THE CELL

By: Nikki Anne M. Ambata, RMT

Reference:
Junqueiras Basic Histology Text and Atlas 13th ed.

THE CELL
are the basic structural and functional
units, the smallest living parts of the
body.

Eukaryotic cell
has distinct membrane-limited nuclei surrounded

by cytoplasm containing various membranelimited organelles.

Organelles are metabolically active structures or
complexes, with or without membranes, in the
cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells which are capable
of performing metabolic process.

Eukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cell
smaller compared to Eukaryotic cells; typically

have a cell wall around the plasmalemma and

lack other membranous structures, including an
envelope around their DNA.

Types of cells
Characteristics

Eukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cell

Nucleus and
membrane bound
organelles

Present

Absent

Cell

Unicellular or
multicellular

Unicellular

Reproduction

Sexual or Asexual

Always Asexual

Cell division

By mitosis or meiosis

By binary fission

Motility

Flexible cilia or flagella

Rigid rotating flagellum

Size of cell

Larger 10-100 m

Smaller 1-10 m

Basic parts of Cell

CYTOPLASM
PROTOPLASM

Is the fluid inside the cell that

consists of all the contents
outside the nucleus and
enclosed within the cell
membrane of the cell.

NUCLEOPLASM
Bounded by

Plasmalemma

Contains the nucleus and

enclosed within the nuclear
membrane that separates it
from the cytoplasm.

Plasmalemma
Also known as the Plasma membrane or Cell

Membrane.
Outermost membrane that is responsible for
protecting the interior of the cell.
Semi permeable membrane.
Membrane phospholipids are amphipathic.

Membrane Phospholipid

HEAD
TAIL

Hydrophilic loves water

Contains the phosphate group.
Hydrophobic hates water
Contains the Fatty acids

Phospholipid bilayer

Membrane Proteins
Integral proteins are directly incorporated within

the lipid bilayer itself.

Peripheral proteins exhibit a looser association
with one of the two membrane surfaces,
particularly the inner.

Integral Protein
Peripheral Protein

Mechanisms of transport across the

plasma membrane

PASSIVE TRANSPORT
movement of substances down a concentration
gradient due to the kinetic energy of the substance; no
expenditure of cellular energy is required; continues until
equilibrium is reached (if unopposed).

ACTIVE TRANSPORT
movement of substances requires expenditure of
cellular energy. (ATP)

Types of Passive Transport

Simple Diffusion - unassisted net movement of small,
nonpolar substances down their concentration gradient
across a selectively permeable membrane.

Facilitated Diffusion - movement of ions and small,

polar molecules down their concentration gradient;
assisted across a selectively permeable membrane by a
transport protein

A Facilitated
Diffusion

Simple
Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion
Channel-Mediated

- movement of ion down its concentration

gradient through a protein channel
Carrier-Mediated

- movement of small, polar molecule down its

concentration gradient by a carrier protein
A

Channel
mediated

Carrier
mediated

Types of Active Transport

Protein Pumps- transport proteins that require energy
to do work.
Example: Sodium / Potassium Pumps are important
in nerve responses.

Protein changes shape to

move molecules: this
requires energy!

Types of Active Transport

Vesicular Transport
Vesicle formed or lost as material is brought into a
cell or released from a cell.
1. Endocytosis
Bulk movement of substances into the cell by
vesicles forming at the plasma membrane.

Types of Endocytosis
1. Phagocytosis cell eating

- type of endocytosis in
which vesicles are formed as
particulate materials external to the
cell are engulfed by pseudopodia.
2. Pinocytosis cell drinking

- type of endocytosis in
which vesicles are formed as
interstitial fluid is taken up by the
cell.

Types of Endocytosis
3. Receptor mediated endocytosis
Type of endocytosis in which plasma membrane
receptors first bind specific substances; receptor and
bound substance then taken up by the cell.

Receptor mediated
Endocytosis

Nucleus
Command center of the cell.
The nucleus also contains the molecular

machinery to replicate the DNA and to synthesize

and process all types of RNA.
DNA defines the functions of the cell.

Chromatin
granular material visible within the nucleus;

consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins.

combination of DNA and its associated proteins.

Nucleolus
Generally spherical, highly basophilic subdomain

of nuclei in cells, actively making ribosomes.

By TEM, an active nucleolus is seen to have
fibrous and granular parts where rRNA forms
and ribosomal subunits are assembled,
respectively.
Nucleolus

Ribosomes
The molecular machine inside the cell that

makes proteins from amino acids in the process

called translation.
Responsible for protein synthesis.
2 Types:
Free ribosomes
circulates freely in the cytoplasm.
Attached ribosomes
usually attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER),
mainly for transport of materials.

Endoplasmic Reticulum
It is a convoluted membranous network that
extends from the surface of the nucleus to the cell
membrane and encloses a series of
intercommunicating channels and sacs called
cisternae.
Cisternae
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Occupies a large portion of the cytoplasm and
contains the enzyme responsible for Steroid
Synthesis.
Lacks polyribosomes.
Site for Lipid Synthesis and
Carbohydrate Metabolism.
Detoxifies drugs and Alcohol.
Sequesters and release Ca++
in a controlled manner.
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Synthesizes and segregates proteins for secretion,
incorporation into the plasma, membrane, and as
enzymes within lysosomes.
Consists of saclike as well as parallel
stacks of flattened cisternae.
Appears Basophilic when
viewed with a light microscope
due to the presence of
polyribosomes.
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus
completes posttranslational modifications of proteins

synthesized in the RER and then packages and

addresses these proteins to proper destinations.

Lysosomes
emerge from the Golgi apparatus containing

inactive acid hydrolases specific for degrading a

wide variety of cellular macromolecules.
Contains hydrolytic enzymes responsible for
intracellular digestion.

Lysosomes
Autolysis self destruction

** When there is excessive damage in the cell.

Autophagy self eating

** Lysosomes digest unneeded

or non-functional organelles after these
are surrounded by membrane that then
fuses with a lysosome.

Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell.
are the major sites of ATP synthesis and are

abundant in cells or cytoplasmic regions where

large amounts of energy are expended. (eg.
Muscle cells)
** The more active the cells,
the more mitochondria they have.

Cytoskeleton
Important in maintaining cell shape and as

tracks for transport of vesicles and

organelles by the motor proteins kinesin
and dynein.

Inclusion bodies
Unlike organelles, inclusions are not

metabolically active and are primarily

storage sites, such as lipid droplets,
glycogen granules, pigment granules, or
residual bodies (also called lipofuscin).

Centrosome
It is the microtubule-organizing center for the

mitotic spindle and consists of paired

centrioles.
It is also a mitotic apparatus that only seen
when the cell is about to undergo mitosis /
cellular division.

CELL DIVISION
An integral part of the cell cycle.
Results in genetically identical
daughter cells.

Types of Cell Division

1. Meiosis
Also known as reduction division.
it is a type of cell division that reduces the number of
chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces
four gamete cells (haploid).
Occurs only in gametes or sex cells.
2. Mitosis
Type of cell division where in parent cell divides and
each of the two daughter cells receives a
chromosomal set identical to that of the parent cell
(diploid).

CELL CYCLE
The cell cycle is a sequence

of cell growth and division.

The cell cycle is the period

from the beginning of one

division to the beginning of the
next.
The time it takes to complete

one cell cycle is the

generation time.

Phases of Cell cycle

1. Interphase
a. G1 phase
b. S phase
c. G2 phase

2. M Phase
a. Prophase

b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase

Interphase
1. G1 phase
Usually the longest & most variable phase of the cycle.
Increase in size and synthesize new proteins and
organelles in the cell.

2. S phase
Characterized by DNA replication and beginning of
centrosome duplication.
Histone synthesis is also observed during this period.
3. G2 phase
Proteins required for mitosis starts to accumulate.
Chromatin starts to condensed.

Mitotic Phase (dividing phase)

1. Prophase
1st and the longest phase in mitosis.
Chromatin in the nucleus begins to condense and
becomes visible in the light microscope as
chromosomes.
Nucleolus disappears and Nuclear envelope breaks
down.
Centrosomes begin moving to
opposite ends of the cell and spindle
fibers extend from the centromeres.

Mitotic Phase (dividing phase)

2. Metaphase
Alignment of chromosomes into the equatorial region
of the cell or in the middle.
The centrosomes are now both in the opposite side of
cell with the mitotic spindle fibres extending from
them.
The mitotic spindle fibres attach to
each of the sister chromatids.

Mitotic Phase (dividing phase)

3. Anaphase
The chromosomes are pulled by the kinetochore
microtubules to the poles and form a "V" shape.
Centromeres split and Sister chromatids separate and

migrate to opposite poles.

Mitotic Phase (dividing phase)

4. Telophase
Opposite of Prophase.
The two sets of chromosomes are at the spindle poles
and begin reverting to their decondensed state.
Nucleolus and Nuclear membrane starts to re appear.
Formation of cleavage furrow.
The spindle fibers disperse, and cytokinesis will start.

Mitotic Phase (dividing phase)

5. Cytokinesis
results when a fiber ring composed of a protein called
actin around the center of the cell contracts pinching
the cell into two daughter cells, each with one
nucleus.

Mitosis

THANK YOU!