Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Experiment 08
To design RC low pass & high pass filter circuit with cutof
frequency of 5KHZ, also draw a frequency response: (a)
magnitude response (b) phase response.
To design RL low pass & high pass filter circuit with cutof
frequency of 5KHZ, also draw a frequency response: (a)
magnitude response (b) phase response.
Introduction:
This laboratory studies the use of passive components to create filters to separate
portions of time-dependent waveforms. Filters are an essential tool in our complex
world of mixed signals both electronic and otherwise. Passive components
(resistors, capacitors, and inductors) have long served as filter components for
everything from selecting radio stations to filtering out electrical noise.
EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES:
(1) Learn the general filter types: High-pass, Low-pass.
(2) Learn to alter filter type by changing contacts for output voltage.
(3) Learn phase angle at cutoff for simple RC and RL filters.
(4) Design simple filter.
(5) Frequency response (amplitude and phase).
EXPERIMENTAL OBJECTIVES:
(1) Calculate and measure cutoff frequency for series RC and RL filters.
(2) Design simple RC low-pass & high pass filter.
(3) Design simple RL low-pass & high pass filter.
(4) Bode plots for series filters.
PRE-LAB:
Reading:
(1) Study the Background section of this Laboratory.
(2) Study textbook Chapter 14 (14.1 -14.4).
Written:
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
(1)Simulate the circuit shown in Fig (5), Fig (6), Fig (7) and Fig (8) in LTspice and
Record the simulation result in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4.
(2)Sketch the Bode Plots of the simulation results recorded in Table 1, Table 2,
Table 3 and Table 4.
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
Digital Function Generator
Digital Oscilloscope with Probes.
Bread Board
Capacitors
Inductors
Resistors
Background:
Frequency Response
The frequency response of a circuit is the variation in its behavior with change in
signal frequency.
Transfer Function
The transfer function
H ( )
Y ()
X ( )
Bode Plots
Bode plots are semi-log plots of the magnitude (in decibels) and phase (in degrees)
of a transfer function versus frequency.
Cutof Frequency
The frequency at which gain becomes 0.707 times of the maximum gain is called
cutoff frequency. It is also called the half power frequency because at this
frequency the average power delivered by the circuit is one half the maximum
average power.
H ( ) MAX
|H ( C )|=0.707
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
P( c )=
Pmax
2
Filter
A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass signals with desired frequencies and
reject or attenuate others.
Passive Filters
Elements used in passive filters are resistors, capacitors and inductors. The gain of
passive filters is unity.
Low Pass Filter
A low pass filter passes low frequencies and rejects high frequencies.
Magnitude
First-Order
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
Design of RC Low Pass Filter
The cutoff frequency for RC circuit is given below
c=
1
1
, f c=
(1)
RC
2 RC
Fig (5) RC
f c =5 KHz Equation(1)
510
2 ( 3)( 9.08109 )
1
R=
R=3.5 K
Make sure that the CapacitorResistorof this valusis available Lab; otherwise do the
H ( )=
1
1+ jRC
Equation ( 1 ) c =
H ( )=
1
RC
1
j
1+
c
|H ( )|=
( 1) +
c
2
( )
(2)
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
=tan1
( )(3)
c
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
Design of RC High Pass Filter
C=10 nF
H ( )=
1
1
1+
jRC
( 4)
Put RC =
1
1+
|H ( )|=
1
RC
1
the Equation(4)
c
H ( )=
1
jRC
1 j
=tan1
(5)
( )
c
2
( 1) +
=tan1 c (6)
( )
R=3.5 K
( )
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
Design of RL Low Pass Circuit
The cutoff frequency for RC circuit is given below
c=
R
R
, f c=
(7)
L
2 L
Let L=10 mH
Circuit
Make sure that the inductor f this valus is available Lab
Put L=1 mH
f c =5 KHzthe Equation(7)
R=2 f c L
R=2 510310103
R=314.1
Make sure that the inductorresistorof this valus is availableLab ; otherwise do the
calaculations according the available inductor value.
1
(8)
jL
1+
R
Equation ( 7 )
Put
L 1
=
R c
c=
R
L
the Equation(8)
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
H ( )=
1
j
1+
c
|H ( )|=
=tan1
( 1) +
c
2
(9)
( )
(10)
c
( )
1
R
1+
jL
(11)
Equation ( 7 ) c =
Put
R
L
R
=c the Equation(11)
L
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
H ( )=
1
R
1+
jL
|H ( )|=
1 j
1
=tan1
(12)
( )
c
2
( 1) +
( )=tan ( )(13)
c
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
Task 1 RC Low Pass Filter:
1) Set up the circuit shown in Fig (5). Use the function generator FGEN for the
supply voltage vin 10 VP-P.
2) Connect channels 1 and 2 of the oscilloscope to measure Vs and Vout
simultaneously.
3) Vary the frequency from 500 Hz to 10 kHz in steps indicated in Table 1, and
record the indicated value. With each frequency change, make sure that V in is
still 10Vpp.
a) Using the data of Table 1, sketch a Bode plots of the of the filters output
voltage.
Post Lab:
1) Why are capacitors preferred over inductors in filter design?
2) Create Bode plots of the magnitude transfer functions of your low-pass and
high-pass filters. The theoretical plots (using measured values of resistors
and capacitors) should be drawn as lines. Include your data (taken at 1/10,
, 1, 2, and 10 times the cutoff frequency) as points.
3) Compare the measured results and simulation results.
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
Calculated Results:
Task 1: Passive RC Low Pass Filter
Frequency
(KHz)
(rad /s)
|H ( )|=
0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
H ( )=20 log
( )
( 1 )2 +
Vo
(dB)
V
=tan1
Vo
(dB)
V
=tan1
( )
c
0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
(rad /s)
|H ( )|=
( )
(1) +
H ( )=20 log
( )
c
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
Calculated Results:
Task 3: Passive RL Low Pass Filter
Frequency
(KHz)
(rad /s)
|H ( )|=
0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
H ( )=20 log
( )
( 1 )2 +
Vo
(dB)
V
=tan1
Vo
(dB)
V
=tan1
( )
c
0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
(rad /s)
|H ( )|=
( )
c
2
(1) +
H ( )=20 log
( )
c
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
Section 4 Measurement Tables
Name: __________________________
_______________________
Reg. No
(rad /s)
Vout(P-P)
H ()=
Vo
V
H ( )=20 log
Vo
(dB)
V
(degrees)
Vo
(dB)
V
(degrees)
0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
Table 1 (RC Low Pass Filter)
Task 2: Passive RC High Pass Filter
Vin (p-p) = 10 VP-P
Frequency
(KHz)
0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
(rad /s)
Vout(P-P)
H ()=
Vo
V
H ( )=20 log
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
Table 2 (RC High Pass Filter)
Reg. No
(rad /s)
Vout(P-P)
H ()=
Vo
V
H ( )=20 log
Vo
(dB)
V
(degrees)
0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
100fc =
Table 3 (RL Low Pass Filter)
Task 4: Passive RL High Pass Filter
Vin (p-p) = 10 VP-P
V
V
Frequency
(rad /s) Vout(P-P)
H ()= o
H ( )=20 log o (dB)
(KHz)
V
V
0.01fc=
0.1fC =
0.5fc =
fc =
2fc =
4fc =
6fc =
8fc =
10fc =
(degrees)
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
100fc =
Table 4 (RL High Pass Filter)
Name: __________________________
_______________________
Reg. No
Frequency
(rad/Sec)
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
Phase
(degree)
Frequency Name:
(rad/Sec)
__________________________
_______________________
Reg. No
Frequency
(rad/Sec)
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
Phase
(degree)
Frequency
(rad/Sec) Name:
__________________________
_______________________
Reg. No
Frequency
(rad/Sec)
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
Phase
(degree)
Frequency
(rad/Sec) Name:
__________________________
_______________________
Reg. No
Frequency
(rad/Sec)
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
Phase
(degree)
Frequency
(rad/Sec) Appendix
1
jC
V o=
V
1
R+
jC
V o is given by
Vo
1
=
V 1+ jRC
As we know that
Vo
=H ()
V
H ( )=
1
(1)
1+ jRC
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
|H ( )|=
At
|H ( )|
1
1+ ( RC )
= 0.707
0.707 =
0.5=
0.707=
1
1+( c RC )
1
2
1+ ( c RC )
1
1+ ( c RC ) 2
2
0.5+0.5 ( c RC ) =1
0.5 ( c RC )2=10.5
0.5
2
( c RC ) = 0.5
2
( c RC ) =1
c2=
c=
f c=
1
( RC)2
1
(2)
RC
1
2 RC
V o is given by
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
V o=
R
1
R+
jC
Vo
=
V
1
1+
H ( )=
1
1
1+
jRC
|H ( )|=
1
jRC
Vo
=H ()
V
As we know that
At
|H ( )|
1+
= 0.707
(5)
1
( c RC )
1
0.707=
1+
1
1+
( c RC)
1
0.7072 =
1
(RC )
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
1
1+
( c RC )
1
0.5=
( c RC)
1
1+
0.5
( c RC )2 =1
0.5
0.5+
( c RC )2 =10.5
0.5
0.5
2
( c RC ) = 0.5
2
( c RC ) =1
c =
c=
f c=
1
( RC)2
1
RC
1
2 RC
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
Appendix C (RL Low Pass Filter)
From the circuit diagram,
Vo is given by
R
V
R+ jL
V o=
Vo
=
V
R
jL
R(1+
)
R
As we know that
Vo
=H ()
V
H ( )=
1
jL
1+
R
|H ( )|=
At
|H ( )|
= 0.707
0.707=
( RL )
1+
( LR )
1+
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
0.7072=
1
L
1+ c
R
( )
0.5=
1
L
1+ c
R
( )
c L 2
0.5+0.5
=1
R
( )
0.5
c L 2
=10.5
R
( )
c L 2 0.5
=
R
0.5
( )
c L 2
=1
R
( )
2
R
= 2
L
2
c
c=
f=
R
L
R
2 L
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
Appendix D (RL High Pass Filter)
From the circuit diagram,
Vo is given by
V o=
jL
V
R+ jL
Vo
=
V
jL
R
jL(
+1)
jL
As we know that
Vo
=H ()
V
1
H ( )=
1+
|H ( )|=
At
R
jL
1
( LR )
1+
|H ( )| = 0.707
0.707=
R
c L
( )
1+
Lab 08:
Passive First Order Low
Pass & High Pass Filter
0.7072=
0.5=
1
R
1+
c L
1
R
1+
c L
( )
( )
R 2
0.5+0.5
=1
c L
( )
2
0.5
R
=10.5
c L
( )
R 2 0.5
=
c L
0.5
( )
R
=1
c L
( )
2
c =
c=
f=
R2
L2
R
L
R
2 L