Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Gavriel Salomon
Salomon es israel y naci en 1938. Fue decano de la universidad de Haifa, es psiclogo y se especializ en la investigacin de
cognicin y educacin.
En esta conferencia, ofrece una mirada fresca, provocadora y global de la relacin entre tecnologa y educacin. Denuncia y seala
la miopa de los que se dejan seducir por lo que la tecnologa puede hacer y pierden de vista la pedagoga que debera conducir la
educacin.
Aunque el texto ya tiene 11 aos y algunos tpicos particulares quedaron desactualizados, las ideas fuerza del artculo siguen
siendo extremadamente valiosas al pensar la forma en que incorporamos las TIC en la educacin.
Los invitamos a leer la conferencia:
Queremos agradecer al equipo que particip en la traduccin y en especial a Graciela Caldeiro y Paola Adler.
Its not just the tool, but the educational rationale that counts
Invited keynote address at the 2000 Ed-Media Meeting
Montreal, June 28, 2000
Gavriel Salomon
University of Haifa
Fuente: http://www.aace.org/conf/edmedia/00/salomonkeynote.htm
Tecnologa - la promesa
pdfcrowd.com
And then, all of a sudden, a new gizmo arrived on the horizon, The
computer, promising to revitalize, even redo education. The
moment the personal computer ran off the assembly line, it
commanded full attention. How interesting: One of the first brands
of the PC, as we all may remember, was the Apple. This was a
most suitable name for the computer, for like its Biblical
predecessor, it immediately became an irresistible, a most
tempting fruit, the ultimate solution for all educational malaise.
And this, to an important extent, continues to be its fate today: The
computer, with the Internet and multimedia, with its modelbuilding and simulation capacities, with its email, hypertext, CMC
and other unfathomable possibilities, seduces us to believe that it
can do miracles; Its introduction for learning purposes into
classrooms, colleges, homes and even work places, is
supposed to cause a major shift in education.
There are at least two kinds of impact that any technology has - a
gradually accumulating but eventually profound impact on society,
and a quicker, more immediate, and hence more visible impact
on particular practices. The former usually constitutes an
unforeseen and slowly building up impact, I'd call it the drip effect
of technology, the nature of which becomes clear only after a
while, usually a very long while. Examples are the development of
suburbia and the revolution in sexual mores as a result of the
automobile, or the changes in patterns of interpersonal
communication as a consequence of email. Nobody intended
these effects, nor did anybody think them out; they happened
more or less all on their own, driven mainly by economic and
efficiency considerations that capitalize on the new opportunities
afforded by technology. What is technologically possible becomes
implemented and thus it becomes desirable.
On the other hand, there are the more immediate, focussed and
usually intended impacts on such practices as science,
architecture, medicine, commerce, banking, etc. Could you
imagine today the stock market without computing, book sales
without Amazon.com, or your daily interaction with the world
without email? Such changes capitalize on what technology
affords but unlike the previous kinds of effects, these ones are
pdfcrowd.com
affords but unlike the previous kinds of effects, these ones are
focussed and intended. Neither banking nor libraries, neither
shopping nor the training of pilots have changed unintentionally
on their own as side effects. Obviously, in reality technology's
effects do not divide so neatly into two separate categories:
Unintended long-range effects become desired and intended,
and intended ones have their own unintended side effects.
pdfcrowd.com
Indeed, the truth is that by and large, history keeps repeating itself.
Very little, if anything, has happened so far as a result of
computing in education. This state of affairs has lead a leading
American journalist, Oppernheimer, to comment that the
investment into computing to the tune of Billions of dollars, as it
comes at the expense of other subjects, activities and resources,
may well be considered educational malpractice (Oppernheimer,
1997).
A study published in Israel only a few days ago reports results that
correspond to Oppenheimer's verdict. Thus, are our expectations,
and consequently the financial investments in educational
computing, justified? Are computers likely to have a profound and
positive impact on education? Or is all this no more than fantasy
and wishful thinking? Indeed, why do we witness profound effects
on, say, advertising, medicine, or travel and not on formal
education? What is there in education that succeeds to avoid any
major changes? Numerous answers have been offered, blaming
the conservative nature of education, its need to maintain the
facade of being updated without really changing, and more. I'd like
to add my two pennies worth of thoughts on the matter.
pdfcrowd.com
A very recent survey carried out in the USA by Henry Becker (1999)
shows that whereas 68% of the teachers report using the Internet,
and 28% report using it at least once a week, 18% use the
Internet to post information, suggestions, opinions, or student
pdfcrowd.com
98).
Las tecnologas de la comunicacin y la informacin han llegado
a las aulas y a los hogares, pero el nuevo paradigma de
aprendizaje se ha quedado en la retrica. Las tecnologas de la
comunicacin y la informacin rara vez utilizan planificaciones
centradas en el aprendizaje o la orientacin del estudiante... El
nuevo concepto de aprendizaje parece servir ms como un
argumento para el uso de las tecnologas de la comunicacin y
de la informacin que para su verdadera utilizacin (p. 217).
Un estudio muy reciente llevado a cabo en EEUU por Henry
Becker (1999) muestra que mientras que el 68% de los docentes
reportan el uso de Internet, y el 28% dice usarlo al menos una vez
a la semana, el 18% utiliza Internet para enviar informacin,
sugerencias, opiniones o el trabajo del estudiante y slo el 16%
utiliza correo electrnico para comunicarse profesionalmente con
otros profesores.
Hay una paradoja aqu. Una tecnologa ms potente e innovadora
es tomada y domesticada de tal manera que se hace con ella
ms o menos lo mismo que se ha hecho antes, slo que un
poco ms rpido y un poco ms agradable. En consecuencia,
nada pasa realmente, lo que viene a demostrar aquello que los
escpticos han argumentado desde el principio y lo que las
investigaciones tienden a demostrar: la tecnologa no hace
ninguna diferencia en el aprendizaje. Pero por supuesto, no
puede hacer diferencia alguna porque ha sido domesticada para
ser totalmente sometida a las prcticas en curso. Herramientas
mutiladas no pueden hacer dao alguno, pero tampoco nada
bueno.
pdfcrowd.com
pay $17,500 for the last print collection of one million abstracts in
chemistry if you can access them on the net? The same applies
to the spread of virtual research communities covering the whole
globe, and, of course, teaching, the labor intensive activity that can
be easily and cheaply replaced by on-line courses (Noam, 1996).
Writes Hutchinson (1995), of the School of Information Systems in
the UK:
"In the constantly and rapidly changing world in which we now live,
with new technologies relentlessly redefining the way we work
and live, it may not merely be an anachronism to continue to
embrace the model of the traditional residential university as the
primary locus of learning -- it may arguably be an impediment to
appropriate learning and ultimately a threat to growth, both
economic and personal."
pdfcrowd.com
pdfcrowd.com
part of a context
4. Information requires clarity; the construction of knowledge is
facilitated by ambiguity, conflict and uncertainty.
5. Mastery of information can be demonstrated by its reproduction; mastery of knowledge is demonstrated by its novel
applications
This process of transforming information into knowledge is an
effort demanding and purposeful process. Information items do
not link to each other all on their own, except for by sheer
association. Connecting them requires at least two things:
Tutelage, and a community of learners.
pdfcrowd.com
pdfcrowd.com
pdfcrowd.com
una visin del graduado que nos gustara que emerja de nuestro
sistema educativo. A mi modo de ver, en esta poca de
posmoderna decadencia de criterios para el juicio y toma de
decisiones, cuando el conocimiento se multiplica
frecuentemente, cuando las personas cambian su vocacin muy
seguido, donde el acceso a la informacin se vuelve ms
importante que la posesin, y donde la tecnologa es tan
dominante, nos gustara que nuestros graduados sean
independientes, pensadores conscientes, expertos en el
aprendizaje permanente, capaces de manejar problemas
complejos de forma inteligente solos y en equipo, y guiados por
valores sociales que trascienden los beneficios egostas.
pdfcrowd.com
pdfcrowd.com