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Probability Homework Illustrations and Solutions:
Question: 1
A box contains 8 red and 5 white balls. Two successive draws of 3 balls are made at
random. Find the probability that the first threes are white and the second threes are red,
(i) when there is replacement and (ii) when there is no replacement.
Solution:
(i)When there is replacement:
The probability that the first threes will be white is given by :
P(A) = 5C3/13C3,

i.e.,

(No. of favourable ways for white ball)/(No. of total ways)

The probability that the second threes will be red is given by

P(B) = 8C3/13C3

i.e.,

(No. of favourable ways red ball)/(No. of total ways)

Therefore, the events being independent of each other, the probability of their compound
event, or
P(AB) = P(A) P(B)
= 5C3/13C3 8C3/13C3 = 140/61347 = .002 (approx.)
(ii) When there is no replacement
The probability that second threes will be red given that the first three were white and not
replaced is given by
P(B/A) = 8C3/10C3
Both the above events being independent of each other, the probability of their compound
event is given by

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P(AB) = P(A) P(B/A)
= 5C3/13C3 8C3/10C3 = .016
[According to the rule of combination]

Question: 2
From a pack playing cards, two cards are drawn at random. Find the probability that one is
an Ace, and the other is a Knave.
Solution: There are 4 Aces, 4 Knaves, and 52 total cards in a pack of playing cards: An Ace
can be drawn from 4 aces in 4C1 ways.
A Knave can be drawn from 4 Knaves in 4C1 ways, and two cards can be drawn from 52
cards in 52C2 ways.
Total number of favourable ways in which an Ace and a Knave can be drawn at a time or m
= 4C1 4C1.
Thus, the required probability is given by
P = 4C1 4C1/52C2 = 4 4 2/52 51 [According to the rule of
combination]

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= 8/663 = .012

Question: 3
There are two urns containing some balls as follows:
You take an urn, draw one ball, and find that it is red. What is the probability that you draw
the ball from Urn -1 ? If the ball drawn happens to be black, what is the rotability that it is
from Urn-II?
Solution:
Probability of drawing a red ball from the urn I
or

P(R1) = 6C1/10C1 = 6/10 = .6

Probability of taking the Urn I from the two urns or

P(R1U1) = P(R1) P(U1)
= .6 1/2 = .3
Similarly, the probability of drawing a black ball from the Urn-II

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or

P(B2) = 2C1/10C1 = 2/10 = .2

The probability of taking the Urn-II from the two urns or

P(U2) =
Thus, the probability that the black ball was drawn from the Urn-II is given by
P(B2U2) = P(B2) P(U2)
= .2 1/2 = .1
(2) Rule of Summation. According to this rule, the probabilities of two, or more related
events will be summed up to find out the probability of their joint occurrence.
This rule of summation is applied to the problems of compound events where,
The related events are dependent of each other, and
The related events are mutually exclusive.
The rule of summation again comprises of two sub rules, viz.,
Rule of pure addition
Rule of both additions and subtraction.
(i)Rule of Pure addition. According to this rule the probabilities of all the related events are
added together to compute the probability of their joint occurrence. This rule is applied only,
where all the related events are mutually exclusive of each other (i.e., when one takes
place, the other can not), and there is no intersection (ones happening with the happening
of another) between any two, or more related events.
In such a case, the probability of the compound events is computed as under:
P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
Or

P(A B) = P(A) + P(B)

And P (A B) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C)

(ii)Rules of both Addition and Subtraction. According to this rule, the probabilities of the
related events of exclusive nature are added, and that of the inclusive nature are deducted
to compute the probability of their joint operation.
This rule is applied to compound events where some of the related events are mutually
exclusive, and some others are inclusive, i.e., they joint operation. each other. For example,
two works of a person say doing Ph. D. and writing a book may cause three related events,
viz. doing Ph. D. alone (A) ; writing a book alone (B), and doing a Ph. D. as well as writing a
book (C). In this example, the first two events are calculated as under:
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A and B)

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or

P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

In the case of three events the formula is modified as under:

P(A or B or C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) P(A B)
-P(A C) P(B C) + P(A B C)

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