ISAF XV: International Symposia on Alcohol Fuels

September 26-28, 2005 in San Diego

Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics

of CRDI Diesel Engine Equipped with WCC
and DOC using Ethanol Blended Diesel Fuel
H.N.Kim, B.C.Choi, S.H.Park and Y.K.Kim
Chonnam National University, Korea

Advanced Combustion Control Lab.

Contents
Backgrounds
Objectives
Experimental Setup & Method
Experimental Results and Discussion
Conclusions

Background
A diesel engine has a higher air pollution source
than a gasoline.
- smoke, PM and NOx
Increasing concern of the harmful effect of PM and
stringent regulation on exhaust emission.
To reduce particulate matter, ethanol blended diesel
fuel has been recently studied.

Objectives
To investigate engine performance and emission characteristics
of CRDI diesel engine equipped with the WCC and the DOC
using ethanol blended diesel fuel and neat diesel fuel.
To investigate the emission characteristics of addition cetane
improver.
To investigate conversion efficiencies of the WCC and the DOC.
To measure the concentration distribution of a particulate
matter using ethanol blended diesel fuel and neat diesel fuel.

Experimental Setup
Exhaust Gas
Analyzer

Dynamo
Controller

Data
logger

Water
Oil
Fuel
Controller Controller
Controller

Smoke
Meter

Engine
Dynamo
meter

WCC

SMPS
Diluter

DOC

Experimental Method
Operation

ECE-13

Diesel

Ethanol

Addition

Symbol

100%

0%

D100

85%

15%

Solubility

E15+D

MODE
85%

15%

Solubility

E15+D+CI

Cetane improver

Cetane improver : 2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate(C8H17NO3) - 7500ppm

Solubility(Co-solvent) : Tetrahydrofuran(C4H8O) - 1%

Specifications of test engine

Item

Specification

Engine Type

Common rail 4 cylinder

Bore Stroke (mm)

91 96

Displacement (cc)

2497

Compression ratio

17.1 : 1

Power output (ps/rpm)

145 / 3800

Max. Torque (kg.m/rpm)

33 / 2000

Aspiration

Turbocharger & after cooler

Engine model

Hyundai D4CB

Valves per cylinder

Specifications of SMPS and Diluter

SMPS
Measuring range (nm) 5.5~340

Diluter
Dilution ratio

1:15~1:300(10 cavity)
1:150~1:3000(2 cavity)

No. of channels

255

Input gas flow

(/min)

Appr.1

Sample flow (lpm)

0.3

Output gas flow

(/min)

0.5~5(Admissible)

measuring
concentration (1/cm)

1010

Particle size
range (nm)

10~1000

Scanning time

405

Heating
range()

OFF/80/120/150

ECE 13 mode
Mode Engine Speed (rpm)
1

Weight factor

0.2/3

10

0.08

25

0.08

50

0.08

75

0.08

100

0.08

0.25/3

100

0.02

75

0.02

50

0.02

25

0.02

10

0.02

0.25/3

4
5

Idling(750)

Load rate(%)

Maximum torque speed

(33/2000(kgm/rpm))

6
7

10
11
12
13

Idling(750)

Maximum horsepower
speed
(145/3800(ps/rpm))
Idling(750)

Break specific fuel consumptions

700
D100
E15-D

BSFC (g/kwh)

600

E15-D-CI

500
400
300
200
1

Mode

9 10 11 12 13

Break thermal efficiency

Break thermal efficency

0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2

D100
E15-D

0.15

E15-D-CI

0.1
1

6 7 8
Mode

9 10 11 12 13

Exhaust gas temperature

Exhaust gas temp. ( )

700
D100

600

E15-D

500

E15-D-CI

400
300
200
100
0
1

6 7 8
Mode

9 10 11 12 13

CO concentrations
1200
D100

CO (ppm)

1000

E15-D
E15-D-CI

800
600
400
200
0
1

6 7 8
Mode

9 10 11 12 13

THC concentrations
250
D100
E15-D

THC (ppm)

200

E15-D-CI

150
100
50
0
1

6 7 8
Mode

9 10 11 12 13

NOx concentrations
1400
D100

1200

E15-D

NOx (ppm)

1000

E15-D-CI

800
600
400
200
0
1

6 7 8
Mode

9 10 11 12 13

Bosch smoke index

Bosch smoke number

1.75
D100

1.5

E15-D

1.25

E15-D-CI

1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
1

7 8
Mode

9 10 11 12 13

CO conversion efficiencies(WCC)
100

Conversion efficiency (%)

WCC
80
60
40

D100
E15-D

20

E15-D-CI

0
1

-20
Mode

9 10 11 12 13

CO conversion efficiencies(DOC)
100

Conversion efficiency (%)

DOC
50
0
1

9 10 11 12 13

-50
-100

D100
E15-D

-150

E15-D-CI

-200
Mode

CO conversion efficiencies(WCC+DOC)

Conversion efficiency (%)

100
80

WCC+DOC

60
D100

40

E15-D

20

E15-D-CI

0
-20

-40
Mode

9 10 11 12 13

THC conversion efficiencies(WCC)

100

WCC

Conversion efficiency (%)

D100

80

E15-D
E15-D-CI

60
40
20
0
1

-20
Mode

10 11 12 13

THC conversion efficiencies(DOC)

Conversion efficiency (%)

100

DOC

80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40

9 10 11 12 13

D100
E15-D-CI

-60
Mode

E15-D

THC conversion efficiencies(WCC+DOC)

100

Conversion efficiency (%)

WCC+DOC
80
60
40

D100
E15-D

20

E15-D-CI

0
1

-20
Mode

9 10 11 12 13

The particle size distribution(D100)

1

10

11

12

13

D100

1.E+10

dN/dln (Dp) [/cm ]

1.E+11

1.E+09
1.E+08
1.E+07
1.E+06
1.E+05
5.5

9.3

15.8

27.0

46.8

82.9

Diameter, nm

153.5 307.8

The particle size distribution(E15+D)

1.E+10

6
13

5
12

E15+D

dN/dln (Dp) [/cm ]

1.E+11

4
11

3
10

2
9

1
8

1.E+09
1.E+08
1.E+07
1.E+06
1.E+05
1.E+04
5.5

9.3

15.8

27

46.8

Diameter, nm

82.9

153.5 307.8

The particle size distribution(E15+D+CI)

3
10

2
9

1
8

4
11

5
12

6
13

dN/dln (Dp) [/cm ]

1.E+10
1.E+09

E15+D+CI

1.E+08
1.E+07
1.E+06
1.E+05
1.E+04
5.5

9.3

15.8

27

46.8

82.9

Diameter, nm

153.5 307.8

The particle size distribution

dN/dln (Dp) [/cm ]

1.E+10

D1
D8
E4
CI 1
CI 8

1.E+09

WCC rear

D4
E1
E8
CI 4

1.E+08
1.E+07
1.E+06
1.E+05
1

10

100

Diameter, nm

1000

The particle size distribution

dN/dln (Dp) [/cm ]

1.E+10

D1
D8
E4
CI 1
CI 8

1.E+09

1.E+08

D4
E1
E8
CI 4

DOC rear

1.E+07

1.E+06

1.E+05
1

10

100

Diameter, nm

1000

Total concentration particle number

Total conc. N/cm

1.E+11
1.E+10
1.E+09
1.E+08

D100
1.E+07

E15+D
E15+D+CI

1.E+06
1

Mode

10 11 12 13

Conclusions
E15-D-CI had the highest thermal efficiency
because of the addition of the cetane improver.
The smoke reduction rates with E15-D and E15-DCI were 28% and 58%, respectively.
Total number of the particles are reduced about
20-40% with E15-D-CI.
The CO conversion efficiency in the WCC and the
DOC reached to 80-90% in the ECE 13 mode.
The THC conversion efficiency in E15-D-CI
reached up to 60-80% by the effect of the cetane
improver addition.

Thank you for your attention!

Any Questions?
E-mail :

chabby77@hanmail.net
aerocar@korea.com

http://chonnam.chonnam.ac.kr/~bcchoi
Advanced Combustion Control Lab.