 /m. length Spacing part 2

40
cm
3.23

41.24

2.23

37.02

45.73

35
cm

29.25

40.72

50.41

37.81
22.40

32.17

45.25

38

33.44
17.85

24.64

35.75

36

26.81
13.82

19.63

27.38

32

20.54
9.24

15.20

21.82

28

16.36

7.31

10.16

16.89

25

12.67

4.11

8.04

11.29

22

8.47

2.86
4.52

8.94

18

6.70

27.5
cm
3.14

5.03

16

3.77

25
cm
3.49

12

2.62

22.5
cm

10

30
cm

dia

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Typical Steel Frames Sections

D

H
S

H
height
(m)

D
In (m)

Section
DIN

Column

Section
DIN

Girder

IPE- 240
IPE- 300
IPE- 300

S
span
In (m)

2 2.5

IPE- 300
IPE- 360
IPE- 360

IPE- 200
IPE- 240
IPE- 240
68

2.5 3

IPE- 360
IPE- 400
IPE- 400

1.5 - 2

15 - 20

8 10

2.5 3.5

5-6

20 30

10 12

10 - 15

30 40

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3
___________

BUILDINGS
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Buildings Requirements-1
Designing Buildings Requirements
used normally in IRAQ :
Application of Loading: IBC
Code 2006 or newest.
Concrete Structure: ACI Code
318-08 Metric version or newest.
Seismicity: IRAQI seismic Code
for buildings Code2/1997(English
version) It can be designed in
accordance to the ACI code by
applying this requirement
Wind Load: Applying 160 km/hr ,
Consider IBC code for the rest of
the regulation.
Designing Methods: Allowable
Stress Design Method for steel
structure and Ultimate Strength
Design for Concrete structures.
Reinforcement details: Should
be according to ACI Detailing
Manual, New Version.

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Buildings Requirements-2

Steel Structure: AISC Code.

Reinforced Bars: Required
strength is 420 Mpa.(Grade 60)
Dia. 16 mm dia. Or more, and
350 Mpa (Grade 50) for others.
Steel Material: Strength of steel
materials used in IRAQ: apply the
criteria according to AISC Code
( A36 , A50).
Soil Investigation: soil
investigation is required for Soil
capacity, Soil layer and
Underground Water Level test
data on soil conditions of the site
Footings: Between pile-footing
and soil strengthening, pilefooting is mostly used in IRAQ.
Structural Analysis Software:
ETABS and STAAD programs are
usually used in IRAQ.

40

2.50

3.50m2
per bed

6.00
10.00
1.80
1.10
2.80

Bed Room.

Kitchen.

Kitchen + dining.

41

Bath room.
W.C.

Bath. +W.C.

1.20

0.80

1.50

2.50

2.00

2.40

9.50

Min.
Min.
2
area m width
m

Living room.

Type

SHABAN BOOLKET

BUILDINGS BYELAWS

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Buildings Minm Required

1- Minimum Height of Living, bed
rooms and Kitchen =2.75 m.
2- Minimum Height of Bath Room and
W.C = 2.4 m.
3- Minim stair case width = 0.8 m.
4- Min. Ventilators Area = 2100 cm2
for every 140 m3 of rooms volume .
5- Minim glass thickness for 0.2 m2
area is 3 mm, for 0.3 m2 is 4 mm ,
for 0.4 m2 is 5mm , and for
0.7 m2 is 6 mm.
6- The horizontal distance between
any two openings in building walls
should be more than ( 4 x wall
thickness) as minimum.
7-The Min. internal dimensions of WC
is 120 x 85 cm , and for Baths is
120 x 180 cm.

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Buildings Allowed
Tolerances
1- Max.
decreasing in
footing Thick for
concrete casting
2- Footing
displacement or
eccentricity of
footing width
3- Variations for
stairs RISE + or 4 - For stair
TREAD + or 5 - For Lintels,
parapets,
Horizontal
grooves, etc..
6 - Variations in
column and
Walls shuttering
of total length
7 -Variations for
Slabs, beams
Shuttering for 3
Meters length

5%
2%
3 mm
6.5 mm
6.5 mm
12.5 mm
6.5 mm
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Buildings Doors and

Windows
ROOM
1Dining
rooms
2Bed
room
3W.C.&
Baths
4Kitchens

DOORS
Height X
WINDOWS
width
(2.10
(10 20 ) % of
2.30)m x
floor area
( 4.20
x1.10)m
(2.0 2.10) (1/15) of walls
x (1.0
area.
1.10) m
(1.90 2.0) Minim =(0.3)m2
x (0.75-1.5)
m
(2.0-2.10) x
(15-30) %of
(1.0-1.20) m
floor area.

NOTE: These Standards are useful

for Residential Normal houses.

44

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LINTLELS
d

Surrounded wall

b
L
b
Lintel Concrete
Lintel
Bottom
Span
Beam
Bearing
Reinforce
(L) m
Depth(d)
walls =
ment
cm
(b) cm
Up - 1.2
15
3 - 8 mm
20
1. 2 -2.0
25
3 - 10 mm
25
3 12
2.0 -3.0
30
30
mm
NOTES :
1- Use 8 mm stirrups @ 20 cm.
2- For top bars reinforcing use 2 of 8
mm. diameter .
3-Minimum overlap = 40 bar diameter
4-Beam width is same wall width .

45

SHABAN BOOLKET

Min. Slabs & beams

Thickness
Type
1-Simply
supported
2- One end
continuous
3- Both end
continuous
4-Cantiliver

Members
One way
Beams
slab
L / 20

L / 16

L / 24

L / 17

L / 28

L / 21

L / 10

L/8

Notes: 1- These limits should be

changed when deflection
is computed.
2- L=clear distance between
the two supports.

46

SHABAN BOOLKET

Minim Walls Bearings

Type

Distant (b)

Slabs on walls

15 cm

Lintels

20 cm

Beams
Spans up to 3.5 m
Spans up to 5.5 m
Spans up to 7.5 m

20 cm
30 cm
40 cm

Note: Beams bottom width is

between 2 / 3 to of its depth (D)
but not less than 1/3 of its D , and
normally 3 / 5.
b= Bearing sitting distance of slab or beam
on walls .

Slab or beam
span

47

SHABAN BOOLKET

PLASTERING
Plastering material required on
masonry , blocks walls , (2)cm
thickness , and per (100)m2 area .
TYPE
M3 Mix
1-Cement
Mortar=
3.00 1:3
(Cement +Sand)
2-White Lime
(Gypsum)=
6.00 With water
(Loose powder)
3-Pointing =
(Cement+
0.35 1:3
Sand).
4- Rendering =
(white cement 0.25 1:2
+filler)
NOTE: (220kg)of cement to be
added for 100m2 plastering if
smooth surfaces are required.

48

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WALLS SMALL
FOUNDATION
wall
2T
////////////////Ground level

//////////////
T
D

d = Depth of
Plain Conc.
45 o Inclined I I p= Clear leave
D= Depth of
back distance
Foundation

Plain concrete Foundations.

1:2:4 with Masonry walls For
Normal houses and buildings.
NOTES:
1- Minim d = 20 cm , OR 3P/2
minim p = 15 cm .
minim D = 60 cm
2 -Load angle projection is 45
Degree in both sides.
3- T = Building wall Thickness .

49

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45 Crack Pattern in wall Due to

foundation Failure

50

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STAIRS
T
R

H= Stair Height
w = Stair Width
q = Stair slope angle

W = width H = height
T = Tread R= Rise
RULES :
1234-

2R + T = 584 to 610 mm
H / R = No. of stairs.
W = (T x No. of stairs )
Min m T = 216 mm
Max m R = 203 mm
Max m q = 42 o
Min m q = 20 o

51

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Step Foundations
Top Reinforcing Mesh
X
Bottom Mesh
A level

T= Thickness
Y

B level

Z shape reinforcing

Recommendations :
1- Continuous Foundation thickness = T
2- Minim Y = T , No. of steps not limited .
3- Minim X= 2Y but not less than 30 cm
4- Use inclined Z shape steel
connection between the foundation
levels A & B and use the same
reinforcement type used in the
foundation Bottom Mesh .
5- Min overlap of z-shape with original
foundation reinforcement is 40
reinforcing bar diameter .

52

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Typical Basement
Drainage
This for Typical Basement excavated in soil
30 cm Min . Filter
12 cm Min.
Reinforced concrete
Wall , 2500 psi min.
water proofing
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
layer.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;; Natural ;;;;
Proofed Flooring
Non excavated;
;;;;;; soil ;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
NGL
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
Footing
Tamped Earth
Back filling
15 20 cm Diameter
Filter layer from
Slotted pipe on hard
Coarse graded agg. Base , with slope
Or stone backfilling
For draining seepage
For water draining
water outside plot .

53

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FORMS OPENING
TYPE
( Beams +
Lintels
+Footing )
Sides.
Column
without
loads.
(Slabs +
Lintels +
Under.
Beams
base ).

DAYS

2
3
2 X small dimension
(m) +2 days
m = meter

NOTE:
This recommendation are for
ordinary concrete works, with air
temperature above 5o C.

54

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Typical Roofing Detail

55

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Form Work Sizes

Type
Millimeter
1-Decking timber for
slabs bottom
25 to 50
,columns and beams ,
thickness:
2- Vertical posts
75x100 to
150x150
section:
3-Joists and ledgers
50x100 to
Supporting
75x200
sheetings of slabs .
4-Studs and wailings
50x100 to
supporting vertical
150x150
walls sheetings .
5-Column yokes,
50x100 to
horizontal cross
100x100
pieces supporting
vertical sheeting .

56

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Paints
Paint type
Quantity Area
Oil on plastered
30-35
surfaces and
1 gallon
m2
iron.
Emulation on
20-25
1 gallon
walls and roofs.
m2
Varnish on
30
1 gallon
Wood surface .
m2
Bitumen for
5
10 kg
Roofs isolation .
m2
Snowcem on
100
50 kg
walls. (powder )
m2
Distemper for
100
12 kg
external surface.
m2
Notes :
1- The covered area is changed
according to surface smoothness.
2- Painter can cover (45-65) m2/day.

57

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Column Requirements - 1
1- Columns are considered short or
small when the ratio of column
effective Length (L) to its least
lateral dimension(d) exceed (15)

Slenderness ratio SR = L / d
2- Max SR for column so that it not
subject to buckling should not
exceed (45) for Axially loaded
columns, & (20) for columns which
subjected to Bending moments.
3- Reduction load factor for long
column with (21) SR is 0.8, (30)
SR is 0.5, And (42) when SR is 0.1 .
4- Recommended min. least lateral
dimension or diameter for 4.5 m
long column is 45 cm, for 3.5 m
is 35 cm and for 3.0 m is 23 cm.

58

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Column Requirements- 2
1- Un supported column length
should not be greater than (10)
times of the least lateral dimension
or Diameter of the cross section,
other wise it should be considered
as long column and braced for
lateral support.
2- Minim column dimension, diameter
or thickness, should not be less
than (15) cm , and maxim length to
width percentage should not
exceed 3:1 for the rectangular
cross sections.
3- Maxim steel reinforcement for a
column cross section is 8% and
minim is 1% as percentage of the
total column cross section area.
4- Minim steel bars used inch, and
maxim 2 inch, for stirrups minim is
inch and maxim spacing is(25) cm.

59

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Min. Required Tests For

Normal Buildings
1-Min. Concrete Cube compressive
strength fc should be at least 25
MPa , which is equivalent to 21
MPa for standard Cylinder strength
2-Min. Yield strength fy for steel
bars should not be less than 420
MPa , equivalent to Grade (60).
3-Allowable Soil Bearing capacity
for Normal foundations = 8.0 10
Ton/m2., Unless Tested.
4-In case of fail of (7) days cubes ,
we should wait for (28) days test , if
it fail again , below tests should be
hold so that we can decide finally:
A-Core test for failed members .
B-Onsite Design loading test .
C-Ultrasonic OR Hammer test .
Then Consultant Engineer Decide.

60

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Concrete Slab Humidity

Whenever there is humidity appears
in the bottom of concrete slab it can
be treated according to the sketch
shown below, but no more extra live
or dead loads are allowed to be hold
on it , the max. live loads allowed are
not more than 2 KN/m2 .

61

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62

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ROADS

63

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GENERAL ROADS -1
1- For small blasting in rocks , (1.0)
kg of explosive materials is needed
for every (4.0) m 3 , and in huge
blasting, half of this quantity is
required.
2-Soils expand after excavation
about 25% of its original
volume , subbase 10%,sand
20%, and chalk soils 30% .
3- Max. Allowable Soluble salts in
road embankments is 10 % ,
and Max allowable organic
materials is 5 - 10 % .
One test sample required for every
3000 m 3 of soil.
4- Maximum allowable longitudinal
grade is (6-9%) for a (50km/hr)
design speed road , and (3-5%) for
a (110 km/hr) design speed .

64

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GENERAL ROADS - 2
1-Standard roads lane width is
(3.7m) but not less than 5.5 m for
2 lanes , with median width from
( 1 to 4) m between lanes .
2- Roads Shoulder Minimum width
is 1.25 m and Max. 3.6 m ,
with transverse slope between 2%
and 5 % for water draining.

3-Absolute Maxm grades for

highways is 12% , and for urban
streets is 30 %
4-Required Widening width ( w )
for horizontal curves up to
Radius ( R ) = 60 m is 1.2 m ,
for R= 150 m , w = 0.9 m and
for R = 300 m , w = 0.3 m , No
(w) widening is required for more
than R = 900 m .

65

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Roads Suitable Cases

1- Unsuitable materials for roads
Embankment are Soils containing
12% or more organic materials
, Salty soils containing 10%
of total salts or more, Clay of
liquid limit more than (55),
and /or Plasticity index >30.
2- Min. suitable road grade for soil
side ditch = 0.5 %, max.= 3%.
3- Min. suitable (R) of circular curve
for (50) km/hr. design speed is
(150) m with 5%super elevation,
and R = ( 600 ) m for 100 km/hr .
4 4- Max. suitable longitudinal grade
for rural roads = 5% for 7km/hr,
and 8%, for 50 km/hr. speed.
5- Suitable side slope for 1.0 m
Embankments height is 1:6 and
for 3.0 is 1:4 & for 6:0 m is 1:3 .

66

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Airports
1- Airports are classified according to
its usage , aircraft type and Runway
code letter from ( A to F ) according
to ICAO international standards.
2- Airports are Mainly composed of
Main Runway, taxiways, aprons ,
terminal building for passengers, VIP ,
tower , cargo , and other service
buildings , communications and roads.
3-Main Runway rigid pavements typical
layers are Concrete 40 cm thickness
+ 15 cm Dry lean concrete + 35cm
stone base + 30 cm sub base ).
4-Flexibale pavement is consist of 4 cm
wearing + 6 cm Binder + 15cm MBC
Macadam base course + 50 cm stone
base + 30cm subcase).
5-Minm clear distance between runway
and any parallel taxiway is 200 m , for
safety issues .

67

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Airports Classification
Airports are classified according to its
runway characteristics as below :
Type
Runway Runway Max.
Length
width
Grade
Secondary 500-900 25
2.0%
Domestic
1250
30
1.5%
Sub-maim
1800
45
1.5%
Main
2250
45
1.5%
International 3150 & 45 &
1.25%
More
60
Airports also are classified with its
annual passenger capacity ( Mppa) , for
example 2.5 Million passenger (Arrivals
+ Departures) per year.
Notes :
1- All dimensions are in meters
2- Maximum grade is for runway
centerline profile .
3- These physical characteristics are
according to FAA standards .

68

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69

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High Way Grades

Type of
Terrain

Express Rural
way
way

Urban
High
way

Level

3%

4%

6%

Rolling

4%

5%

7%

Mountain

6%

7%

9%

NOTES:
1- Min longitudinal grade 0.5% in
snowy countries, and 0.3% at
other locations.
2- Max. Ramp grades 8 %.
3- Level longitudinal grade is
accepted in flat only where side fill
slope 1:4 or flatter .

70

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Asphalt Pavements
Layer

Description

1-Wearing
layer
2- Binder
layer
3-Stablizer
Layer
4 - Base
course

Bitumen 6% , thickness (4 5) cm , Min. compaction 98%.

Bitumen 5% , thickness (6-7)
cm, compaction 98%.
Bitumen (3 - 4)%,thickness
(8-10)cm , compaction 98%.
Crushed lime stone layer ,
Min. Compaction 98% , Min.
CBR 10%,thick (20-30) cm
Sand and Gravel Mixture
compacted up to 95% Min.
CBR 10% ,Thick (20-40)cm.
Compacted filling soil layers
(30)cm thickness up to 92%,
Last 2 m 95%,Sub grade 95%
Applied between sub-base
and asphalt layers.
Sand & Gravel Mixtures Type
(B) thick ( 20)cm , CBR 10%

5 - SubBase
6 Filling
and Sub grade
7- Prime +
Tack coat
8Shoulders

71

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Asphalt job mix Tolerance

These are allowed Tolerances
for any asphalt layer equation
deviations
1- % of aggregate passing
sieve No. 4 and larger
2-% of aggregate passing
Sieve No. 4 and smaller.
3- % of passing sieve No.
200 (Filler).
4- % of asphalt by weight
of Total mixture.
5- Spreading temperature
for asphalt mix. In
(degree)
6- Minim compaction
temperature .
7- Minim air temp. allowed
For laying asphalt mix.

72

+,- 6 %
+,- 4 %
+,-1.5 %
+,-0.3 %

+,- 15 %
85 C
15 C

SHABAN BOOLKET

Asphalt Pavement
Tolerances
Surface or
Level Tolerance
Course
in millimeter
Wearing course
+ 3 to - 3
asphalt
Binder and
stabilizer asphalt
+ 3 to - 6
courses
Crushed stone
+ 6 to - 15
course
Sub base course + 10 to - 30
mixed granular
Sub grade or
+ 15 to - 30
Formation level
layer
Note : Above tolerances may change
slightly according to pavement type .

73

2:3
A

3.0

1.5

1.0
R

74

R= B + 2 ( A x 3/2 + 3 + 1.5 + 1 ) meters

R = Right of the road is all width of the

allocated land for constructing the road
structures and safety area on both sides ,
and it is equal to :

SHABAN BOOLKET

Right Of the Road

SHABAN BOOLKET

Asphalt Pavement Deviation

After completing asphalt pavement
laying on ground any deviation of the
laid layer from the mixing equation
should be treated as below
A- Deviations Bitumen percentage:
1-Any Deviation of Bitumen
percentage by (0.3 to 0.5) for binder
course, and (0.5 to 0.7) for wearing
course, from the max and min limits of
the total mix design equation it should
be treated by adding new (2) cm layer
for binder course and (3) cm for
wearing course for all layer .
2-But if deviations are less than above
limits price deduction should be
applied as new price = contract price
x ( 1- 0.6 x deviation percentage).
3 - Any deviations more than above
limits , the complete layer should be
removed and replaced by new layer.

75

SHABAN BOOLKET

Asphalt Pavement
Deviations Part-2
B- Deviations in Stability and Flow :
1-Deviations from vMin required limit
of stability by (68 to 100)Kg for
wearing course, and ( 100 to 150) kg
for Binder course , and also deviation
from Min and Max required limits of
Flow by 7.62 mm , should be treated
by increasing the next layer by 3 cm
2-But if Deviations are more than
upper mentioned limits for stability or
flow limits by more than 7.62 mm,
should be treated according to item
(A-2 ) in part 1
3 - Any deviations more than above
limits , the complete layer should be
removed and replaced by new one
without any compensations and
according to required specifications.

76

SHABAN BOOLKET

Roads Material Tests

Item

Important tests
Compaction every 200 ml.,
Road
C.B.R, soluble salts ,
Embankment organic content , each 1500
layers
m3 , or soil changing.
Compaction every 200 ml
Road Sub- ,C.B.R 5% Min. , Gradation ,
grade layer LL Max . 25% , PI Max .
6% , each 400 m3
Sub base & Gradation , L.L . P.I , CBR ,
Stone Base and Field density each 400
m3 , Min. 98 %or Each lane .
Prime Coat Density as kg/m2 for each
lane About 1.0 kg / cm2 .
Asphalt
Layers

Structure
(Culverts,
Curbs &
Bridges)

Bitumen Penetration, Asphalt

Mix Temperature. Each train,
Extraction & Gradation test
,Compaction Min. 98%, layer
Thickness ,and surface accuracy
each 2000 m2 or one day work.
Cement physical & chemical
properties, Concrete Slump,
strength and temp.,Steel Tensile
, with sand &gravel gradation.

77

SHABAN BOOLKET

ASPHALT LAYERS
GRADING
Sieve Stabilizer Binder
Wearing
1.5"
100
1.0"
90-100
100
3/4"
75-91
90-100
100
1/2"
56-80
70-90
90-100
3/8"
50-74
56-80
77-93
No. 4
29-59
35-65
44-74
No. 8
19-45
23-49
28-58
No. 50
5-17
5-19
5-21
No. 200
2-8
3-10
3-10
% of
bitumen. 3.0- 5.5
3.5-6.0
4.0-6.0
Marshal >= 5 KN >=7 KN
>= 8 KN
Notes:
1- Required Flow is from (2 - 4mm)
2- Required air voids (>=70%) for all
asphalt types as Typical.
3- Bitumen Grade 40/50 to used for
upper layers Binder and Wearing
4- Bitumen Grade 60/70 to used for
lower layer Stabilizer .

78

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Bridge Collapse due to

Piers foundation failure

79

SHABAN BOOLKET

BRIDGES JOINTS
Total
Longitudinal
Movement

Joint
Type

Maximum
Acceptable
Vertical
Movement
Between
Two Sides
of Joint
mm

Min.
mm

Max.
mm

20

0 5

12

Gap joint with

3. flexible
membrane

50

4. Open gap joint

60

50

100

Buried joint
under
1. continuous
surfacing
2.

Gap joint with

poured sealant

Fully
5. cantilevered
toothed
speciallyplates
6.
designed joints

80

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Asphalt Properties
Property
Marshall Stability
(KN), min

Base
Binder
Course Course

Surface
Course

2-4

2-4

2-4

Voids in Marshall
specimen (%)

3-6

3-5

3-5

Voids in mineral
aggregate (%),
mm.

12

13

14

ImmersionCompression
Index of
Retained
Strength (%),
min.

70

70

70

Marshall Flow
(mm)

81

SHABAN BOOLKET

Prime Coat spraying

___________________________________________________________________

1-Checking Subbase layer final levels

to be with in accepted tolerances
2- All subbase Tests should be
passed according to required
Specifications and standards.
3- Prime coat. spraying Temperature
should between (60-85) C
4- Testing spraying Quantities
between (0.45 1.5) kg/m2
5- In case there is any segregation in
subbase layer it should be treated
before spraying prime coat layer.
6- Prime coat layer wide and length
should be always more that asphalt
7- It is not allowed to spraying Prime
coat layer if there is any free water
or powder or it is raining on
subbase layer, it should be dry.
8- It is recommended to spraying a
quick water then wait till the surface
dried, before spraying Prime coat.

82

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Asphalt Placing Notes

____________________________________________________________________

1- Prime Coat layer tests should be

checked And Any surface excess
Bitumen quantities should be
removed and treated by clean sand.
2-Asphalt Mixture Temperature
spraying on site to be tested and it
should between (120 - 170) C.
3- No mixture placing is accepted in
Rainy days, or below 15 C temp.
4- Allowable compactor speed on
hot Mixture is (4 - 6) km /hr.
5- Maximum allowable surface layer
irregularity Tolerance under4 m length
aluminum roller, is 3 mm for wearing
course layer, and 6 mm for binder
course layer.
6-To prevent cold joint occurring
between two spraying asphalt lanes
one after other, second lane should
be applied before first longitudinal
joint temperature full below 60 C.

83

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Asphalt spraying Tests

____________________________________________________________________

1-Testing Asphalt Mixture temp .

should be between (120-170) C
inside trucks before spreading on site.
2-A sample of( 30x30 ) cm area of
spreading asphalt mixture layer , Min.
(12) kg , should be taken after
finisher directly for Extraction ,
Marshal and Specific Gravity Tests
3- Cutting Cores from spreading
asphalt layer next day for layer
thickness and compaction test
which should be Min. 95 % .
4-Thicknesss checking control of
spreading layer which should be
according to drawings & Tolerances
5-Vidual checking for spreading
layer after finisher directly and
treating any segregation immediately
6-No spreading allowed below 4C.
7-Compaction Temp. ( 80 - 90 )C .

84

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Typical Road Slopes

1 m Berm each 3 m height of side
shoulders slope 4 %
Pavement slope 2 %
Each side
/////////////////////////////////////
Cut slopes
1-Rocky Layers
3:1 to 10 :1
2- Soils Minim 1:2

Fill slopes
1: 1.75 to
1: 4 Depending
on soil type ..

Note :
Minim Excavation for Removing
Top-soil under pavement ,Original
sub soil , is (15)cm, with Minim
required CBR = 5 %.

85

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Road Creep Failure due to nonsufficient compaction and wall

86

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STONE BASE GRADING

Sieve
No.
1.5"
1.0"
1/2"

As % Passing
%
Sieve
Pass
No.
100
No. 4
80100
No.40
50 80
No.200

%
Pass
30-60
10-30
5-15

Notes:
1- Liquid limit = (25) % as upper limit for
Materials Passing sieve No. 4 .
2- plasticity Index= (4) % as upper limit
for Materials Passing sieve No. 4 .
3- Abrasion loss is 45 % as upper limit .
4- Soaked CBR = or more than 80%
at 95% modified maxim density.
5 All material should be crushed
with Aggregate crushing value of less
than 30 , BS 812 .

87

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SUB-BASE GRADING
As % Passing
Grade
A
100
60-90
30-65
25-55
15-40
8-20
2- 8

Grade
B
100
75-95
40-75
30-60
20-45
15-30
5 - 15

Sieve
Grade C
2.0"
100
1.0"
50-85
3/8"
35-65
No. 4
25-50
No.10
15-30
No.40
5 -15
No.200
Notes:
1-Liquid limit not more than (35)
2- required plasticity Index not
more than (6).
3- Soaked CBR = or more than
60 % at 95% modified maxim
density.

88

F
R

D
C

AC = (0.5) AB
DE = (0.5) DB
DC , EF are
perpendicula
r on AB , AD ,
DB .

R=Radius, EF = DC/4, DC= (AB)2 /8R

1 Information; points A, B and R.
2 -Draw line AB.
3- Find DC and EF, EF equation same as DC
4- Locate points (E,F,D).
5-Draw curve (A,F,D,F and B)

SHABAN BOOLKET

Small horizontal curve Setting

89

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SIGHT DISTANCE
E

.
CL

Q
R
S = 2R Arc Cos. (R - E ) / R
S = sight distance in meters measured
along CL line of inside lane (dotted)
R = Radius of the center line of the
inside lane in meters ( dotted ) .
Arc Cos. is expressed in radians
E = Distance from CL of inner lane .
A = Driver eye , B= Object on road
Height of the Object = 15 cm
Height of the driver eye = 1.15 m
Line of the sight AB is(76)cm above GL
Q= Any obstruction ( building or
treeetc .)

90

SHABAN BOOLKET

Culverts Length
Min. culvert length L is calculated
as :
L= SW + 2*SH + 4*FH
SW =sub base width
SH = shoulder width
FH = filling height on top of
The culvert slab to the
bottom of the pavement
NOTES :
1- The Culverts side slopes are
assumed 1:2 for fill.
9- Min. Culvert bed slope for suitable
flow is 0.5% and max. is 5% .
3- For low water discharges, use pipe
culverts till 1.0 meter diameter size ,
for 3.0 meter river water flow span ,
Box culverts preferable .
4- Bridges are recommended for
bigger Discharges, and rivers with
more higher spans .

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Culverts Size
Culverts size are calculated
according to formula :
A = ( i * a * f ) / ( 36 * v )
A = culvert cross section in m2
i = Intensity of max. rain full in the
Region in cm/ hour.
Use 100-120 cm/hr in north of Iraq.
a = Catchments area in Hectares.
f = factor of soil impervious
Depending on type of soil, from
(0.9) for Rocks , (0.75) for normal
soils to (0.6) for sandy soils.
v = allowable velocity inside
culverts in cm/sec, which is about
0.5 Cm/sec.
Note:
Free board of minimum (15) cm
is recommended under bottom of
culvert slab to surface of water flow.

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RETAINING WALLS
Masonry wall with plain Concrete
Footing , the section is Economical up
to (3)m (H) = Height .
H/7
.
///////////
H/3
H

H/3
H/5

f
D //////////// H/3

H/3
d

7 / 16 H
NOTES :
1- Min m Footings Excavation,
D = 80 cm ,
2- Min m Footing Thickness,
d = 50 cm .
3- Min m f = 20 cm .
4-Inside Wall casting Concrete can
be filled with 30 % stones.
5-Drain PVC (4) pipes to be
inserted each 1 by 1 m .

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Rigid Pavement Design

Olders Formula:

D=

3WC/S

D = plain slab thickness in cm.

W= moving wheel load in Kg which
may varies from 2260 to 5440 , add
10 % to 20% for Impact load.
C= Coefficient of sub grade which
varies from 6.89 for clays , 5.44 for
sand mixtures ,and 4.81 for gravel
hard mixtures.
S= allowable flexural unit stress for
concrete in Kg /cm2 , normally taken
as 22 to 25kg/cm2 , with ( 2 ) as
factor of safety.

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Normal Concrete Joints

on ground
a- Crack Control joint :
groove= T/4
Crack

T
////////////////////////////
T=thickness
b- Expansion joint :

Isolation filter
////////////////////////////

concrete
c- Construction joint:
formed edge
with key
1st cast

2nd cast

////////////////////////////
Treated Ground

95

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Internal City Roads Layers

Sub
Grade

Road
Type

Type
A Thick
20 cm

Min. CBR
4%
Thick
30 cm

10,12,15
M width
inside city

Crushed lime
stone Thick
25 cm

Type
Thick
30 cm

Min. CBR
5%
Thick
50 cm

20 , 30
M width
City Roads

Type
A Thick
40 cm

Min. CBR
6%
Thick
60 cm

40 , 60 , 100 , 120
M width
Main city Roads

Asphalt

Base

Sub
Base

Crushed Lime
Stone Thick
20Cm

Binder
7
Cm

Binder
6 Cm +
Wearing
5 cm

Crushed lime
Stone thick
30 cm (2) layers
Binder
6
Cm

96

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97

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SANITARY

98

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SANITARY CONSTANTS
1- Water supply Consumption
requirements as liter /capita /day
a- For Each Person at Home as
average is about (200) L / C / D
b- For Schools (100) per Student
c- For Hospitals (400) per Bed
d- For Offices (80) per Employer
e- For hotels (500) per person
f- For Restaurants (5) per Meal

2- Recommended water supplying

pipe size for ordinary house is
inch , and for distributing net from
tank and ventilation pips is inch
3- Min. water velocity in pipes (0.7)
m /sec. and max. is ( 3.0 ) m /sec.
4- For sewerage flow, best design
Velocity between ( 0.4 - 0.9) m/sec ,
which provide best self-cleaning
without erosion or sedimentation.
5- Minimum Longitudinal slope for
sanitary pipes ( 4 to 6) is (1.0) cm/
per meter length of the pipe .

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Typical Deep Filtration

NGL
///////////

Compacted clay
/////////////
20 cm
;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;

30 cm mixed
sand & gravel
layer

1.0 m graded
Boulders max. size 3
60 80 cm width
Slotted drain pipe

NOTE :
This typical deep filter can be used
for Both Roads and buildings
Surroundings .

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Domestic septic
Tanks
Number of
users
5
10
15
20
50

Length(m) x width(m)
x Depth (m) .
2.0x1.0x1.0
2.5X1.3x1.0
2.5x1.5x1.3
2.8x1.5x1.3
4.5x2.0x1.4

Notes:
1- Use ventilation pipe( 2.0") diameter
for the septic tank .
2- Use Manhole cover (50x50)cm.
3- A wall to be constructed for dividing
the septic tank to two parts with one
small opening on the top of wall .
4-Free board 30cm required over
depth.

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Galvanized pipes
Normally used in water and gas
supply installations .
Pipe
Pipe
weight ThickDia.
Dia. mm kg/m.l ness
inch
mm
1/ 2
12
1.26
2.76
3/4
19
1.68
2.87
1.0
25
2.50
3.37
2.0
50
5.43
3.91
2.5
65
6.49
3.65
3.0
75
8.00
3.80
4.0
100
12.00
4.50
Note :

The Tolerance is = +,- 10 % in

Pipe weight, for testing purpose

102

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Deep well discharge

G. L/////////////////
water table

/////////////////////////////
well

-----------------------------------------------------..
H
..
..
R
depression cone

R=

\ 2Q /

R= radius of depression cone in ft

Q = discharge in galloons / day
h = depression of water in well
during pumping in ( ft )

103

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Pipes size used for

Water supply and
sewerage
Inch mm
Inch
mm
3/8

3.0

80

10

4.0

100

5/8

15

5.0

125

20

10.0

250

1.0

25

16.0

400

32

20.0

500

40

24.0

600

Types:
Ductile, Galvanized, Steel,
plastic (PVC) , high pressure pipes ,
and High Density pipes

104

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PVC high pressure

pipes
Diameter
mm
63
75
90
110
140
160
200

Weight
kg/m.l
0.562
0.766
1.12
1.62
2.62
3.43
5.37

Thickness
mm
1.9
2.2
2.7
3.2
4.1
4.7
5.9

Note :
1-Pipes type are Series 3 and
6 atmosphere water pressure.
1- Tolerance is = +,- 10 % in
Pipe weight for lab. Testing .

105

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Typical Cesspool
TOP steel cover
40 cm Diameter
GL
//////////////////

////////////////////
sewerage
Surrounding
Gravel (15)
Cm thick
( to 1 )
grading

Humus

Brick
Masonry
(1m )
height

open
joint
Masonry

( 30 ) cm
crushed stone layer
Notes:

1- Min. cesspool total Depth 7.0 m

2- Min cesspool Diameter clear 90 cm
3- Usage for normal houses , buildings
and industries.

106

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Typical sewer Pipe cross

section
NGL
///////////////;;;;;;;;;;;;;///////////////////////////////
;;;;;;;;;;;;;
Compacted back
filing soil Min.

depth 50 cm
sewer
.
pipe
;;;;;;;;;;;;;
surrounding
0000000
concrete 1:2:4
Min. 15 cm
lean concrete
Base 20 cm

Crushed stone 10 cm

Sewer width = Pipe Diam. + 30 cm

Note : In weak soils use reinforced
concrete base.

107

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Weirs
H

Q
Q

////////////////////////////
////////////////////////
4H

Q = 1. 84 B H 3/2
Q = discharge in m3 /sec.
B = weir width in (m)
H = height of water flow in (m)
Notes: 1 -Basin formula is
recommended for
rectangular weirs.
2 - Above formula is useful
for water, c = 0.62
and g = 9.81.

108

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STORM WATER FLOW

Sewers must handle storm water
flows during, and after, rain storms,
snow and ice-melting events. The
rational formula for peak storm-water
runoff is:

Q = C*R*A
where:
Q =peak runoff, in ft3 / s
A = drainage area, acres
C = coefficient of runoff of area
R =average rainfall rate, inch /hours
of rain producing runoff .
In urban areas C = from 0.70 to 0.90.
Residential areas C = from 0.30 to
0.40. according to surface type.

109

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Flow in Pipes & Channels

V = 0.85 C R 0.63 S 0. 54
V = flow velocity in m / sec .
C = co efficient of roughness ,
Normally = 100 for most type of
Pipes and channels.
R = d / 4 for Pipes ,
d = pipe diameter in (m) , or
channel cross section divided by
Wetted perimeter in (m) units.
S = Sine the flow slope (as %).
Accordingly:
Pipe diameter :

D= 7.45 Q2 C / S
Q = discharge in liter per sec.

110

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111

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CONCRETE

112

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SHABAN BOOLKET

SAFE LOADS
Materials
Concrete. 1:1:2
(Cubes)
Concrete 1:2:4
(Cubes)
Concrete 1:3:6
(Cubes)
Brick work in
cement Mortar 1:3
Stone masonry in
cement mortar 1:3
Concrete Blocks
in cement Mortar
1:3

Kg/cm2
320
210
110
20
15
12

Note : Above safe loads used for

designing Purpose, but suitable factor of
safety should be calculated.

113

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Recommended Slump
Concrete
construction
Reinforce.
Foundations
footings and
walls
Plain
footings and
sub-walls .
Beams and
reinforced
slabs
building
columns
Pavements
and
slabs
Mass
concrete

slump cm
Max.
Min.

7.5

2.5

7.5

2.5

10

2.5

10

2.5

7.5

2.5

2.5

114

115

570
370
300
200
150

1:1:2
1:2:3

1:2:4

1:3:6

1:4:8

0.9
0.47 0.94

0.46 0.92

0.45

0.4 0.8
0.54 0.81

Dry
Gravel
sand
G/ M3
3
S/ M

ONE cement bag = 50 kg., For wet sand use

more quantities of it in the mix .

Cement
C/ kg.

MIX
C/S/G

For (ONE) M3 CONCRETE

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Concrete Mix

SHABAN BOOLKET

Concrete Strength
Age

% of Max m strength

3 days
7 days
14 days
28 days

40 %
65 %
90 %
99 %

Notes :
1-Maxm Air Temperature allowed
For concreting casting is in
Hot weather is 40o,and 32o for
the concrete mix .
Minim is Freezing water degree.
(0o c) without any precautions.
2-Recommended Slump test for
plain concrete is (25 -75) mm
and for Reinforced concrete is
( 50-100) mm , depending on
structure type and location .

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CEMENT MORTARS
1-Mortar = Cement( C )+ Sand ( S )
2- One bag of cement = (50) kg.
and volume =0.035 m3 .
3- For 1 M3 cement mortar volume :
V= 0.75 ( C+ S )
Mix
(Cemen Cement
t+
kg
sand)
1:1
1020
1:3
510
1:5
310
1:7

220

Sand m3
0.71
1.05
1.05
1.05

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Concrete Cubes
Strength
MIX
1: 1: 2
1: 1.5:3
1: 2: 4
1: 3: 6

7- days
210
175
140
-

28days
310
260
210
115

NOTES :
1- For core test the height of the
core is equal = 2 x diameter
2- Strength units are in kg/cm2
3- Concrete cubes (15x15x15)cm
4- In case of using (15x30)cm
Cylinder instead of cubes,
the Strength should be 80%
of above Results For normal
concrete.

118

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Water for Concrete

Mix.
1:1:2
1:2:4
1:3:6
1:4:8

Water Sand Gravel

Liter Liter Liter

25
32
35
46

35
70
105
140

70
140
210
280

NOTES :
1-This table for dry materials
2-This quantities per (50kg)
1one bag cement.
3-For wet sand and gravel
2use less water quantities.
4-Use mechanical vibrators.

119

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Flooring Expansion
Joints and Reinforcing
Flooring
Concrete
slab

Weight
Maxim
of BRC spacing
Reinfor- between 2
Thickness
cement
joints
10 cm
15 cm
20 cm

2.7
kg/cm2
3.8
kg/cm2
5.5
kg/cm2

12.5 m
25 m
37 m

Note: Normally Width of

expansion joint in all above
Cases is between (1 - 2) cm.

120

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Typical Concrete
Retaining Wall
20
//////////////////////////// TOP FILL
400 1:12 slope

NGL

A- 25 mm @ 40 cm c-c
B- 12 mm @ 60 cm c-c
Dowels 25 mm @ 40 cm
C & D 12 mm @ 30 cm

60 ////////////////
45
Key
145

45
35
250

Notes :
1- This section is suitable for Maxm 4.0
m wall height .
2- Distribution steel 12 mm @ 30 cm
for all layers A , B , C , D & dowels .
3- All dimensions are in centimeters .

121

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Recommended Maxm Size

of aggregate
Member
section
Dimension
cm . Min.

For
Reinforced
Concrete
inch

For Un Reinforced.
Concrete
inch

12.5 or
less

-1

12.5 to 28

-1

1-3

28 to 74

-3

36

74 or
more

1-3

Minimum Concrete cover:

1- For slabs & walls = 1.5 cm
2- Beams & T-beams = 2.5 cm
33- foundations & columns = 4.0 cm
4-

122

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Concrete Admixtures
Formulated products Usually in liquid form
Added to concrete at a dosage of less than
5% by weight of cement content to modify
and improve the properties of concrete in
the wet and/or hardened state.
Main Types of Concrete Admixtures:
ASTM C 494 ( B.S 5075 )

1-Waterproofing& Water Reducing

(Type A)
2-Retarding) Type B )
3-Accelerator (Type C )
4-Water Reducing And Retarding
(Type D )
5-Water Reducing And Accelerator
(Type E)
6-High Range Water Reducing (Type F)
7-High Range Water Reducing and
Regarding (Type G).
8-Self Compacting (Type G & F)
9-Corrosion protection.

123

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Guides to Depth(d)of
Reinforced
Concrete Beam
Member

Roof and floor slabs

L /25

Light beams

L/15

Heavy beams and girders

L/12 - L/10

NOTE :
1L is the span of the beam or slab in
millimeters.
2The width of a beam should be at
least L / 32 .
3d = Beam Depth

124

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Concrete Grades

Grade MPa
= C Cylinder
/ Cube
For Example
:
C20/25

F Cylinder
12
16
20
25
30
35
50

F Cube
15
20
25
30
37
45
60

NOTE:
1.25 F ( cu /cylinder ) = F ( cu / cube )
For Designing in Elastic:
fc` = 0.85 ( F cu )

125

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NDT Concrete Tests

If we found any failure in normal tests
for concrete ( cubes or cylinders) ,
Popular NDT ( Non Destructive Tests )
can be hold in field to re-check the
results as below :
1. Rebound Hammer Test- RH Test
2. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity- UPV Test
3. Combined Method UPV & RH Test
4. Core Extraction for Compressive
Strength Test.
5. Ingredient Analysis of Concrete Core
6. Echo Scan or X-ray for steel
reinforcement.
If Still we dont get satisfied results still
we can do :
1- Load test for the failed part.
2- Redesigning the frame.
Still failed , then our last Decision will
be demolition the failed concrete part .

126

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127

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ESTIMATION

128

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Buildings Design Steps

1-Preparing complete Building site
surveying and plot layout with
countor map topography each 5 m
2- land Investigation by soil tests
for the building foundation type ,
including bore holes ,Min. (3) with
15 m Depth according to geology .
3-Architectural designing for the
building with owner apparoval .
4-Structural , electrical and
Mechanical desinging for the
Building and preparing complete
set with Bill of quatities for items.
5-Adding emergincy stairs ( scape
away exit ) , Firelarm system , fire
fighting , ( CCTV ) monitering
cameras , and spare electrical lift .
6-Preparing Requried standards.

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AREAS
1-Sector of Circle :
A= (q / 360) x R2
q = Angle in degree
R = radius
2- Ellipse :
A=1/4 x D x d x
D , d = The two
diameters .
3- Parabola :
A = 2/3 x B x H
B = base
H= Height.
A= area.
4-Tripozoidal:
A= (L1 +L2) /2 H
L= Bases width
5- Circle :

A = r2
r = Radius

130

q
R

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VOLUMES
1-Cone ,and Pyramid.
V = 1/3 (H) (A)
V= Volume , A = Base area
H = Height
2-Frusta of Pyramid.
V= H / 3 ( A1 +A2 +

A1 A2 )

A2
H
A1
3-Spherical segment:
V= h2 (r-h/3)
r = radius
h=height of segment.
= 3.14

4- Ball:Volume = 4/3 r3
5- Cylinder: Volume =(A)(H).
5-

131

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EQUATIONS
1-TEMP:
Co = 5 / 9 (F o 32 )
C = centigrade = Fahrenheit.
3- ESTIMATION:
Concrete works V= 0.67 * (C+S +G)
Cement Mortar works = 0. 75 (C+S)
Stone Masonry Vm = 0.30( V ).
Bricks Mortar Vm = 0.23 (V )
Concrete Blocks Vm = 0.13 (V )
V =Total Volume, Vm= Mortar vol.
C,S,G = cement ,sand & gravel vol.
4- SIMPSON RULE :
Volume = 1/3d ((A1+An+2(sum of
odd Areas No. of ordinates)+4 (sum
of even Areas No. of ordinates ))
d = distance between strips.

132

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Typical Buildings Items

Costs
1-Preparation and
excavation
2-Foundations
3-Masonry up to
DPC
4-Masonry above
DPC
5-Roofing and
curtains
6-Flooring and
tiles
7-Doors and
windows
8-Internal finishing
9-External
finishing
10-Water supply
11-sanitary works
12-Electrification

133

1%
3%
5%
22%
15%
9%
10%
14%
5%
5%
8%
3%

SHABAN BOOLKET

For (1) Meter Need

Type

Un Forma
it
n

Soil
Excavation
Hard Soil
Excavation
Ordinary
Concrete
Reinforced
Concrete
Stone
Masonry
Cement
Plastering
Gypsum
Plastering
Mosaic
Tiles

M3

M3

M3

1 /2

M3

1/8

M3

4/7

1.25

M3

1/15

1/8

M3

1/40

1/8

M3

1/30

1/8

134

Worker

SHABAN BOOLKET

MATERIALS NEEDED
MATERIAL
1- Bricks
(7x11x23)cm
with
cement
mortar1:3
2- Concrete.
Blocks
(15x20x40) cm.

No. / M 3

73

3- Sand bricks
(20x10x5)cm.
4- Concrete.
Blocks
(20)cm. Wall
thick
5- Tiles (25 x
25)cm
6- Tiles (15 x
15)cm

410

16

16

45

25

12

7- Tiles (20 x
20)cm
8- Tiles (30 x
30)cm

No. / M 2

450

135

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New Machines Production

Type m3/hr Remarks
Big
Bulldozer
Grader

200

Grader
Roller
(Smooth)
Roller(She
ep)
Rubber
Tire Shovel
Excavator

175
175

Crawler
Shovel
Scrapers

120

125

150
160
70

90

136

For soils + Sub

base
For soils
For Road sub
base
For sub- base
works
For soils
For Truck
Loading
In Medium
Materials
Sub-base +
soils
For soils
works

SHABAN BOOLKET

Bucket Fill Factor

Material
Sand and
gravel
Common
earth
Hard
Clay
Wet Clay

Fill factor Range

0.90 1.00
0.80 0.90
0.65 0.75
0.50 0.60

Rock well
0.60 0.75
blasted
Rock
poor
blasted
0.40 0.50
Source : Caterpillar Tractor Comp.

137

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138

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8
_____________________________________

Electrical &
Mechanical
139

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Water Pumps Power

Q
H
P = -------- x ---------102
q
P = Power in ( kw )
H = Head in meter ( Total )
Q = discharge in Liter/sec.
q = efficiency ( output ) factor for
piston pumps between (0.8 0.95)
centrifugal pumps from (0.4 0.75)
H= Hw + Hst .(in m)
Hw=Total suction and pushing head
Hst= Extra head losses in ( m )Due
to pipes friction and values
according to pipe diameter, length
and discharge in side it , which
calculated from special Empirical
tables.
NOTE: This Equation is used to find
the required pump power in (kw), if
you know the total Head, efficiency
and required discharge for pump.

140

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Electrical Information-1
1- Installation wires required
cross section is :
a = ( 2 K L I ) / Vd
a is in mm2
K= 0.02 for copper , & 0.03 for
Aluminum wires , I = amperes .
L = wire length in meter
Vd= voltage drop from 3 5 %.
2- One KVA = 4.5 Amperes for
220-volt system generators.
3- Every 1000 current amp.
Needs 1.0 in2 bus bar
connection.
4- E= I * R , W=I*E , W= I2* R
E= VOLTS, I = AMPERES
R= OHMS, W= WATTS

141

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Electrical Information-2
1-All (13 ) Amp Switched Plug
Socket should be placed at height
of (40-50) cm from house floor
level , but for bath rooms and
kitchens on (120 ) cm level .
2-For (15-20) Amp. All should be
on (120) cm Height from floor.
3-All electrical installations should
be extended above false ceiling
level and then dropped directly to
the points.
4-All electrical installations levels
should be above sanitary
installations levels .
5-All electrical installations for
sockets should be connected to
house Earthing system .

142

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Air conditioning
1- For Cooling : chiller used , and split
units , every 35 m3 of the room
space volume required 1 Ton ,
which is equal to 12000 BTU (BTU
= British thermal unit )
1 Ton cooling = 2900 kcal /h
Every Kw = TON * 3. 5
2- For Heating : boiler used .
1 Ton heating = 3050 kcal / h
Every Kw = 870 kcal / h
3- Air coolers use CFM = cubic foot
per minute, 2500,3500,.
4- Pumps discharge unit m3 / hr
usually use the units of ;
1 Kw = 1.33 hp ( Normal head )
1 hp = 2. 25 3 m3 / hr discharge
1 hp = Horse power unit .

143

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Single phase cable

200LP
A = ---------------- x (1000)
dqv2
A = Area of cable cross section in
(mm2 )
P = Power in Kilo watts
L = distance in (m)
d = for copper (cu)=56, and different
for other materials.
q = voltage drop in percentage, for
example (2.4 )
v = voltage in volts .
Note: This equation is used to find a
required area (cross section ) for a single
phase cable, between (2) points, when you
know the distance between them, required
power to be transferred and acceptable
drop in voltage between the (2) points.

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Electrical Cable Trenches

1-The depth of the Earth
excavation for cable trenches shall
be min. 90cm with the width
according to the number of cables
(under sidewalk 70cm, under
median 90cm).
2- Before laying the cables the
trenches shall be filled with a layer
of earth free of stones, or clean
sand having a thickness of 15cm.
The cables shall be covered by
another layer of the same material
and thickness.
3- The polyethylene sheet shall be
laid over this second layer to
protect the cable against damaging.
The sheet shall be marked
continuously with the word
"DANGER" .

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Sound Transition Loss

TL = 20 log f + 20 log D C
TL = Transition loss of sound
f = Sound frequency 125 4000 ( Hz)
D = Partition Surface Density (kg/m2cm)
C= 33 for Metric Units.
For f = 1000 Hz :
Material
D
Avg. TL
Bricks
21
50
Concrete
23
55
Wood
6
42
Glass
29
56
Gypsum
10
45
Lead
125
65
Sound Levels in dB
Source
Wisper
Rain fall
Conservation
Factory
Jet Engine

Decibel dB
30
50
60 Normal Level
80
130

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Thermal Conductivity
__________________________________________________________

H = K*A *(T1-T2) / t
H= Thermal conductivity in watt .
K= The material thermal conductivity
A= Total cross section area of
conducting surface in m2
T1 & T2 = Outside and inside
temperatures in centigrade c
t = Thickness of the conducting
surface in meters
Material
K in Watt / m c
Bricks
1
Concrete
2
Plastering
0.5
Glass
1
Stone
1.7
Wood
0.04 0.4
Polystyrene
0.05
Air
0.025
Soil
1.5

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9
_____________________________________

Miscellaneous

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Investigation Boreholes
The Spacing and Depth of Boreholes for
any structures may viried cosiderably in
the light of local foundation conditions and
the size and loads of the structure .
The grid of Borehles location is usually
decided by the Geologistik Engineer
according to his accumilated Experience .
Normally Boreholes spacing are :
1- For buildings 10 30 m apart .
2- Roads and brudges 30 -300 m.
3- Landslides At least 5 in line of profile .
And Depth is :
1- 1.5 x Foundatioin depth , below
foundation depth + one or two contrle
hole to Min. (10) m depth , unless
rock ahead found .
2- Then (3)m. below Roackhead to prove
sound rock .
3- Probes to 3 -10 m to locate rock
cavities as rough estimation.

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Designing Int. Standards

Architectural Standards :
1-Neufurt Architects data
2-Time saver Standards
3-AIA - American Institute of Architects
Civil Engineering Standards :
1-ACI - American Concrete Institute
2-IBC - international buildings code
3-ASCE - American Society of Civil
Engineers
4-AASTHO - American Association of
State Highway ,Transportation Officials
5-ASTM - American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials
Mechanical Standards :
1- ASME - American Society
of Mechanical Engineers
2- B.S. British Standards .
3- ASHRAE: American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating& Air-Conditioning Engineers.
Electrical standards :
1-IEC -International Electrical Commission
2-NEC - National elec. code
3-IEEE - Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers .

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Engineering Design Elements-1

In the Design set Process of any
Buildings project it is normally that
below Typical elements are required
for the Complete Design set Parts :
A- Architectural :
1- Buildings Plot with infrastructure
services & Site Plan Drawing.
2- Foundations , Basement and all
Floors plans with penthouse
details furniture and Dimensions .
3- Two Horizontal and vertical
Sections for complete structure.
4- All required Elevations.
5- Details for Main and Emergency
Stair case and other structures .
6- 3D Views of the Buildings and
may be also animation.
7- Doors and windows Details .
8- Legend For all Parts& finishings.

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Engineering Design Elements-2

B- Structural :
1-Foundation plans , details ,
reinforcement , And Retaining walls
with cut and fill works.
2- All slabs Reinforcements and
detailed Plans & sections .
3- Beams and columns details.
4- Lifts and Stair case sections ,
reinforcement and details.
5- Required Standards ,Design
codes and General notes.
C- Electrical :
1- Lightening for main site plan .
2- Power distribution with main
boards and Transformers.
3- CCTV Security camera Net .
4- Fire Alarm & Anti-lighting system.
5- Other Nets and TV cables.
6- Building Earthling system.

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Engineering Design Elements-3

D- Mechanical :
1- Water supply, Boilers and
Reservoirs tanks systems.
2- Sanitary, rain , floor drain
system and station treatments .
3- Gas and Fire-fighting systems.
4- Split units, VRV or Chillers
air-conditioning and ventilation.
5- Split units water draining net.
6- Lift , and Pumps details .
E- B.O.Q : For all above Branches
Bill of Quantities is required as
excel sheet with Estimated prices
, Printed on A4 Paper Size.
F- Printing : Complete Project
Drawings and Documents to be
printed on A2 Paper Size , And
3 CD soft Copy with PDF Format.

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Engineering Design Elements-4

G- ROADS: For Roads and highway
projects below typical elements are
required for complete Design Set:
1- General Road site plan and
alignment on digitized satellite
map with kilometer stations.
2- Typical road cross section and
material layers with slopes details
3- Road alignment plan each
certain stations and profile
section with Natural ground ,
Subgrade and final road levels.
4- All road structures like culverts,
bridges , over & underpasses ,
intersections , parking ,Guard
rails, Signs etc should be
shown on alignment and profile.
5- Complete BOQ for all cut and fill
quantities, materials used with
total lengths of culverts & Bridges

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Multistory building collapse

due to Wrong Design

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PHYSICS CONSTANTS
1- Light Velocity(c) =
299,000 km/s
2- One light year = 9.5x1012 km .
3- Gravity acceleration=9.81 m/s2
4- Avogadro No.(NA)=
6.x1023 mol-1
5- Plank constant (h)=6.6x10-34 j.s
6- Gravity Constant (G)=
6.7x10-11 m2/kg2
7- Earth Radius = 6,370,000 km .
8- Average distance between
earth and sun = 1.5x108 km.
9- Sun Radius = 7x105 km .
10- Sound velocity = 343 m/s
11- Standard. Air Pressure =
100,000 Pascal OR N/m2
12- Uniform Atomic Mass Unit
( u) = 1.66x10-27 kg.

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SOME REFFERENCES
1- Standard Hand book for civil
engineers , Merritt , 2002 .
2- Highway Design manual State
organization of roads and bridge ,
Baghdad , Iraq , SORB-2003 .
3- A Dictionary of civil engineering,
GHOSE, Delhi , 2004 .
4- Waste water engineering,
METCALF & EDDY, 1991
5- Indian Practical civil engineers
Hand book , KHANA , 1985 .
6- Buildings Construction, Principles ,
and practice , Denis Walton , 1995 .
7- Iraqi Technical Specifications For
buildings, Baghdad, 1993.
8- Al - MANSOOR company practical
handbook ( IRAQ).
9- Building Materials , 2009,Jordan
10- ACI code , AASHTO 2010,etc

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NOTES:
1-Please Inform me for any Mistakes
modifications, suggestions or
corrections on below Addresses.
so that to be edited in next edition.
2-All information here are practical
, empirical enough for ordinary,
and collected from general
resources of civil engineering.
3-Please Note that for structures
Which may you need more and
accurate details you are strongly
advised to review basic & detailed
Civil engineering standards & not
depending on this booklet only.
E-mail : Serwang60@gmail.com
Mobile No. for Viber and WhatsApp:

+964 770 446 1234

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