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Seismic records during recent destructive earthquakes such as Northridge (1994), Kobe (1995), Duzce (1999) and ChiChi (1999) revealed peculiarities of ground motion near active faults. Those earthquakes indicated that the vertical
acceleration can reach values comparable to horizontal acceleration or may even exceed these accelerations. The
unique high amplitude and short to medium duration pulse caused due to the forward directivity was another typical
feature of near-field ground motion, which caused significant damage to transportation structure. In this study the
relative importance of the vertical ground motion on the response of Karnali cable-stayed bridge, which is situated
near an active fault in Nepal, is investigated. This study also tries to identify the effect of the velocity pulses on the
response of a steel tower of the cable-stayed bridge. The results indicate that the vertical ground motion will have a
minor effect on the axial response of the cable and tower of the cable-stayed bridge. The study identified that
forward directivity ground motion could have a damaging effect when velocity pulses are tuned with the natural
period of the steel tower of the bridge.
1.
Introduction
Bridge Engineering
Volume 165 Issue BE4
2.
2.1
The Karnali Bridge is the first, and to date, the only cablestayed bridge in Nepal. The bridge site is located approximately 500 km west of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. The
Karnali Bridge is a key structure connecting the western Tarei
plains of Nepal with the rest of the country. Moreover, it also
serves as an important link to reach many western mountains
in the country. Currently, it is the 91st largest cable-stayed
bridge in the world, with a main span of 325 m. The bridge site
is situated close to the Siwalik fault. The proximity of the fault
from the bridge site is found to be between 4?8 and 8 km.
The bridge has a single tower and two spans consisting of a
main span of 325 m and a side span of 175 m. The cables are
arranged in two vertical planes with 30 cables in each plane. A
modified fan configuration has been adopted for the cables.
The stay cables are made of polyethylene-sheathed strands
composed of 7-mm diameter galvanised wires. A composite
girder, consisting of a 228-mm thick concrete slab over a 3 m
deep steel truss, has been used. The tower consists of a stiffened
hollow steel section with a height of 120 m above the bridge
deck. The roadway is 11?3 m wide, with two traffic lanes. A
photograph of Karnali bridge is shown in Figure 1.
The Karnali cable-stayed bridge was designed by Steinman
Boynton Gronquist and Birdsall, New York, USA, and the
construction was completed by Kawasaki Heavy Industries of
Japan in 1993.
2.2
Bridge Engineering
Volume 165 Issue BE4
C1 C3
C15
325 m
C20
C26
C23
175 m
3.1
Figure 2. SAP 2000 FEM image of Karnali cable-stayed bridge
Eeq ~
E
(wl)2 AE
1z
12T3
3.
Event
Mw
6?8
6?9
7?3
6?9
6?9
Station
Karakyr
LGPC
Landers
Nishi-Akashi
JR Takatori
4.
Numerical analysis
4.1
4.2
PGA-Y (g)
PGA-Z (g)
V/H
0?71
0?56
0?68
0?51
0?61
0?63
0?61
0?7
0?5
0?61
1?34
0?89
0?66
0?37
0?24
1?89
1?47
0?94
0?73
0?39
225
Bridge Engineering
Volume 165 Issue BE4
Spectral acceleration: g
Gazli
3
Loma Prieta
Landers
2
Nishi-Akashi
JR Takatori
1
0
0
2
Period: s
0
0
2
Period: s
2
Period: s
4.3
Velocity: cm/s
100
Velocity pulse
50
0
-50
0
Velocity: cm/s
100
10
12
Time: s
16
14
18
20
22
24
Velocity pulse
50
0
-50
-100
0
10
15
226
20
Time: s
25
30
35
40
Level: m
Bridge Engineering
Volume 165 Issue BE4
4.4
Deck alignment
98.5
97.5
96.5
95.5
94.5
93.5
Tower
As built deck alignment
Calculated alignment
0
50
100
150
200
250
300 350
400
450 500
Span: m
The simulations were carried out in two stages for the ground
motion mentioned in Table 1. In the first stage the bridge was
subjected to only the horizontal accelerations (H). In the
second stage combined horizontal and vertical (H + V)
components of the near-fault ground motion were applied to
evaluate the effect of vertical ground motion on this bridge.
For the simulation, linear modal time-history analysis was
adopted. The study concentrated on the axial response of the
selected cables as shown numbered in Figure 2 and the tower
of the cable-stayed bridge.
For the study of the influence of the vertical acceleration on the
response of the selected elements, the ratio of axial force with
and without vertical acceleration, defined as the amplification
factor (AF) was used, in which dead load is not considered.
The cables and tower of the cable-stayed bridge are in
prestressed condition due to the dead load. The linear modal
analysis does not start from the dead load prestressed
condition; it only represents the loading due to ground
excitation. The load at the final stage (i.e. the loading due to
the dead load combined with the seismic loading) is of prime
interest for evaluating the structural performance, thus the
combination of dead load and seismic loading was considered.
Non-linear time-history
Max
Min
Delta
Max
Min
Delta
Percentage
difference in
delta (%)
0?217
0?547
0?017
20?227
20?567
20?021
0?444
1?114
0?038
0?274
0?545
20?009
20?139
20?559
20?041
0?413
1.104
0?032
7?5
0?9
18?8
0?061
0?786
0?371
20?08
20?745
20?549
0?141
1?531
0?92
0?095
0?746
0?386
20?032
20?74
20?484
0?127
1?486
0?87
11?0
3?0
5?7
83 014
79 050
1756
29 590
2103 456
282 470
22275
234 240
186 470
161 520
4031
63 830
96 524
80 514
1796
29750
2102 256
282 548
22289
276 580
198 780
163 062
4085
66 830
6?2
0?9
1?3
4?5
604
458
889
2450
2624
2764
1054
1082
1653
4480
1489
2156
3451
389
401
1029
1100
1755
2?4
1?6
5?8
Description
227
Bridge Engineering
Volume 165 Issue BE4
Element
Cable 1
Cable 3
Cable 15
Cable 20
Cable 23
Cable 26
Ground motion
Main span
Main span
Main span
Side span
Side span
Side span
Takatori
Nishi-Akashi
Loma Prieta
Gazli
Landers
0?99
0?97
1?04
1?01
1?42
0?99
1?01
1?15
1?44
3?69
1?22
1?16
1?01
1?38
3?06
1?06
1?08
1?15
1?5
3?37
1?1
1?07
0?99
1?32
3?98
1?05
1?03
1?06
1?84
6?89
Frame 878
Tower
1?06
0?97
1?18
1?12
2
AF~
RSP(HzV)
RSP(H)
highest for all the elements under study. Table 3 also indicates
that due to the influence of the vertical ground motion the axial
force may even drop slightly. Table 4 summarises the FAF for
different elements to the subjected ground motion. Table 4
shows that for Landers ground motion, the final increase in the
cable tension is as high as 38%, whereas for the tower it is only
19%. Table 4 also suggests that due to the combined
application of horizontal and vertical ground motion, maximum tension in the cables may even drop slightly.
4.5
where RSP(H + V) 5 axial force (maxima-minima) for case
(H + V), RSP(H) 5 axial force (maxima-minima) for case (H).
For extreme values of time history analyses (including the dead
load prestressed loading) the final amplification factor is defined as:
3.
DLzRSP(HzV)
FAF~
DLzRSP(H)
Effect of FDGM
Element
Cable 1
Cable 3
Cable 15
Cable 20
Cable 23
Cable 26
Ground motion
Main span
Main span
Main span
Side span
Side span
Side span
Takatori
Nishi-Akashi
Loma Prieta
Gazli
Landers
0?99
0?99
1?02
1?02
1?02
1
0?99
1?01
1?08
1?14
1?15
1?05
1?03
1?05
1?36
228
1?01
1?04
1?15
1?2
1?38
1?02
1
1
1?03
1?16
0?98
1?01
0?96
1?12
1?25
Frame 878
Tower
1?01
0?98
1?09
1?05
1?19
Loma Prieta
150
Takatori
Gazli
Nishi-Akashi
100
50
FDGM
Landers
Non-FDGM
0
-50
Loma Prieta
4
Gazli
Landers
Takatori
Nishi-Akashi
2
FDGM
Non-FDGM
0
-2
Nishi-Akashi
-100
Landers
Gazli
Nishi-Akashi
-4
-150
-200
Thousands
200
Base shear: kN
Thousands
Bridge Engineering
Volume 165 Issue BE4
Loma Prieta
Gazli
Takatori
Takatori
Landers
Loma Prieta
-6
Ground motion
Ground motion
Figure 6. Tower maxima and minima base moment and base shear
for regular FDGM
This section examines the capacity of the cables and the tower of
the structure and compares it with the seismic loading obtained
from the analysis described previously to determine whether the
bridge is capable of resisting strong near-fault earthquakes.
5.1
200
Takatori
Loma Prieta
150
Gazli
100
Nishi-Akashi
50
FDGM
Landers
Non-FDGM
0
-50
Landers
Nishi-Akashi
-100
8
6
Takatori
Loma Prieta
Nishi-Akashi Gazli
Landers
2
FDGM
Non-FDGM
0
-2
Landers
Gazli
-4
-150
-200
Thousands
Thousands
5.2
Base shear: kN
5.
Takatori
Loma Prieta
Nishi-Akashi Gazli
-6
Takatori
Loma Prieta
-8
-250
Ground motion
Ground motion
Figure 7. Tower maxima and minima base moment and base shear
for inverse FDGM
229
Bridge Engineering
Volume 165 Issue BE4
Dead load
tension
Max tension
(seismic loading)
Max final
tension
Breaking
strength
Element
Ground motion
kN
Cable
Cable
Cable
Cable
Cable
Cable
1
3
15
20
23
26
kN
3775
2248
1007
1206
1969
1902
Factor of safety
kN
1164
740
1198
1516
847
678
kN
4939
2988
2205
2722
2816
2580
JR
JR
JR
JR
JR
JR
Takatori
Takatori
Takatori
Takatori
Takatori
Takatori
9409?5
6292?5
3175?5
3520?5
4906?5
6292?5
1?91
2?11
1?44
1?29
1?74
2?44
(a)
& The current seismic codes including IS 1893 and NBC 105
150
M22: kNm
Thousands
M22: kNm
Conclusion
Yield envelop
Series2
100
200
Yield Envelop
Series2
150
100
50
50
0
0
50
100
150
200
Thousands
M33: kNm
230
6.
(b)
50
100
150
200
Thousands
-50
M33: kNm
Bridge Engineering
Volume 165 Issue BE4
&
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge Graham Pocock and
Saroj Koirala from the WSP Group for their assistance to
improve the English grammar of this paper. The authors would
also like to extend thanks towards the Institute of Engineering,
Tribhuvan University, where this graduate research work was
carried out.
REFERENCES
Bridge Engineering
Volume 165 Issue BE4