Problems 661
PROBLEMS
1, 2, 3 = straightforward, intermediate, challenging = full solution available in the Student Solutions Manual and Study Guide
= coached solution with hints available at http://www.pse6.com
= paired numerical and symbolic problems
Section 21.1 Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas
1. In a 30.0-s interval, 500 hailstones strike a glass window of
area 0.600 m2 at an angle of 45.0° to the window surface.
Each hailstone has a mass of 5.00 g and moves with a
speed of 8.00 m/s. Assuming the collisions are elastic, find
the average force and pressure on the window.
2. In a period of 1.00 s, 5.00 % 1023 nitrogen molecules strike
a wall with an area of 8.00 cm2. If the molecules move with
a speed of 300 m/s and strike the wall head-on in elastic
collisions, what is the pressure exerted on the wall? (The
mass of one N2 molecule is 4.68 % 10!26 kg.)
3. A sealed cubical container 20.0 cm on a side contains
three times Avogadro’s number of molecules at a tempera-
ture of 20.0°C. Find the force exerted by the gas on one of
the walls of the container.
4. A 2.00-mol sample of oxygen gas is confined to a 5.00-L
vessel at a pressure of 8.00 atm. Find the average transla-
tional kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule under these
conditions.
5. A spherical balloon of volume 4 000 cm3 contains helium
at an (inside) pressure of 1.20 % 105 Pa. How many moles
of helium are in the balloon if the average kinetic energy
of the helium atoms is 3.60 % 10!22 J?
6. Use the definition of Avogadro’s number to find the mass
of a helium atom.
7. (a) How many atoms of helium gas fill a balloon having a
diameter of 30.0 cm at 20.0°C and 1.00 atm? (b) What is
the average kinetic energy of the helium atoms? (c) What
is the root-mean-square speed of the helium atoms?
8. Given that the rms speed of a helium atom at a certain
temperature is 1 350 m/s, find by proportion the rms
speed of an oxygen (O2) molecule at this temperature.
The molar mass of O2 is 32.0 g/mol, and the molar mass
of He is 4.00 g/mol.
9. A cylinder contains a mixture of helium and argon
gas in equilibrium at 150°C. (a) What is the average
kinetic energy for each type of gas molecule? (b) What is
the root-mean-square speed of each type of molecule?
10. A 5.00-L vessel contains nitrogen gas at 27.0°C and a pres-
sure of 3.00 atm. Find (a) the total translational kinetic en-
ergy of the gas molecules and (b) the average kinetic en-
ergy per molecule.
11. (a) Show that 1 Pa # 1 J/m3. (b) Show that the density in
space of the translational kinetic energy of an ideal gas is
3P/2.
Section 21.2 Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas
Note: You may use data in Table 21.2 about particular
gases. Here we define a “monatomic ideal gas” to have
molar specific heats CV # 3R/2 and CP # 5R/2, and a
“diatomic ideal gas” to have CV # 5R/2 and CP # 7R/2.
= computer useful in solving problem
12. Calculate the change in internal energy of 3.00 mol of
helium gas when its temperature is increased by 2.00 K.
13. A 1.00-mol sample of hydrogen gas is heated at con-
stant pressure from 300 K to 420 K. Calculate (a) the
energy transferred to the gas by heat, (b) the increase in
its internal energy, and (c) the work done on the gas.
14. A 1.00-mol sample of air (a diatomic ideal gas) at 300 K,
confined in a cylinder under a heavy piston, occupies a
volume of 5.00 L. Determine the final volume of the gas
after 4.40 kJ of energy is transferred to the air by heat.
15. In a constant-volume process, 209 J of energy is transferred
by heat to 1.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas initially at
300 K. Find (a) the increase in internal energy of the gas,
(b) the work done on it, and (c) its final temperature.
16. A house has well-insulated walls. It contains a volume of
100 m3 of air at 300 K. (a) Calculate the energy required
to increase the temperature of this diatomic ideal gas by
1.00°C. (b) What If? If this energy could be used to lift an
object of mass m through a height of 2.00 m, what is the
value of m?
17. An incandescent lightbulb contains a volume V of argon at
pressure Pi . The bulb is switched on and constant power "
is transferred to the argon for a time interval "t.
(a) Show that the pressure Pf in the bulb at the end of this
process is Pf # Pi[1 $ (""tR)/(PiVCV )]. (b) Find the pres-
sure in a spherical light bulb 10.0 cm in diameter 4.00 s af-
ter it is switched on, given that it has initial pressure
1.00 atm and that 3.60 W of power is transferred to the gas.
18. A vertical cylinder with a heavy piston contains air at a
temperature of 300 K. The initial pressure is 200 kPa, and
the initial volume is 0.350 m3. Take the molar mass of air
as 28.9 g/mol and assume that CV # 5R/2. (a) Find the
specific heat of air at constant volume in units of J/kg & )C.
(b) Calculate the mass of the air in the cylinder. (c) Sup-
pose the piston is held fixed. Find the energy input re-
quired to raise the temperature of the air to 700 K.
(d) What If? Assume again the conditions of the initial
state and that the heavy piston is free to move. Find the
energy input required to raise the temperature to 700 K.
19. A 1-L Thermos bottle is full of tea at 90°C. You pour out
one cup and immediately screw the stopper back on.
Make an order-of-magnitude estimate of the change in
temperature of the tea remaining in the flask that results
from the admission of air at room temperature. State the
quantities you take as data and the values you measure or
estimate for them.
20. A 1.00-mol sample of a diatomic ideal gas has pressure P
and volume V. When the gas is heated, its pressure triples
and its volume doubles. This heating process includes two
steps, the first at constant pressure and the second at con-
stant volume. Determine the amount of energy trans-
ferred to the gas by heat.
662 C HAPTE R 21 • The Kinetic Theory of Gases

21. A 1.00-mol sample of an ideal monatomic gas is at an ini-

tial temperature of 300 K. The gas undergoes an isovolu-
metric process acquiring 500 J of energy by heat. It then
undergoes an isobaric process losing this same amount of
energy by heat. Determine (a) the new temperature of the
gas and (b) the work done on the gas.
22. A vertical cylinder with a movable piston contains 1.00 mol
of a diatomic ideal gas. The volume of the gas is Vi , and its
temperature is Ti . Then the cylinder is set on a stove and ad-
ditional weights are piled onto the piston as it moves up, in
such a way that the pressure is proportional to the volume
and the final volume is 2Vi . (a) What is the final tempera-
ture? (b) How much energy is transferred to the gas by heat?
23. A container has a mixture of two gases: n 1 mol of gas 1
having molar specific heat C1 and n 2 mol of gas 2 of molar
specific heat C 2 . (a) Find the molar specific heat of the
mixture. (b) What If? What is the molar specific heat if the
mixture has m gases in the amounts n1, n 2, n 3 , . . . , nm ,
with molar specific heats C1, C 2 , C 3 , . . . , C m , respectively?

Section 21.3 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas

24. During the compression stroke of a certain gasoline en-
gine, the pressure increases from 1.00 atm to 20.0 atm. If
the process is adiabatic and the fuel–air mixture behaves
as a diatomic ideal gas, (a) by what factor does the volume
change and (b) by what factor does the temperature
change? (c) Assuming that the compression starts with
George Semple

0.016 0 mol of gas at 27.0°C, find the values of Q , W, and

"E int that characterize the process.
25. A 2.00-mol sample of a diatomic ideal gas expands slowly
and adiabatically from a pressure of 5.00 atm and a volume Figure P21.26
of 12.0 L to a final volume of 30.0 L. (a) What is the final
pressure of the gas? (b) What are the initial and final tem-
peratures? (c) Find Q , W, and "E int . 29. A 4.00-L sample of a diatomic ideal gas with specific heat
ratio 1.40, confined to a cylinder, is carried through a
26. Air (a diatomic ideal gas) at 27.0°C and atmospheric
closed cycle. The gas is initially at 1.00 atm and at 300 K.
pressure is drawn into a bicycle pump that has a cylinder
First, its pressure is tripled under constant volume.
with an inner diameter of 2.50 cm and length 50.0 cm. The
Then, it expands adiabatically to its original pressure.
down stroke adiabatically compresses the air, which reaches
Finally, the gas is compressed isobarically to its original
a gauge pressure of 800 kPa before entering the tire (Fig.
volume. (a) Draw a PV diagram of this cycle. (b) Deter-
P21.26). Determine (a) the volume of the compressed air
mine the volume of the gas at the end of the adiabatic
and (b) the temperature of the compressed air. (c) What If?
expansion. (c) Find the temperature of the gas at the
The pump is made of steel and has an inner wall that is
start of the adiabatic expansion. (d) Find the tempera-
2.00 mm thick. Assume that 4.00 cm of the cylinder’s length
ture at the end of the cycle. (e) What was the net work
is allowed to come to thermal equilibrium with the air. What
done on the gas for this cycle?
will be the increase in wall temperature?
30. A diatomic ideal gas (( # 1.40) confined to a cylinder is
27. Air in a thundercloud expands as it rises. If its initial tem-
put through a closed cycle. Initially the gas is at Pi , Vi , and
perature is 300 K and no energy is lost by thermal conduc-
Ti . First, its pressure is tripled under constant volume. It
tion on expansion, what is its temperature when the initial
then expands adiabatically to its original pressure and fi-
volume has doubled?
nally is compressed isobarically to its original volume.
28. The largest bottle ever made by blowing glass has a volume (a) Draw a PV diagram of this cycle. (b) Determine the vol-
of about 0.720 m3. Imagine that this bottle is filled with air ume at the end of the adiabatic expansion. Find (c) the
that behaves as an ideal diatomic gas. The bottle is held temperature of the gas at the start of the adiabatic expan-
with its opening at the bottom and rapidly submerged into sion and (d) the temperature at the end of the cycle.
the ocean. No air escapes or mixes with the water. No en- (e) What was the net work done on the gas for this cycle?
ergy is exchanged with the ocean by heat. (a) If the final
volume of the air is 0.240 m3, by what factor does the inter- 31. How much work is required to compress 5.00 mol of air at
nal energy of the air increase? (b) If the bottle is sub- 20.0°C and 1.00 atm to one tenth of the original volume
merged so that the air temperature doubles, how much (a) by an isothermal process? (b) by an adiabatic process?
volume is occupied by air? (c) What is the final pressure in each of these two cases?
 Chapter 21 603

P21.2 F=
e5.00 × 10 j 2e4.68 × 10
23 −26
jb
kg 300 m s g = 14.0 N
1.00 s
F 14.0 N
and P = = = 17.6 kPa .
A 8.00 × 10 −4 m 2

P21.3 We first find the pressure exerted by the gas on the wall of the container.

P=
NkT 3 N A k BT 3 RT 3 8.314 N ⋅ m mol ⋅ K 293 K
= = =
b = 9.13 × 10 5 Pa
ga f
−3 3
V V V 8.00 × 10 m
Thus, the force on one of the walls of the cubical container is
e je
F = PA = 9.13 × 10 5 Pa 4.00 × 10 −2 m 2 = 3.65 × 10 4 N . j
F
2 N mv 2 I
P21.4 Use Equation 21.2, P =
3V GH2 JK
, so that

mv 2 3 PV
K av = = where N = nN A = 2 N A
2 2N

K av =
3 PV
=
a fe
3 8.00 atm 1.013 × 10 5 Pa atm 5.00 × 10 −3 m 3 je j
b
2 2N A g a fe
2 2 mol 6.02 × 10 23 molecules mol j
K av = 5.05 × 10 −21 J molecule

2N
P21.5 P=
3V
d i
KE Equation 21.2

N=
3 PV
=
e
5
3 1.20 × 10 4.00 × 10
−3
je
= 2.00 × 10 24 molecules
j
2 KE d i
2 e
3.60 × 10 −22 j
24
N 2.00 × 10 molecules
n= = = 3.32 mol
N A 6.02 × 10 23 molecules mol

P21.6 One mole of helium contains Avogadro’s number of molecules and has a mass of 4.00 g. Let us call m
the mass of one atom, and we have
N A m = 4.00 g mol
4.00 g mol
or m= = 6.64 × 10 −24 g molecule
6.02 × 10 23 molecules mol
m = 6.64 × 10 −27 kg

5
PV 1.013 × 10 Pa 3 π 0.150 m
4
a f 3

P21.7 (a) PV = Nk BT : N= = = 3.54 × 10 23 atoms

k BT e
1.38 × 10 −23 J K 293 K ja f
(b) K=
3
2
3
e ja f
k BT = 1.38 × 10 −23 293 J = 6.07 × 10 −21 J
2
4.00 g mol
(c) For helium, the atomic mass is m= 23
= 6.64 × 10 −24 g molecule
6.02 × 10 molecules mol
−27
m = 6.64 × 10 kg molecule
1 3 3 k BT
mv 2 = k BT : ∴ v rms = = 1.35 km s
2 2 m
604 The Kinetic Theory of Gases

3 k BT
P21.8 v=
m
vO M He 4.00 1
= = =
v He MO 32.0 8.00
1 350 m s
vO = = 477 m s
8.00

P21.9 (a) K=
3
2
3
e ja f
k BT = 1.38 × 10 −23 J K 423 K = 8.76 × 10 −21 J
2
1
(b) K= 2
mv rms = 8.76 × 10 −21 J
2
1.75 × 10 −20 J
so v rms = (1)
m
4.00 g mol
For helium, m= = 6.64 × 10 −24 g molecule
6.02 × 10 23 molecules mol

m = 6.64 × 10 −27 kg molecule

39.9 g mol
Similarly for argon, m= = 6.63 × 10 −23 g molecule
6.02 × 10 23 molecules mol

m = 6.63 × 10 −26 kg molecule

Substituting in (1) above,
we find for helium, v rms = 1.62 km s

and for argon, v rms = 514 m s

Nmv 2
P21.10 (a) PV = nRT =
3
Nmv 2
The total translational kinetic energy is = Etrans :
2
3 3
Etrans =
2
e je j
PV = 3.00 × 1.013 × 10 5 5.00 × 10 −3 = 2.28 kJ
2

mv 2
3 k T 3 RT 3a8.314fa300f
B −21
(b) = = = = 6. 21 × 10 J
2 2 2N 2e6.02 × 10 j
A
23

F 1 N m I FG 1 J IJ = 1 J m
1 Pa = a1 PafG
2

H 1 Pa JK H 1 N ⋅ m K
3
P21.11 (a)

3
(b) For a monatomic ideal gas, Eint = nRT
2
For any ideal gas, the energy of molecular translation is the same,

3 3
Etrans = nRT = PV .
2 2

Etrans 3
Thus, the energy per volume is = P .
V 2
 Chapter 21 605
Section 21.2 Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas

3
P21.12 Eint = nRT
2

∆Eint
3 3
a fb ga
= nR∆T = 3.00 mol 8.314 J mol ⋅ K 2.00 K = 74.8 J
2 2
f
P21.13 We us the tabulated values for C P and C V

(a) b ga f
Q = nC P ∆T = 1.00 mol 28.8 J mol ⋅ K 420 − 300 K = 3.46 kJ

(b) b ga
∆Eint = nCV ∆T = 1.00 mol 20.4 J mol ⋅ K 120 K = 2.45 kJ f
(c) W = −Q + ∆Eint = −3.46 kJ + 2.45 kJ = −1.01 kJ

nRT
P21.14 The piston moves to keep pressure constant. Since V = , then
P
nR∆T
∆V = for a constant pressure process.
P

b g
Q = nC P ∆T = n CV + R ∆T so ∆T =
Q
b g b =
Q
n CV + R n 5 R 2 + R
=
2Q
7nR g
nR F 2Q I 2Q 2 QV
and ∆V = G J= =
P H 7nR K 7 P 7 nRT

∆V =
2 e4.40 × 10 Jja5.00 Lf
3
= 2.52 L
7 a1.00 molfb8.314 J mol ⋅ K ga300 K f

Thus, V f = Vi + ∆V = 5.00 L + 2.52 L = 7.52 L

P21.15 n = 1.00 mol, Ti = 300 K

(b) Since V = constant, W = 0

(a) ∆Eint = Q + W = 209 J + 0 = 209 J

FG 3 RIJ ∆T
(c) ∆Eint = nCV ∆T = n
H2 K
so ∆T =
2 ∆Eint
=
a
2 209 J f = 16.8 K
3nR a fb
3 1.00 mol 8.314 J mol ⋅ K g
T = Ti + ∆T = 300 K + 16.8 K = 317 K
606 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
7R
P21.16 (a) Consider heating it at constant pressure. Oxygen and nitrogen are diatomic, so C P =
2

7 7 PV FG IJ
Q = nC P ∆T =
2
nR∆T =
2 T
∆T
H K
Q=
e
7 1.013 × 10
5 2
N m je100 m j
a1.00 K f =
3

118 kJ
2 300 K

(b) U g = mgy
Ug 1.18 × 10 5 J
m= = = 6.03 × 10 3 kg
gy e j
9.80 m s 2 2.00 m

*P21.17 (a) We assume that the bulb does not expand. Then this is a constant-volume heating process.
PV
The quantity of the gas is n = i . The energy input is Q = P ∆t = nCV ∆T so
RTi

P∆t P∆tRTi
∆T = = .
nCV PVC
i V

The final temperature is T f = Ti + ∆T = Ti 1 +

FG P∆tR
.
IJ
H PVC
i V K
The final pressure is Pf = Pi
Tf
= Pi 1 +
FG P∆tR
.
IJ
Ti H PVC
i V K
F 3.60 J 4 s 8.314 J ⋅ m 2 3 mol ⋅ K I = 1.18 atm
(b) Pf = 1 atm 1 +GH
s ⋅ mol ⋅ K 1.013 × 10 N 4π a0.05 mf 12.5 J K
5 J 3

C = R = b8.314 J mol ⋅ K gG
5 5 F 1.00 mol I = 719 J kg ⋅ K = 0.719 kJ kg ⋅ K
P21.18 (a) V
2 2 H 0.028 9 kg JK
m = Mn = M G
F PV IJ
(b)
H RT K
F 200 × 10 Pae0.350 m j I
3 3

m = b0.028 9 kg molgG
GH b8.314 J mol ⋅ K ga300 K f JJK = 0.811 kg
(c) We consider a constant volume process where no work is done.
b ga
Q = mCV ∆T = 0.811 kg 0.719 kJ kg ⋅ K 700 K − 300 K = 233 kJ f
(d) We now consider a constant pressure process where the internal energy of the gas is
increased and work is done.

b g FG 7R IJ ∆T = mFG 7C IJ ∆T V
Q = mC P ∆T = m CV + R ∆T = m
H2K H 5K
L7 O
Q = 0.811 kg M b0.719 kJ kg ⋅ K gPa 400 K f = 327 kJ
N5 Q
 Chapter 21 607
P21.19 Consider 800 cm3 of (flavored) water at 90.0 °C mixing with 200 cm3 of diatomic ideal gas at 20.0°C:
Qcold = −Q hot
or d
m air c P , air T f − Ti , air = − m w c w ∆Ti a f w

a∆T f =
− m air c P , air dT f − Ti , air i = −bρV g c a90.0° C − 20.0° Cf
air P , air
w
mwcw b ρ V gc
w w w

where we have anticipated that the final temperature of the mixture will be close to 90.0°C.
7
The molar specific heat of air is C P, air = R
2
7 R 7 1.00 mol FG IJ b gF I
So the specific heat per gram is c P, air =
2 M
= 8.314 J mol ⋅ K
2 28.9 g H K
= 1.01 J g⋅° C G
H JK
1.20 × 10 g cm je 200 cm j b1.01 J g⋅° C ga70.0° C f
a∆T f = − e
−3 3 3

w
e1.00 g cm je800 cm j b4.186 J kg⋅° Cg
3 3

or a∆T f ≈ −5.05 × 10 ° C
w
−3

The change of temperature for the water is between 10 −3 ° C and 10 −2 ° C .

P21.20 b
Q = nC P ∆T g isobaric
+ nCV ∆Tb g isovolumetric

In the isobaric process, V doubles so T must double, to 2Ti .

In the isovolumetric process, P triples so T changes from 2Ti to 6Ti .

FG 7 RIJ b2T − T g + nFG 5 RIJ b6T − 2T g = 13.5nRT =

Q =n
H2 K i
H2 K
i i i i 13.5 PV

P21.21 In the isovolumetric process A → B , W = 0 and Q = nCV ∆T = 500 J

FG 3R IJ bT g a
2 500 J f
500 J = n
H2K B − TA or TB = TA +
3nR

TB = 300 K +
a f 2 500 J
= 340 K
3a1.00 molfb8.314 J mol ⋅ K g
In the isobaric process B → C ,

Q = nC P ∆T =
5nR
2
b
TC − TB = −500 J . g
Thus,

(a) TC = TB −
2 500 J a
= 340 K −
f 1 000 J
= 316 K
5nR 5 1.00 mol 8.314 J mol ⋅ K a fb g
(b) The work done on the gas during the isobaric process is
b g a
WBC = − PB ∆V = −nR TC − TB = − 1.00 mol 8.314 J mol ⋅ K 316 K − 340 J fb ga f
or WBC = +200 J
The work done on the gas in the isovolumetric process is zero, so in total
Won gas = +200 J .
608 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
Pi nRTi
*P21.22 (a) At any point in the heating process, Pi = kVi and P = kV = V= V . At the end,
Vi Vi2
nRTi Pf V f 2 Pi 2Vi
Pf = 2
2Vi = 2 Pi and T f = = = 4Ti .
Vi nR nR
2Vi

z z
f 2Vi
nRTi nRT V 2 nRTi 3
(b) The work input is W = − PdV = −
i Vi Vi 2
VdV = − 2 i
Vi 2
=−
2Vi 2 e4V
i
2
j
− Vi2 = − nRTi .
2
Vi

The change in internal energy, is ∆Eint = nCV ∆T = n

5
2
b 15
g
R 4Ti − Ti = + nRTi . The heat input
2
is Q = ∆Eint − W =
18
2
a
nRTi = 9 1 mol RTi . f
P21.23 (a) The heat required to produce a temperature change is
Q = n1C 1 ∆T + n 2 C 2 ∆T
The number of molecules is N 1 + N 2 , so the number of “moles of the mixture” is n1 + n 2 and
b
Q = n1 + n 2 C∆T , g
n C + n 2C 2
so C= 1 1 .
n1 + n 2

m F ∑ n I C∆T
m
(b) Q = ∑ n i C i ∆T =
i =1
GH JK
i =1
i

m
∑ n i Ci
i =1
C= m
∑ ni
i =1

Section 21.3 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas

γ
Pf V fγ
Vf FPI
=G Ji
1γ
FG 1.00 IJ 57
P21.24 (a) PV
i i = so
Vi HP K
f
=
H 20.0 K = 0.118

(b)
Tf
=
Pf V f
=
FG P IJ FG V IJ = a20.0fa0.118f
f f Tf
= 2.35
Ti PV
i i H P KH V K
i i Ti

(c) Since the process is adiabatic, Q=0

C P R + CV 5
Since γ = 1.40 = = , CV = R and ∆T = 2.35Ti − Ti = 1.35Ti
CV CV 2

∆Eint = nCV ∆T = 0.016 0 mol b gFGH 52 IJK b8.314 J mol ⋅ K g 1.35a300 K f = 135 J

and W = −Q + ∆Eint = 0 + 135 J = +135 J .

 Chapter 21 609
γ γ
P21.25 (a) i i = Pf V f
PV
FV I
=PG J i
γ
FG 12.0 IJ 1.40
Pf
HV K
i
f
= 5.00 atm
H 30.0 K = 1.39 atm

(b) Ti =
PV
i i
=
e
5.00 1.013 × 10 5 Pa 12.0 × 10 −3 m 3
= 365 K
je j
nR 2.00 mol 8.314 J mol ⋅ K b g
Tf =
Pf V f
=
e
1.39 1.013 × 10 Pa 30.0 × 10 −3 m 3 5
je j= 253 K
nR b
2.00 mol 8.314 J mol ⋅ K g
(c) The process is adiabatic: Q = 0
C P R + CV 5
γ = 1.40 = = , CV = R
CV CV 2
5 FG b gIJK a253 K − 365 K f =
∆Eint = nCV ∆T = 2.00 mol
2
8.314 J mol ⋅ K
H −4.66 kJ

W = ∆Eint − Q = −4.66 kJ − 0 = −4.66 kJ

F 2.50 × 10 −2
m I 2

P21.26 Vi = π GH 2 JK 0.500 m = 2.45 × 10 −4 m 3

i i = nRTi
The quantity of air we find from PV

n=
PV
i i
=
e
1.013 × 10 5 Pa 2.45 × 10 −4 m 3 je j
RTi b
8.314 J mol ⋅ K 300 K ga f
n = 9.97 × 10 −3 mol

Adiabatic compression: Pf = 101.3 kPa + 800 kPa = 901.3 kPa

γ γ
(a) i i = Pf V f
PV
FPI 1γ
FG 101.3 IJ 57
V f = Vi GH P JK
i

f
= 2. 45 × 10 −4 m 3
H 901.3 K
V f = 5.15 × 10 −5 m 3

(b) Pf V f = nRT f

Pf V f FPI Pf
1γ
F P Ib 1 γ −1 g
Tf =T i
PV
=T
i i
G J
P HP K
i
i
i

f
=T G J
HP K
i
i

F 101.3 IJ b g =
= 300 K G
5 7 −1
Tf
H 901.3 K 560 K

(c) The work put into the gas in compressing it is ∆Eint = nCV ∆T

e
W = 9.97 × 10 −3 mol j 52 b8.314 J mol ⋅ K ga560 − 300f K
W = 53.9 J
continued on next page
610 The Kinetic Theory of Gases

Now imagine this energy being shared with the inner wall as the gas is held at constant
volume. The pump wall has outer diameter 25.0 mm + 2.00 mm + 2.00 mm = 29.0 mm , and
volume

LMπ e14.5 × 10 mj − π e12.5 × 10 mj OP4.00 × 10

−3 2 −3 2 −2
m = 6.79 × 10 −6 m 3
N Q
and mass ρV = e7.86 × 10 kg m je6.79 × 10 m j = 53.3 g
3 3 −6 3

The overall warming process is described by

53.9 J = nC V ∆T + mc∆T

e
53.9 J = 9.97 × 10 −3 molj 52 b8.314 J mol ⋅ K gdT − 300 K i ff

+e53.3 × 10 kg jb 448 J kg ⋅ K gdT − 300 K i

−3
ff

53.9 J = b0.207 J K + 23.9 J K gdT − 300 K i ff

T ff − 300 K = 2.24 K

Tf FV I
=G J
i
γ −1
FG 1 IJ 0. 400
P21.27
Ti HV K
f
=
H 2K
If Ti = 300 K , then T f = 227 K .

*P21.28 (a) In PV γ
= Pf V fγ we have Pf
FV I
=PG J i
γ

i i
HV K
i
f

F 0.720 m I
=PG
3 1.40

Pf
H 0.240 m JK
i 3
= 4.66 Pi

Pf V f Pf V f
Then
PV
i i
Ti
=
Tf
T f = Ti
PV
a f 13 = 1.55
= Ti 4.66
i i
The factor of increase in temperature is the same as the factor of increase in internal energy,
Eint, f
according to Eint = nCV T . Then = 1.55 .
Eint, i

(b) In
Tf
=
FV I
=G J
Pf V f i
γ
Vf FV I
=G J i
γ −1

we have
T i PV HV K i i f Vi HV K f

2=G
F 0.720 m I 3
0. 40

H V JK f
3
0.720 m
= 2 1 0 . 4 = 2 2.5 = 5.66
Vf
0.720 m 3
Vf = = 0.127 m3
5.66
 Chapter 21 611
P21.29 (a) See the diagram at the right. P
B
3 Pi
(b) PBVBγ = PC VCγ
γ γ
i i = PV
3 PV i C
Adiabatic

e j e j
VC = 3 1 γ Vi = 3 5 7 Vi = 2.19Vi

VC = 2.19a 4.00 L f = 8.77 L

C
Pi
A
(c) PBVB = nRTB = 3 PV
i i = 3nRTi

a f
TB = 3Ti = 3 300 K = 900 K Vi = 4 L VC
V(L)

FIG. P21.29
(d) After one whole cycle, TA = Ti = 300 K .

FG 5 RIJ b3T − T g = a5.00fnRT

(e) In AB, Q AB = nCV ∆V = n
H2 K i i i

QBC = 0 as this process is adiabatic

b g a f
PC VC = nRTC = Pi 2.19Vi = 2.19 nRTi
so TC = 2.19Ti
FG 7 RIJ bT − 2.19T g = a−4.17fnRT
QCA = nC P ∆T = n
H2 K i i i

For the whole cycle,

a f
Q ABCA = Q AB + QBC + QCA = 5.00 − 4.17 nRTi = 0.829 nRTi a f
b ∆E g
int ABCA = 0 = Q ABCA + W ABCA
a f
W ABCA = −Q ABCA = − 0.829 nRTi = − 0.829 PV
i i a f
a fe je
W ABCA = − 0.829 1.013 × 10 5 Pa 4.00 × 10 −3 m 3 = −336 J j
P21.30 (a) See the diagram at the right. P

(b) PBVBγ = PC VCγ 3Pi B Adiabatic

γ γ
i i = PV
3 PV i C

VC = 3 1 γ Vi = 3 5 7 Vi = 2.19Vi

(c) PBVB = nRTB = 3 PV

i i = 3nRTi

TB = 3Ti
Pi
A C
af
V L
(d) After one whole cycle, TA = Ti Vi VC

FIG. P21.30

continued on next page

612 The Kinetic Theory of Gases

FG 5 RIJ b3T − T g = a5.00fnRT

(e) In AB, Q AB = nCV ∆T = n
H2 K i i i

QBC = 0 as this process is abiabatic

b g
PC VC = nRTC = Pi 2.19Vi = 2.19nRTi so TC = 2.19Ti
F7 I
= nC ∆T = nG RJ bT − 2.19T g = −4.17nRT
QCA
H2 K
P i i i

For the whole cycle,

Q ABCA = Q AB + QBC + QCA = 5.00 − 4.17 nRTi = 0.830nRTi a f

b ∆E g
int ABCA = 0 = Q ABCA + W ABCA
W ABCA = −Q ABCA = −0.830nRTi = −0.830 PV
i i

P21.31 (a) The work done on the gas is

z
Vb
Wab = − PdV .
Va

For the isothermal process,

z FGH IJ
Vb′
1
Wab ′ = −nRTa
Va
V
dV
K
Wab ′ = −nRTa ln
FG V IJ = nRT lnFG V IJ .
b′ a
HV K a HV K b′

FIG. P21.31
Thus, Wab′ = 5.00 molb8.314 J mol ⋅ K ga 293 K f lna10.0 f

Wab′ = 28.0 kJ .

(b) For the adiabatic process, we must first find the final temperature, Tb . Since air consists
primarily of diatomic molecules, we shall use

γ air = 1.40 and C V , air = =

a
5 R 5 8.314 f
= 20.8 J mol ⋅ K .
2 2

Then, for the adiabatic preocess

Tb
FV I
=T G J a
γ −1
= 293 K 10.0a f 0. 400
= 736 K .
HV K
a
b

Thus, the work done on the gas during the adiabatic process is
b
Wab −Q + ∆Eint g = b−0 + nC ∆T g = nC bT − T g
ab V ab V b a

or Wab = 5.00 molb 20.8 J mol ⋅ K ga736 − 293f K = 46.0 kJ .

continued on next page

 Chapter 21 613
(c) For the isothermal process, we have

Pb ′ Vb ′ = PaVa .

Thus, Pb ′ = Pa
FG V IJ = 1.00 atma10.0f =
a
10.0 atm .
HV K
b′

For the adiabatic process, we have Pb Vbγ = Pa Vaγ .

Thus, Pb = Pa
FG V IJ
a
γ
= 1.00 atm 10.0 a f 1.40
= 25.1 atm .
HV K
b

P21.32 We suppose the air plus burnt gasoline behaves like a diatomic
ideal gas. We find its final absolute pressure:

e
21.0 atm 50.0 cm3 j 75
e
= Pf 400 cm3 j 75

FG 1 IJ 75
Pf = 21.0 atm
H 8K = 1.14 atm

Now Q = 0

d
and W = ∆Eint = nCV T f − Ti i
5 5 5
∴W =
2
nRT f − nRTi = Pf V f − PV
2 2
i i d i FIG. P21.32
5 F 1.013 × 10 N m I 10
W = 1.14 atme 400 cm j − 21.0 atme50.0 cm j G
5 2

H 1 atm JK e j
3 3 −6
m3 cm 3
2
W = −150 J

The output work is −W = +150 J

F
1 1 min I FG 60 s IJ = 6.00 × 10
The time for this stroke is GH
4 2 500 JK H 1 min K −3
s

−W 150 J
P= = = 25.0 kW
∆t 6.00 × 10 −3 s