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NAME
DIVYANSH
BRANCH
GUIDED BY
Project By :- Divyansh
Submitted By:-
DIVYANSH
PROJECT ON BUILDING
COMPONENTS
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING
There are two basic components of a building.
1. Sub Structure: The part of building that is constructed
below ground level.
2. Super Structure: The part of building that is above ground
level
SUB-STRUCTURE
Footing and plinth of a building are a part of a sub-structure.
This part of building safely transfers the load of building to
the underlying soil. Therefore, footing should be of such
strength that it can easily carry the building load. Failure of
footing leads to failure of building. Width and depth of
footing should be designed according to the load of a
G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA
Project By :- Divyansh
Project By :- Divyansh
SUPER STRUCTURE
G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA
Project By :- Divyansh
WALLS
Walls are the vertical elements on which the roof finally rests. They can be
made of different materials like bricks, stones, mud, concrete blocks,
lateritic blocks etc. If the walls are very long, columns can be provided to
carry the roof.
Walls provide privacy and enclosure. Walls also provide security and
protection against natural elements such as wind, rain and sunshine.
Openings are to be provided in wall for access and ventilation
Project By :- Divyansh
Project By :- Divyansh
ROOF
The roof provides protection for the building and the people living in it. The
roof rests on the walls and requires proper anchoring so that wind and
other mechanical impact cannot destroy it. A roof can have different shapes
but it is always either flat or sloping.Roof is typically made of RCC, stone
slab, tiles etc.
PLINTH BEAM
A plinth beam is constructed depending upon the type of the structure of
the building and nature of the soil. It provides additional stability in regard
to settlements of the building and earthquake damages.
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FLOOR
This is the surface on which we do most of our activities. Floorings is laid
over the filling of the plinth and on subsequent floors.
Flooring can be done with different materials, but care must be given that
the ground below the floor is well compacted. Flooring is done to prevent
dampness from rising to the top and to have a firm platform that can be
kept hygienic and clean.
STAIRS
A stair is a sequence of steps and it is provided to afford the means of
ascent and descent between the floors and landings.
G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA
Project By :- Divyansh
Project By :- Divyansh
OPENINGS
Openings are normally provided in the walls as door, windows and
ventilators.
Doors provide access; windows and ventilators provide light and
ventilation.
Lintels are constructed just above the openings. It is normally a stone slab
or a concrete slab.
G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA
Project By :- Divyansh
Sill is the part of the wall that is just below the window.
Lintels are constructed to hold up the walls above the openings. In
earthquake prone areas a continuous lintel beam is provided all over the
walls.
.SURFACES / FINISHES
External finishes are the outer
most layer of protection,
which protect the structure
from weathering. Internal
finishes are the layers given
on internal faces. They give
durability and pleasing
appearance to the inside
.
Project By :- Divyansh
Project By :- Divyansh
FIELD VISIT - II
AT
Govindpuri Metro Station,
Okhla Ph-3
Location Of Site : This site is located at Govindpuri metro station Okhla
Phase-III,
Anandmayi Marg, New Delhi 110020.
Project By :- Divyansh
Pillar
In architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that
transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other
structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression
member. The term column applies especially to a large round support
(the shaft of the column) with a capital and a base or pedestal and made of
stone, or appearing to be so. A small wooden or metal support is typically
called a post, and supports with a rectangular or other non-round section
are usually called piers. For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering,
columns may be designed to resist lateral forces. Other compression
members are often termed "columns" because of the similar stress
conditions. Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on
which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In architecture, "column"
refers to such a structural element that also has certain proportional and
decorative features. A column might also be a decorative element not
needed for structural purposes; many columns are "engaged", that is to say
form part of a wall.
Project By :- Divyansh
BEARING
A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to
only the desired
motion, and reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the beari
ng may
vary.For example, provide for free linear movement of the moving part or fo
r free rotate
around a fix axis, or it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of n
ormal forces
that bearing on the moving parts. Many bearings also facilitate the desired
motion as
much as possible , such as by minimizing friction ,bearing are classified bro
adly
according to the type of operation , the motions allowed ,or to the direction
s of the loads
(forces) applied to the parts .
TYPES OF BEARING
Animation of ball bearing: - The inner ring rotates and the outer rin
g is
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stationary.
Plain bearing :- Also known by the specific styles ; bushing , journa
l bearing ,
sleeve bearing , rifle bearing
Rolling element
:- Bearing such as ball bearings and roller bearings
s.
Jewel bearings: - Bearing in which the load is carried by rolling the
axle slightly
off centre.
Fluid bearing: - Bearing in which the load is carried by a gas or liqu
id.
Fllexure bearring: - Bearring in which the motiion is suppoorted by a lload ele
mennt
BRIDGE BEARINg
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Project By :- Divyansh
Project By :- Divyansh
EPOXY LIQUID
coll
oqui
Epoxy is a term used to denote both the basic
al
components
na
and the
me
cured end
for
products
the
of epo
xy
epo
resins,
as
xide
well as
func
tion
al
gro
up.
Epo
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TENDOn wires
.
Prestressed concrete is a method for overcoming concretes natural weakne
ss in tension
it can be used to produce beams , floors or bridges with a longer span than
is practical
G.B.PANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, OKHLA
Project By :- Divyansh
Project By :- Divyansh
An internal hinge is a hinge linkage located betweeen ends of two separate beams
at
Project By :- Divyansh
which here may be discontinuous slope from one side of the hinge linkage to the o
ther,
and the allowed dissplacement on both sides of the hinge linkage separating the t
wo
beams continuous.
Loads are applied along the pan of a beam. In general, the loads considered in stat
ic are
the concentrated load P and distributed load W. Concentrated load is the one which
can
be considered as acting at a point although the load is distributed over a small leng
th of
the beam in practicce. Distributed load is the one which cannot be considered as a
cting
at a point because the load is spread over a considerable length of the b
eam. The
distributed load is usually expressed as load W per unit length. The distributed loa
d is
An internal hinge is a hinge linkage located betweeen ends of two separate beams
at
Project By :- Divyansh
which here may be discontinuous slope from one side of the hinge linkage to the o
ther,
and the allowed dissplacement on both sides of the hinge linkage separating the t
wo
beams continuous.
Loads are applied along the pan of a beam. In general, the loads conside
red in static are
the concentrated load P and distributed load W. Concentrated load is the
one which can
be considered as acting at a point although the load is distributed over a
small length of
the beam in practicce. Distributed load is the one which cannot be consi
dered as acting
at a point because the load is spread over a considerable length of the b
eam. The
Distributed load is usually expressed as load W per unit length. The distributed loa
d is
called uniformly distributed looad when the load W per unit length is a constant or
uniform from point to point over the length of load distributed are grouped as vary
ing
distributed load, e.g. linear varying distributed load order to determine the reaction
for
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statically in determine beams, additional equations can be taken from the relations
hips
based on the properties of thee beam and the resistance to bending under the appl
ied
loads. If there are totally only two unknown reaction involved in all suppp
orts, the beam
is not stable for any applied loads and thhe beam is partially constrained only. Ther
efore
beam supported by two rollers is partiallly constrainned. The beam is sta
ble when the
applied loads is vertical and he beam will move when the horizontal components o
f the
applied loads is not equal to zero. Therefore in practice, a horizontal rest
raints used in
one suppport to restrain the beam from rotating or moving horizontal.
Project By :- Divyansh
HOLLOW
pillar
A hollow str
uctural sect
ion (HSS) is
a typeof me
tal profile wi
th a hollow t
ubular crosssection.HSS, esspecially rectangular sections, are commonly used
in welded steel fres wheere
member experienc loading in multiple directions.efficient shapes
for this multiple axis loading as hey have unniform geommetry along
two or more cross-sectional axis, and thus uniform strength characteristics. Th
is make
them good choice for columns. They also have excellent resistance t
o torssion
HSS can also be used as beams, although wide flange or I-beam shapes are
in many
cases a more efficient structural shape for this application. However, the HS
S has
superior resistance to lateral torsion buckling.
The flat square surfaces of rectangular HSS can ease construction, and they
are
something preferred for architectural aesthetics in exposed structures, alth
ough
elliptical HSS are becoming more popular in exposed structures for the sam
e aestheticreasons.
In the recent past, HSS was commonly available in mild steel, such as A500
grade B.
Project By :- Divyansh
Today, HSS is commonly available in mild steel, A500 grade C. other steel g
rades
available for HSS are A847(weathering steel), A1065(large section up to 50
inch sq)
(made with SAW process), and recently approved A1085
(higher strength, tightertolerances than A500).
USE
OF CIRCU
UMN OVER RECTANGULAR COLUMN
LAR COL
Project By :- Divyansh
Project By :- Divyansh
EXPANSION JOINT
Bridge expansion joints are designed to allow for continuous traffic
between structures while accommodating movement, shrinkage, and
temperature variations on reinforced and prestressed concrete,
composite, and steel structures. They stop the bridge from bending out
of place in extreme conditions, and also allow enough vertical
movement to permit bearing replacement without the need to
dismantle the bridge expansion joint. There are various types, which
can accommodate movement from 30 to 500 millimetres (1.2 to
19.7 in). They include joints for small movement (EMSEAL BEJS, XJS,
JEP, WR, WOSd, and AC-AR), medium movement (Etic EJ, Wd), and
large movement (WP, Etic EJF/SFEJ).
Modular expansion joints are used when the movements of a bridge
exceed the capacity of a single gap joint or a finger type joint. A
watertight system, invented by the Swiss company Mageba, is
designed on a modular basis and can be tailored to satisfy the specific
requirements of almost any structure. Modular multiple-gap expansion
joints can accommodate movements in every direction and rotations
about every axis. They can be used for longitudinal movements of as
little as 160 mm, or for very large movements of well over 3000 mm.
The total movement of the bridge deck is divided among a number of
individual gaps which are created by horizontal surface beams. The
individual gaps are sealed by watertight elastomeric profiles, and
surface beam movements are regulated by an elastic control system.
The drainage of the joint is via the drainage system of the bridge deck.
Certain joints feature so-called sinus plates on their surface, which
reduce noise from over-passing traffic by up to 80%.
Project By :- Divyansh