Flying saucer

For other uses, see Flying saucer (disambiguation).

A ying saucer (also referred to as a ying disc) is a

October 1957 issue of Amazing Stories magazine devoted to ying saucers. The sightings starting in 1947 ignited an obsession
with ying saucers that lasted a decade.

a saucer, disc, or pie-plate, and several years later

added he had also said the objects moved like saucers
descriptive term for a supposed type of ying craft hav- skipping across the water. Both the terms ying saucer
and ying disc were used commonly and interchangeably
ing a disc or saucer-shaped body, commonly used generically to refer to an anomalous ying object. The term was in the media until the early 1950s.
coined in 1947 but has generally been supplanted since Arnolds sighting was followed by thousands of similar
1952 by the United States Air Force term unidentied sightings across the world. Such sightings were once very
ying objects or UFOs. Early reported sightings of un- common, to such an extent that ying saucer was a synknown ying saucers usually described them as silver or onym for UFO through the 1960s before it began to fall
metallic, sometimes reported as covered with navigation out of favor. A lot of sightings of the cigar-shaped UFO
lights or surrounded with a glowing light, hovering or were reported following it.[1] More recently, the ying
moving rapidly, either alone or in tight formations with saucer has been largely supplanted by other alleged UFOother similar craft, and exhibiting high maneuverability. related vehicles, such as the black triangle. The term
While disc-shaped ying objects have been interpreted UFO was, in fact, invented in 1952, to try to reect the
as being sporadically recorded since the Middle Ages, wider diversity of shapes being seen. However, unknown
the rst highly publicized sighting by Kenneth Arnold on saucer-like objects are still reported, such as in the widely
June 24, 1947, resulted in the creation of the term y- publicized 2006 sighting over Chicago-O'Hare airport.
An alleged ying saucer seen over Passaic, New Jersey in 1952

ing saucer by U.S. newspapers. Although Arnold never Many of the alleged ying saucer photographs of the era
specically used the term ying saucer, he was quoted are now believed to be hoaxes. The ying saucer is now
at the time saying the shape of the objects he saw was like considered largely an icon of the 1950s and of B-movies
1

SIGHTINGS

in particular, and is a popular subject in comic science ying in an echelon formation, weaving like the tail of a
ction.[2]
kite, ipping and ashing in the sun, and traveling with
[8]
Beyond the common usage of the phrase, there have a speed of at least 1,200 miles per hour (1,900 km/h).
also been man-made saucer-like craft. The rst ying In addition to the saucer or disc shape (Arnold also used
disc craft was called the Discopter and was patented by the terms pie plate and half-moon shaped), he also later
Alexander Weygers in 1944. Other designs have fol- said he described the motion of the craft as like a saucer
lowed, such as the American Vought V-173 / XF5U if you skip it across water, leading to the term ying
"Flying Flapjack", the British GFS Projects ying saucer, saucer and also ying disc (which were synonymous
for a number of years).
or the British S.A.U.C.E.R. (Saucer Aircraft Utilising
Coanda Eect Reactions) ying saucer, by inventor Alf Immediately following the report, hundreds of sightings
Beharie.
of usually saucer-like objects were reported across the
United States and also in some other countries. The most
widely publicized of these was the sighting by a United
Airlines crew on July 4 of nine more disc-like objects
1 Sightings
pacing their plane over Idaho, not far from Arnolds initial
sighting. On July 8, the Army Air Force base at Roswell,
New Mexico issued a press release saying that they had
recovered a ying disc from a nearby ranch, the socalled Roswell UFO incident, which was front-page news
until the military issued a retraction saying that it was a
weather balloon.
On July 9, the Army Air Force Directorate of Intelligence, assisted by the FBI, began a secret study of the
best of the ying saucer reports, including Arnolds and
the United Airlines crew. Three weeks later they issued
an intelligence estimate describing the typical characteristics reported (including that they were often reported
as disc-like and metallic) and concluded that something
was really ying around. A follow-up investigation by the
Air Materiel Command at Wright Field, Ohio arrived at
the same conclusion. A widespread ocial government
study of the saucers was urged by General Nathan Twining. This led to the formation of Project Sign (also known
as Project Saucer) at the end of 1947, the rst public
Air Force UFO study. This evolved into Project Grudge
(19491951) and then Project Blue Book (19521970).
News notice printed in Nuremberg, describing 4 April 1561
Nuremberg mass sighting. Discs and spheres were said to emerge
from large cylinders. From Wickiana collection in Zurich.

The term ying saucer quickly became deeply ingrained

in the English vernacular. A Gallup poll from August
1947 found that 90% had heard about the mysterious ying saucers or ying discs, and a 1950 Gallup poll found
A manuscript illustration of the 10th-century Japanese
that 94% of those polled had heard the term, easily beatnarrative, The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, depicts a round
ing out all other mentioned commonly used terms in the
ying machine similar to a ying saucer.[3][4]
news such as "Cold War", "universal military training",
A record of a saucer-shaped object is from 1290 of a and "bookie.
silver disc ying over a village in Yorkshire.[5] Disc-like
Air Force statistics indicated that the basic saucer-shape
ying objects were occasionally reported throughout the
continued to be the most commonly reported one through
millennium. For example, in a mass sighting over Nuremthe 1950s and 1960s until Project Blue Book ended in
berg in 1561, discs and spheres were reported emerging
1970. There have been some claims, still undocumented
from large cylinders (see woodcut at left). They are also
by scientic study, that reports of saucers began to declaimed by ufologists to frequently show up in religious
cline in the 1970s, being supplanted by other craft such
artwork.[6][7]
as black triangles, cylinders, and amorphous shapes. It
Possibly the rst well-documented instance to specically has also been asserted that despite the increase in portable
compare the objects to saucers, and the rst to be widely cameras, photographs dwindled as Cold War and Space
reported, was the Kenneth Arnold sighting on June 24, Race interest decreased and a number of notable images
1947, while Arnold was ying near Mount Rainier.[5] He were exposed as fakes.
reported seeing 9 brightly reecting vehicles, one shaped
like a crescent but the others more disc- or saucer-shaped,

2.1

Fata Morgana (mirages) and ying saucers

Explanations

3
rently not understood.

2.1 Fata Morgana (mirages) and ying

saucers
Main article: Fata Morgana (mirage)
Fata Morgana, a type of mirage, may be responsible for

A lenticular cloud. Studies show such clouds account for less

than 1% of ying saucer reports.

In addition to the extraterrestrial hypothesis, a variety of

possible explanations for ying saucers have been put forward. One of the most common states that most photos
of saucers were hoaxes; cylindrical metal objects such as
pie tins, hubcaps and dustbin lids were easy to obtain, and
the poor focus seen in UFO images makes the true scale
of the object dicult to ascertain. However, some photos
and movies were deemed authentic after intensive study.
An example was the saucer-like object photographed by
farmer Paul Trent near Portland, Oregon in 1950, which Fata Morgana of distant islands distorted images beyond recogpassed all tests when studied by the Condon Committee nition
in the 1960s.[9]
some ying saucers sightings, by displaying objects loAnother theory states that most are natural phenomena cated below the astronomical horizon hovering in the sky,
such as lenticular clouds and balloons, which appear disc- and magnifying and distorting them.
like in some lighting conditions.[10]
Similarly some unidentieds seen on radar might also
A third theory puts all saucer sightings down to a form be due to Fata Morgana-type atmospheric phenomena,
of mass hysteria. Arnold described the craft he saw as though more technically known as "anomalous propagasaucer-like but not perfectly round (he described them tion" and more commonly as radar ghosts. Ocial
as thin, at, rounded in front but chopped in back and UFO investigations in France suggest:
coming to a point), but the image of the circular saucer
was xed in the public consciousness. The theory posits
As is well known, atmospheric ducting is
that as the use of the term ying saucer in popular culture
the
explanation
for certain optical mirages, and
decreased, so too did sightings.[11]
in particular the arctic illusion called fata morHowever, one Air Force commissioned study contradicted some of these contentions. A scientic and statistical analysis of 3200 Air Force cases by the Battelle
Memorial Institute from 1952 to 1954 found that most
were indeed due to natural phenomena, about 2% were
due to hoaxes or psychological eects and only 0.4%
were thought due to clouds. Other very minor contributors were birds, light phenomena such as mirages
or searchlights, and various miscellany such as ares or
kites. The vast majority of identied objects (about 84%)
were explained as balloons, aircraft, or astronomical objects. However, about 22% of all sightings still deed
any plausible explanation by the team of scientists, and
percentage of unidentieds rose to 33% for the best witnesses and cases. Thus when carefully studied, a substantial fraction of reports (given the available data) is cur-

gana where distant ocean or surface ice, which

is essentially at, appears to the viewer in the
form of vertical columns and spires, or castles
in the air.
People often assume that mirages occur only
rarely. This may be true of optical mirages,
but conditions for radar mirages are more common, due to the role played by water vapor
which strongly aects the atmospheric refractivity in relation to radio waves. Since clouds
are closely associated with high levels of water
vapor, optical mirages due to water vapor are
often rendered undetectable by the accompanying opaque cloud. On the other hand, radar
propagation is essentially unaected by the water droplets of the cloud so that changes in

4 IN POPULAR CULTURE
water vapor content with altitude are very effective in producing atmospheric ducting and
radar mirages.

of hovercraft, lacking only a 'skirt' to make it a truly effective example of the type. Unmanned saucers have had
more success; the Sikorsky Cypher is a saucer-like UAV
which uses the disc-shaped shroud to protect rotor blades.

Fata Morgana was named as a hypothesis for the myste- Some more advanced ying saucers capable of spacerious Australian phenomenon Min Min light[12]
ight have been proposed, often as black projects by
aeronautics companies. The Lenticular Reentry Vehicle
was a secret project run by Convair for a saucer device
3 Manmade ying saucer aircraft which could carry both astronauts and nuclear weapons
into orbit; the nuclear-powered system was planned in
depth, but is not believed to have ever own. More exotically, British Rail worked on plans for the British Rail
Space Vehicle a proposed, saucer-shaped craft based
on so far undiscovered technologies such as nuclear fusion and superconductivity, which was supposed to have
been able to transport multiple passenger between planets, but never went beyond the patent stage.[16]
There is at least one design that received a US patent in
2005: U.S. Patent 6,960,975 It claims to be propelled
by the pressure of inationary vacuum state.

The Avrocar, a one-man ying saucer style aircraft

Additionally, a professor at the University of Florida has

begun work on a Wingless Electromagnetic Air Vehicle (WEAV) for NASA which has received public interest because of its coincidental resemblance to a ying
saucer.[17][18][19]

See also: Circular wing

The rst documented patent for a lenticular ying
machine was submitted by Romanian inventor Henri
Coanda. He made a functional small scale model which
was own in 1932 and a patent was granted in 1935 [13]
At a Symposionum organized by the Romanian Academy
in 1967 Coanda said:
These airplanes we have today are no
more than a perfection of a toy made of paper children use to play with. My opinion is
we should search for a completely dierent ying machine, based on other ying principles.
I consider the aircraft of the future, that which
will take o vertically, y as usual and land
vertically. This ying machine should have no
parts in movement. The idea came from the
huge power of the cyclons [14]
Other attempts have been made, with limited success,
to produce manned vehicles based on the ying saucer
design. While some, such as the Avrocar and M200G
Volantor have been produced in limited numbers, most
fail to leave the drawing board. The Avrocar, with vertical
takeo and landing, was originally intended to replace
both the Jeep and the helicopter in combat situations, but
proved to be inadequate for both. In spite of a powerful
turbojet, it could not rise more than four or ve feet o
the ground, i.e., out of ground eect.[15] Thus, the Avrocar could be seen as a prototype for the early generations

4 In popular culture
Long before the Kenneth Arnold sighting of 1947 and the
adoption of the term ying saucer by the public, depictions of streamlined saucer-shaped aircraft or spacecraft
had appeared in the popular press, dating back to at least
1911.[20] In particular, commentators like Milton Rothman have noted the appearance of the ying saucers
concept in the fantasy artwork of the 1930s pulp science
ction magazines, by artists like Frank R. Paul.[21][22]
Frank Wu, a notable contemporary science ction illustrator, has written:[21]
The point is that the idea of space vehicles
shaped like ying saucers was imprinted in the
national psyche for many years prior to 1947,
when the Roswell incident took place. It didn't
take much stretching for the rst observers of
UFOs to assume that the unknown objects hovering in the sky had the same disk shape as the
science ctional vehicles.
After 1947, the ying saucer quickly became a stereotypical symbol of both extraterrestrials and science ction, and features in many lms of mid-20th century science ction, including The Atomic Submarine, The Day
the Earth Stood Still, Plan 9 from Outer Space, Earth vs.
the Flying Saucers, as well as the television series The
Invaders. As the ying saucer was surpassed by other

5
the 1965-1968 TV show Lost in Space, the Robinson family had a disc-shaped space ship. Saucers appeared in
the 1994-1998 television series Babylon 5 as the standard
ship design used by a race called the Vree. Aliens in the
1996 lm Independence Day attacked humanity in giant
city-sized saucer-shaped space ships.
The sleek, silver ying saucer in particular is seen as a
symbol of 1950s culture; the motif is common in Googie
architecture and in Atomic Age dcor.[23] The image is
often invoked retrofuturistically to produce a nostalgic
feel in period works, especially in comic science ction;
both Mars Attacks![24] and Destroy All Humans![25] draw
on the ying saucer as part of the larger satire of 1950s B
movie tropes.
The Twilight Zone episodes The Monsters Are Due on
Maple Street, Third from the Sun, "Death Ship", "To
Serve Man", "The Invaders" and "On Thursday We Leave
for Home" all make use of Forbidden Planet's iconic
saucer.

5 References
One of the rst depictions of a ying saucer, by illustrator
Frank R. Paul on the October 1929 issue of Hugo Gernsback's
pulp science ction magazine Science Wonder Stories. Although
the term wasn't used before 1947, fantasy artwork in pulp magazines prepared the American mind to be receptive to the idea of
ying saucers.

[1] Essay: A FRESH LOOK AT FLYING SAUCERS. TIME.

Aug 4, 1967./ 1975-Loring Air Force Base UFO Sightings. about. com./ NASA Helioviewer: Giant CigarShaped UFO Spotted Moving Close To The Speed Of
Light?. INQUISITR. January 21, 2015./ 'Cigar-shaped'
UFO spotted hovering over erupting Mexican volcano.
the Daily and Sunday Express. May 5, 2015./ Retrieved
all June 19, 2015.
[2] Sir Patrick Moores Irish UFO lm identied. BBC. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
[3] Richardson, Matthew (2001). The Halstead Treasury of
Ancient Science Fiction. Rushcutters Bay, New South
Wales: Halstead Press. ISBN 1-875684-64-6.
[4] Once Upon a Time. Emerald City (85). September
2002. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
[5] Invaders from Elsewhere. Strange Magazine. Retrieved
23 March 2013.
[6] Historical artwork and UFOs by Matthew Hurley
(PDF). Retrieved 23 March 2013.

A small ying saucer leaves its larger mothership in Plan 9 from

Outer Space.

[7] ART and UFO Intro. Sprezzatura.it. 12 November

2002. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
[8] Bloecher, Ted (2005) [1967]. Report on the UFO Wave of
1947 (PDF). National Investigations Committee on Aerial
Phenomena. Retrieved January 7, 2013.

designs and concepts, it fell out of favor with straight

science-ction movie makers, but continued to be used
ironically in comedy movies, especially in reference to the [9] Maccabee, Bruce. The Trent Farm Photos. Bruce Maccabee. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
low-budget B movies which often featured saucer-shaped
alien craft.
[10] Lenticular cloud UFOs. UFO Mistakes. Retrieved 23
March 2013.
MGM, however, gave its high production value 1956 lm
Forbidden Planet a ying saucer called the United Plan- [11] Law, Stephen (2003). The Outer Limits: More Mysteries
ets Cruiser C-57D, presenting a plausible human explofrom the Philosophy Files. Orion Books. ISBN 1-84255062-4.
ration, faster-than-light starship of the 23rd century. In

[12] Pettigrew, JD. (2003). The Min Min light and the Fata
Morgana. An optical account of a mysterious Australian
phenomenon.. Clinical and Experimental Optometry 86
(2): 10920. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03069.x.
PMID 12643807.
[13] OZN-ul lui Coand, fascinanta creaie care a nlemnit
America!". Go4it.ro. 3 September 2010. Retrieved 23
March 2013.
[14] Aeronautics Henri Coanda. Allstar.u.edu. Retrieved
23 March 2013.
[15] Winchester, Jim (2005). American Military Aircraft.
Grange Books PLC. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-84013-753-8.
Retrieved 23 March 2013.
[16] British Rail ying saucer plan. BBC. 13 March 2006.
Retrieved 23 March 2013.
[17] New Flying Saucer Runs on Plasma. LiveScience. 12
June 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
[18] WEAV Patent Application For A Plasma-Propelled
Flying Saucer. science20.com. June 13, 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
[19] The Worlds First Flying Saucer: Made Right Here on
Earth: Scientic American. Sciam.com. 7 July 2008.
Retrieved 23 March 2013.
[20] Early 20th Century magazine covers with ying saucer"like craft. Ufopop.org. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
[21] Wu, Frank (1998). Gallery of Frank R. Pauls Science
Fiction Artwork. Frank Wu personal website. Retrieved
April 1, 2015. External link in |publisher= (help)
[22] Darr, Jennifer (July 3, 1997). Coming To A Sky Near
You. Philadelphia Citypaper. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
[23] Astronomers and the Space Needle. Astroprofs. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
[24] Alien Notions. Metroactive. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
[25] Destroy All Humans! for PS2. Gamespot. Retrieved
23 March 2013.

External links
FBI Special Agent Guy Hottels memo

EXTERNAL LINKS

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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Flying saucer Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_saucer?oldid=724722059 Contributors: Malcolm Farmer, Heron, Patrick,

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jpg. First published as <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='http://www.philsp.com/data/images/a/amazing_stories_
195710.jpg'>Amazing Stories magazine, Zi-Davis Publishing Co., Vol. 31, No. 10, October 1957, cover</a> Original artist:
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