GROUPNo.

REVIEW ON INDUCTION, ALTERNATORS

AND SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Electrical Equipment
(Identification and Bearing Information, IP Code for Rotating Electrical Machine, Data Codes, Types of
Designations, Model Number Systems and Bearing Information for Various Manufacturers)

Prepared by:

Lopez, Paul Avry

Magaan, Bryan Dave Docto
Pundal, Eduardo Mon

Synchronous Motor
A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor at
steady state, the rotation of the shaft/rotor is
synchronized with the frequency of the supply
current; the rotor is excited by a dc power supply or
can be also a permanent magnet.

Synchronous Motor General Maintenance

During Overhaul
Nuts on the studs or wedges of dove tail poles should be checked for looseness
If the collector rings become eccentric, grooved, pitted, or deeply scratched,
this condition can best be corrected by grinding the rings with a rotating-type
grinder, with the machine running at rated speed in its own bearing.
Varnishing of Machine Windings
Winding failure caused by vibration of coils during operation Machine operation
at higher temperature than normal, shortens life of insulation
a. Coat all insulated surfaces of the brush holders and slip rings with a
high-gloss insulating varnish.
b. Periodic varnish treatment and curing, correctly done so as to fill all spaces
caused by drying and shrinkage of the insulation, will provide an effective
seal against moisture and should be a matter of routine electrical maintenance.
Electrical Power Equipment and Testing by Paul Gill 2 nd Ed. CRC Press

Cleaning
Carbon black, metallic dust and chips form a conductive film over the insulation
and increase the possibility of insulation failure.
a. Dirt should be removed from all coil surfaces and mechanical parts. Air vent
ducts should be clear.
b. As much oil, grease, and dirt as possible should be removed by wiping the
windings with clean, dry cloths and then with clean cloths that have been
moistened with a solvent recommended by the coil manufacturer.
c. For cleaning, armatures or wound rotors should be placed in a vertical position
with the commutator or collector ring end up, and a pressure spray gun with
solvent should be used to clean under the collecting device and through vent
holes.
Lubrication
d. Dust in collector rings and brush holder should be blown off weekly with dry
Excess
oil collect dust, too much grease in anti-friction bearing causes heat.
air.
In all cases, a lubricant should be applied to the shaft or to the sealing element of
the oil seal. This aids installation and reduces heat buildup during the first few
minutes of run. The application of a lubricant to the outer periphery of a
synthetic rubber-covered seal will reduce the possibility of shearing or bruising.
Electrical Power Equipment and Testing by Paul Gill 2 ndEd. CRC Press

Alternator
Is an electrical generator that
converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy in the form
of alternating current.

AlternatorPar
tsSmallAlternator

WoundStationaryArmature
Stator- Rotates
Armature-Stationary

Most preferable

1. Armature winding is more complex than the field and can be

constructed more easily.
2. The armature winding can braced more securely in a rigid frame.
3. It is easier to insulate and protect high-voltage armature winding.
4. The armature winding is cooled more rapidly because the stator core
can be made large enough for forced air circulation.
5. The low voltage field can be constructed for efficient high-speed
operation.

INDUCTION
MOTOR

An induction or asynchronous motor is

an AC electric motor in which the electric
current in the rotor needed to produce
torque is obtained by electromagnetic
induction from the magnetic field of the
stator winding.

Air Gap
If air gap is affected by grinding the rotor laminations or filing the stator teeth
results in increase in magnetization current and lower PF.
The air gap should be periodically checked with a feeler gauge to ensure against
a worn bearing that might permit the rotor to rub against the stator core. Even
slight rubbing of the rotor against the stator will generate enough heat to
destroy the coil insulation.

Brushes and Rings

Rough or uneven ring surfaces should be remedied as soon as possible, before
sparing, pitting, and accelerated brush wear result. Allowing the rotor to
oscillate axially will distribute wear more evenly. Unevenly worn brushes should
be replaced to assure best operation.
Electrical Power Equipment and Testingby Paul Gill2 ndEd. CRC Press .

Squirrel-Cage Rotors
Squirrel-cage rotors are more rugged and, in general, require less maintenance
than wound rotors. Open circuits or high-resistance joints between the end rings
and the rotor bars may give trouble. The symptoms of such conditions are
generally the same as with wound-rotor motors, that is, slowing down underload
and reduced starting torque. Look for evidence of heating at the end ring
connections, particularly when shifting down after operating under load.

Stator Windings
A regular schedule of inspection can prevent costly shutdowns and repairs by
revealing small defects, which can be corrected before they develop into serious
faults. The operating temperature of the machine should be checked a regular
intervals. Open-type machines must be inspected more frequently than closed
types, with the machines shutdown if possible.
The best way to evaluate the condition of insulation is to measure the insulation
resistance at regular intervals when the machine is hot. A sudden decrease in

the insulation resistance may indicate an approaching breakdown, which may

be avoided if the cause is located and corrected in time.

Wound-Rotor Windings
Most wound rotors have a three-phase winding and are susceptible to trouble
from single-phase operation and open circuits. The first symptoms of these
faults are lack of torque, slowing down in speed, growling noise, or perhaps
failure to start the load.
The first place to look for an open secondary circuit is in the resistance or the
control circuit external to the rotor. Short-circuiting the rotor circuit at the slip
rings and then operating the motor will usually determine that the trouble is in
the control circuit or in the rotor itself.
Another fairly successful method of checking for short circuits in the rotor
windings is to raise the brushes off the collector rings and energize the stator. A
rotor winding that is free from short circuits should have little or no tendency to
rotate, even when disconnected from the load. If there is evidence of
considerable torque or a tendency to come up to speed, the rotor should be
removed and the
winding opened and examined for the fault.

NAMEPLATEINFORMATION

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1. Work done per unit of time

2. Voltage rating at which the
motor is designed to operate
most efficiently.
3. Full Load Amps is the amount
of current the motor can be
expected to draw under full load
conditions.
4. The speed at which full-load
torque is delivered for the rated
voltage and frequency.
5. Motor dimension standardization
is reflected by the frame size
number, Frequency and the type of
power supply.
6. Service Factor is an indicator of
the amount of overload a motor can
be expected to handle.
7. The percentage of the input
power that is actually converted to
work output from the motor shaft,

NEMA design A
maximum 5% slip
high to medium
starting current
normal locked rotor
torque
normal break
down torque
suited for a broad
variety of applications
as fans and pumps

NEMA design B
maximum 5%slip
low starting current
high locked rotor
torque
normal breakdown
torque
suited for abroad
variety of applications,
normal starting torquecommon in HVAC

NEMA design C
maximum 5%slip
low starting current
high locked rotor
torque
normal breakdown
torque
suited for equipment
with high inertia
starts -as positive
displacement

application with fans, pumps

blowers and pumps