Académique Documents
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Energy production
Transportation
US, China, Russia among top 3
contributors
C.
Standard
of
for
Emission
Other
Air
Pollutants
Absence
When
there
is no emission
or
pollutants
pollutant
that
is
potentially
for Smoke
Smoke shall not be darker than
Shade 1 (of the Ringelmann chart)
D. Penalty
Exception:
a.) Emission of dark smoke for
SO2
mins
B.
Maximum
Emission
Permissible
Limits
Particulate Matter
for
per
day
shade 3
discharged
Php5,000.00 a day)
Failure to pay, operation will be
stopped.
E.
Actions
during
to
be
taken
unhealthy
air
conditions
a.)
Very
fugitive
unhealthful
air
dusts
beyond
the
which
the
emissions
originate
indoors
and
reduce
physical
activity
b.)
Hazardous
air
quality
the
(Warning level)
people
around
it,
the
building or equipment to be
escape.
B.
Compounds
Organic
or
Organic
Compound Emission
1.)
1.)
No
person
shall
reservoir,
reasonable
taking
precautions
to
or
container
is
Handling
and
cause,
materials,
Storage
A. Fugitive Particulates
Volatile
conditions
No
Recognized
agricultural,
practices.
h.)
by
the
Department.
Approved
from
any
article,
contrivance
operate
at
capacities
which
4.) Nuisance:
No
one
should
release
air
b.) Recreation/Ceremonies
provided
the
hazard
is
in,
so
pollutants,
is no
ambient
air
dangerous
the
diseases or pests.
Disposal
with
e.)
together
burning,
if
consistently
maintained
d.)
In
the
event
that
any
the
for
person
such
source
install
or
alter
any
obtain
prior
written
Republic Act No. 8749
(b) Encourage
cooperation and self-regulation
among citizens and industries
through the application of
market-based instruments;
IMEENVI REVIEWER
KYOTO PROTOCOL
Negotiated on: 11 December 1997
Enforced on: 16 February 2005
192 parties have ratified the treaty
Goal: stabilization of greenhouse
gas concentrations in the
atmosphere at a level that would
prevent interference with the
climate system.
Reduce the 4 harmful Greenhouse
Gases (GHG):
- CO2
- Methane
- Nitrous Oxide
- Sulfur Hexafluoride
Reduce emissions by 5.2% against
1990 levels over the period 2008
2012
KYOTO MECHANISMS
Emissions Trading
- Allows countries that have
emission units to spare to sell
this excess capacity to
countries that are over their
targets.
- Since Carbon is the principle
GHG, its often called CARBON
MARKET and CARBON PERMITS
Clean Development Mechanism
- Involves investment in
sustainable development
projects that reduce emissions
in developing countries
Joint Implementation
- Allows industrialized
countries to meet part of
their required cuts in
greenhouse-gas emissions
by paying for projects that
reduce emissions in other
industrialized countries.
MONTREAL PROTOCOL
Since: 1987
Every country in the world has
ratified this treaty
Acid deposition
- occurs when acid-forming pollutants in the air are deposited on
the earths surface
- main acid-forming pollutants are sulphur dioxide (SO2)
and oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
These substances interact with water in the
atmosphere to form mild acids that return to the earth in four ways:
- mixed with rain to form acid rain;
-Common air pollutants like Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen form acids
in
water.
Sulphur dioxide comes from smelters (such as the nickel smelters in
-Sudbury, Ontario), gas processing plants, oil sands plants, coal-fired power
plants, and transportation (trains and vehicles).
-Oxides of nitrogen come from
the same sources with nearly half of it coming from transportation source
50%
17%
16%
17%
Compostable:
(1) biodegradable wastes such as food waste, garden waste, animal waste
and human waste
Recyclable:
(1) any waste material retrieved from the waste stream and free from
contamination that can still be converted into suitable beneficial
use
(2) may be transformed into new products in such a manner that the
original products may lose their identity.
Residual:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Phases of SWM
Generation: Houses, commercial establishments, and factories generate solid
wastes.
Storage: Where garbage is stored. Example: houses - garbage cans,
restaurants - garbage cans or small dumps nearby
Collection, Transfer and Transport: The government is usually in charge of
this. Generally, garbage is collected and transported to the processing site or
directly to dumpsites. In urban areas, garbage is usually collected regularly
(can be everyday or a few times a week).
Processing (if any)
Disposal: The final phase of solid waste management, where wastes are
stored in dumpsites.
Approaches to ESWM
Ecological Solid Waste Management refers to the systematic administration of
activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated transportation,
storage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all
other waste management activities which do not harm the environment.
Violations
1. Littering = 300 - 100 pesos / community service 1-15 days
2. violation of sanitation, open burning of solid waste = 300 - 100 pesos /
community service 1-15 days
3. Squatting in open dumps = 1000-3000 pesos/prison 15-6 months
4. The mixing of source-separated recyclable material with other solid waste =
1000-3000 pesos/prison 15-6 months
5. The manufacture, distribution or use of non-environmentally acceptable
packaging materials = 500,000 + 5 percent to 10 percent of his annual
income during the previous year+prison 1 - 3 years
6. Importation of toxic wastes misrepresented as "recyclable" or "with recyclable
content" = 500,000 + 5 percent to 10 percent of his annual income during
the previous year+prison 1 - 3 years
7. Transport and dumping in bulk of collected domestic, industrial, commercial
and institutional wastes in areas other than centers of facilities prescribed
under the Act. = 10,000 - 200,000 / prison less 3o days to three years (or
both)
Solid Environment
- Any material that is discarded
from a plant, a company or a
factory is considered to be a
solid waste
- It can be garbage, a refuse, a
sludge from a wastewater
Sources, Classification, and
Composition
Sources:
Residential
Industrial
Commercial
Institutional
Construction and Demolition
Municipal Services
Process (Manufacturing, etc.)
Agriculture
Classification:
Residential Solid Wastes
Generators:
Single and Family dwellings.
Usually found in houses,
apartments or condominiums.
Generator:
Street cleaning, landscaping,
parks,
beaches, other recreational
areas,
water and wastewater
treatment
plants
Types of Solid Wastes:
Street sweepings; landscape
and
tree trimmings general wastes
from parks and beaches.
Composition:
Composition of Solid Wastes
Composition is described as
the individual components that
make up a
1. Waste Generation
activities in which materials
are no longer identified as being
of value and are either being
thrown away or gathered for
disposal
Generation Rate of Municipal
Solid Waste
used to obtain data to
determine waste volume and for
subsequent solid
waste management
1.
2.
3.
4.
Type of container
Location of container
Public Health
Collection Method and Time
Objectives:
Component Separation (i.e.
hand sorting, screening,
magnetic separation,
air classification for lighter
materials)
Volume Reduction (i.e. bailing,
shredding, incineration)
Size Reduction (shredding,
grinding)
Resource Recovery
(compacting, energy recovery,
material recovery)
Waste Minimization
a process of elimination that
involves reducing the amount of
waste
produced in society
Benefits:
It can improve:
Efficient production practices
Economic returns
Public image
Quality of products produced
Environmental responsibility
Recycling
What is recycling?
means separating, collecting,
processing, marketing, and
ultimately using a
material that would otherwise
have been thrown away
Some benefits are:
reduces air and water
pollution/emissions associated
with landfilling and
incineration
Incineration (Thermal
Treatment)
Composting
engineered pit
in which layers of solid waste
are filled, compacted and
covered for final disposal
consists of:
a lined bottom
groundwater monitoring
gas extraction
cap system
Stages of decomposition
3rd stage
gas is produced
about half of the gas produced
will be carbon dioxide
the other half will be methane
Advantages
Effective disposal method if
managed well
Sanitary disposal method if
managed effectively
Energy production and fast
degradation if designed as a
bioreactor landfill
Disadvantages
Fills up quickly if waste is not
reduced and reusable waste is
not collected
separately and recycled
A reasonably large area is
required
Risk of groundwater
contamination if not sealed
correctly or the liner
system is damaged
High costs for high-tech
landfills
If not managed well, there is a
risk of the landfill degenerating
into an
open dump
Once the landfill site is shut
down O&M and monitoring must
continue for
the following 50 to 100 years
(b) Utilize
environmentally-sound methods
that maximize the utilization of
valuable resources and
encourage resource
conservation and recovery;
(d) Ensure the proper
segregation, collection,
transport, storage, treatment
and disposal of solid waste
through the formulation and
adoption of the best
environmental practice in
ecological waste management
excluding incineration;
(h) Encourage
cooperation and self-regulation
among waste generators
through the application of
market-based instruments;
Characteristics -
Ignitability
o Wastes that can
spontaneously ignite or
create fires
o Have a flash point of less
than 60 C
1. Liquid Water-based
solution containing more
than 24% alcohol (ex: oilbased paints, solvents)
2. Solids Spontaneously
combust due to friction or
moisture; Persistent burning
once ignited (ex. Rags in
linseed oil)
Corrositivity
o Acids or bases that are
capable of corroding
metal containers
o Any other liquid that will
corrode steel faster than
inch per year
o Aqueous; Strong acids or
strong bases (have a pH
less than or equal to 2, or
Reactivity
o unstable
o reacts with water
o potentially explosives
with water
o cannot be exposed to
materials with a PH level
of 2.0 and 12.5
o detonation under heat
o Examples: crystallized
picric acid, cyanide
solutions, lithium sulfur
batteries and explosives
Toxicity
o harmful or fatal when
ingested
o contaminated water may
leach from the waste and
pollute ground water
TOXICITY CHARACTERISTIC
LEACHING PRODECUDRE
RULE OF 20
Solid wastes
comparison of threshold
concentration
Liquid wastes
Multi-phase waste
comparison of threshold
concentration
Major Elements of a
Chemicals and Hazardous
Wastes Emergency Action
Plan
Training
Response Functions
Documentation and
investigation follow-up
Other Legislations
RA 6969*
PD 1586^ -
Established the
countrys
Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS)
system
o EIS system- classifies
certain projects or
areas including those
which involve the use
of chemicals and the
generation or
management of
hazardous wastes as
environmentally
critical.
o ECC- (Environmental
Compliance
Certificate) issued by
the President or his
representative, either
the DENR Secretary or
Director or Regional
Director of the
Environmental
Management Bureau
(EMB).
-contains the key
conditions which must
be satisfied by the
project proponent in
order to protect or
enhance the
environment.
o ERA- (Environmental
Risk Assessment)
- discusses
the hazardous
substances and
situations of the
project;
R.A. 6969
(Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of
1990)
An act to control toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear wastes,
providing penalties for violations thereof, and for other purposes.
Passed: September 6, 1990.
Approved: October 26, 1990
OBJECTIVES
1. To keep an inventory of chemicals that are being imported and manufactured in
the country.
2. To monitor and regulate the chemical substances in the country.
3. To inform and educate the people regarding the risks and hazards of chemical
substances.
4. To prevent the entry of hazardous and nuclear wastes in the country.
POLICY
1. To regulate, restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale,
distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures that present
unreasonable risk and/or injury to health or the environment
2. To prohibit the entry of hazardous and nuclear wastes and their disposal into the
Philippine territorial limits for whatever purpose
3. To provide advancement and facilitate research and studies on toxic chemicals.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
Prohibited Act:
4. Cause, aid or facilitate, directly or indirectly, in the storage, importation, or
bringing into Philippines territory, including its maritime economic zones,
even in transit, either by means of land, air or sea transportation or otherwise
keeping in storage any amount of hazardous and nuclear wastes in any part
of the Philippines.
Penalties (#4):
Individuals:
Imprisonment: 12 yrs & 1 day 20 yrs
Foreigners: deported and banned
Corporations:
Penalty imposed to CEO/President
Fine: at least Php500,000
Foreign firms: banned from PH and cancellation of business license in PH
ADMINISTRATIVE FINES
There will be a fine not less than Php10,000.00, but not more than
Php50,000.00 upon any person found guilty
VIOLATORS EXAMPLES:
1. March 7, 2001: DENR officer-in-charge Joemari Gerochi said CHEVALIER
ENVIRO SERVICES, INC (CESI) has been the subject of numerous calls from
residents from Bormaheco compound in Paranaque and from other businesses.
a. CESIS clientele include Jesus Delgado Hospital, de Los Santos Medical
Center, Capitol Medical, FEU Hospital, Las Pinas District Hospital, and Rizal
Medical Center among others.
b. ISSUES: Allegedly illegally dispose hospital wastes such as syringes, diapers,
syringe packing used for bloodletting, dextrose, used adult diaper, used
sanitary napkins, bandages, PVC tubing mixed with other industrial and
municipal wastes as well as electronic equipment
c. ACTION TAKEN: investigating team was sent to CESI and if found guilty,
officials may be punished by imprisonment of 12 years and 1 day to 20 years
and a fine of Php500,000. Punishment will be imposed on the managing
partner, the president or chief executive. The investigating team will also
inspect if the corporation has an environmental compliance certificate (ECC)
and if they do, further investigation will be made whether they have violated
the conditions of its ECC.
2. Dec. 7, 2011: DENR secretary Ramon J.P. Paje suspends transporter permits of
Chevalier Enviro Services, INC (CESI) and the AEC Hauling Services
(AEC).
a. ISSUES: For allegedly transporting and attempting to dump untreated
medical waste at a Landfill I Capas, Tarlac
b. ISSUES: Hospital wastes loaded in the two trucks were unsafe to transport
due to unsanitary condition such as foul odor and drenching of blood
residue.
c. ACTIONS TAKEN: suspension orders were signed by Environmental
Management Bureau (EMB) Director Juan Miguel Cuna
EFFECTIVITY
This Act shall take effect after 15 days following its publication in the Official
Gazette or in any newspaper of general circulation
BUDGET
Given annually, and amount is based on the provisions that will implemented
which is included in the budget of the DENR
SEPARABILITY
If a provision is declared void or is considered as unconstitutional, the remaining
provisions that are not affected will still remain applicable
REPEALING
Laws, presidential decrees, executive orders, and rules that are in conflict with
this Act are repealed or changed to fit accordingly
STOCKHOLM CONVENTION on PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
What: