Chapter 1 PDF

Signals and Systems
3/25/2016
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
School of Information and Electronics
Signals and Systems
3/25/2016
Chapter 1
activities
percentage
Problem sets
attendance
quiz
20%
Finial exam
70%
Signals and systems
10%
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
zhongmanli@bit.edu.cn
3/25/2016
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
3/25/2016
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
1.21(c,f), 1.22(d,h),
1.23( c ), 1.24 (b), 1.31 (b)
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
1.1.1 Examples and Mathematical

Representations
q 1.1.2 Signal Energy and Power
q
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Can be continuous
Can be discrete
For this course: Focus on a single independent
variable which we call time.
q Continuous-Time (CT) signals: x(t), t
continuous values
q Discrete-Time (DT) signals: x[n], n integer
values only
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
DT signals:
What is the
feature of DT?
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Jan
Weekly Dow-Jones industral average
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Digital image
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
DNA base sequence

q Population of the Nth generation of some
species
q
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Can be processed by modern digital

computers
q Can be processed by Digital Signal
Processors(DSPs)
q
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Definitions of DT and
CT Energy and Power
E @ lim
T T
1.6, 1.7 (p6)

1.8, 1.9 (p7)
Signals and systems
x (t ) dt
1
P @ lim
T 2T
x (t ) dt
x (t ) dt
E @ lim x[n ] x[n ]

2
N
1
2
P @ lim
x[n ]
N 2 N 1
N
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
1.2.1 Examples of Transformations of the

independent variable
1.2.2 Periodic signals
1.2.3 Even and Odd signals
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
1.2.1 examples of Transformations of the

Independent Variable
(p8)
q Time shift
q Time reversal
q Time scaling
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Example: given x(t), sketch x(2-t/3)

x(t)
2
1
-1
-1
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Time reversal:
x(-t)
2
-3
-1
-1
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Signals and Systems

Time scaling
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
x(-t/3)
-9
-6
-3
3
-1
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Time shifting:
x(2-t/3)
2
1
-3
-1
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
How to sketch according to steps of :

time shifting- time scaling time reversal ?
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
for signal x(at+b) (see example 1.3, p11)
delay or advance x(t) in accordance with the

value of only b;
perform time scaling (stretch or compress)

and time reversal (reflect about t=0) on the
resulting signal in accordance with the value
of a.
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Definition (see p12)

q
for all t, if x(t)=x(t+kT), x(t) is periodic.
The basic (fundamental) period is T, where T

is positive and k is integer.
q
for all n, if x[n]=x[n+kN], x[n] is periodic.
The basic (fundamental) period is N, where N

is positive and k is integer.
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Signals and Systems
3/25/2016
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Definition Even signals and Odd signals:
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q Even:
If x(t)=x(-t) / x[n]=x[-n]
q Odd:
If x(t)= -x(-t) / x[n]= -x[-n]
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Even / Odd part of a signal

q Any
signal can be broken into a sum of two

signals, one of which is even and one of which
is odd:
Ev {x(t)}=1/2{x(t)+x(-t)};
t)}
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Od {x(t)}=1/2{x(t)-x(-
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Examples: break a given signal into odd

part and even part
1) Common signal
2) Odd signal or even signal
q
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
1.3.1 Continuous-Time complex

exponential and Sinusoidal signals
q 1.3.2 Discrete-Time complex exponential
and sinusoidal signals
q 1.3.3 Periodicity properties of DiscreteTime complex exponentials
q
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Signals and Systems
q
q
q
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
General form
Real exponential signals
Periodic complex exponential and
sinusoidal signals
General complex exponential signals
x(t ) Ce at
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
x(t ) Ce
Signals and systems
at
In general, C and a are complex numbers
Why we are interested in

discussing complex
exponential signals?
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
x(t ) Ce
Signals and systems
at
Fig. 1.19
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
x(t ) e
Signals and systems
j0t
x(t) is periodic complex exponential
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j 0 t
cos 0 t j sin 0 t
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
x ( t ) C e at
Where
C C e j
Signals and systems
Reason why we
discuss complex
exponential signals
a r j 0
then
Ceat C ert cos(0 t ) j C ert sin(0 t )
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
The complex exponential signal or sequence

definition form.
q Real exponential signals
q Sinusoidal signals
q General complex exponential signals
q
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
x[ n ] C
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Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
x[ n ] C
a)
b)
c)
d)
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Signals and systems
> 1;
0<<1;
-1<<0;
<-1
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
General form: x [ n ] C n
q Constrain the magnitude of to be 1, that is:
1
Then
Or
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e
x[n] e
j 0
j0 n
x[n] cos(0 n )
Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
C C e j , e j0
then
C n C n cos(0 n ) j C n sin(0 n )
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
1.4.1 The DT unit impulse and unit step

sequences
q 1.4.2 the CT unit step and unit impulse
functions
q
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Unit impulse (or unit sample)
[ n]
q
Signals and systems
0, n 0
1, n 0
Unit step
u[n]
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0, n 0
1, n 0
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
[n] u[n] u[n 1]

u[n]
[ m]
or
u[n] [n k ]
k 0
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Make
sense?
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
x[n] [n n0 ] x[n0 ] [n n0 ]
when n0 0,
x[n] [n] x[0] [n]
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Unit step function
u (t )
q
Signals and systems
Interpret in
fig.1.33, 1.34
0, t 0
1, t >0
Unit impulse function
Not
differentiable?
du (t )
(t )
dt
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
u (t ) ( )d
or
u (t ) (t )d
0
du (t )
(t )
dt
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
x(t ) (t ) x(0) (t )
x(t ) (t t0 ) x(t0 ) (t t0 )
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
1)
1
(at ) (t )
a
2)
(t ) (t )
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Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
a) sketch (cos t ) and calculate (1 t ) (cos t )dt

q b) given x (t ) as depicted below, sketch
and label the transformation of the original
signal carefully:
x (t )
q
1
x(1 t )u (t 3)
2
(2)
2
1
t
-3
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-1
Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
1.5.1 simple examples of systems

q 1.5.2 Interconnections of systems
q
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Systems that are symbolically presented or

pictorially presented
q Four basic systems
q
q Summer/accumulator,
delay
multiplier, differential,
Examples
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x (t ) y (t )h(t )
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
x[n] y[n]h[n]
Signals and systems
Symbolically presented systems:
x[n] y[n]
x(t ) y (t )
Pictorially presented systems:
x(t )
h(t )
y (t )
x[n]
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h[n]
y[n]
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Summer/accumulator, multiplier, differential,

delay
x1 (t )
y (t )
x(t )
y (t )
x2 (t )
x(t )
dx(t )
dt
y (t )
x[n]
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y[n] x[n 1]
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Differential equations and difference

equations can represent systems in a wide
variety of applications.
For example:
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dy (t )
ay (t ) bx(t )
dt
ay[n] by[n 1] cx[n]
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Requirement: familiar with their

pictorial represents
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Signals and Systems
q
q
q
q
q
q
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
1.6.1 systems with and without memory

1.6.2 invertibility and Inverse systems
1.6.3 causality
1.6.4 Stability
1.6.5 Time Invariance
1.6.6 Linearity
Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
y(t) = x(t); y[n]=x[n]------identical system()
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
y[n]
x[k ]
Signals and systems
y (t ) x( )d
y[n] y[n 1] x[n]

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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Is these system memoryless or with memory?
y (t ) (t 1) x(t )
2
y (t ) x(t )
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
y (t ) 2 x(t )
y[n]
Signals and systems
y (t ) x 2 (t )
y[n] 0
x[k ]
Invertible systems
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Noninvertible systems
Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
All causal systems have memory.

q All memoryless systems are causal.
q
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Example: determine if the following

systems are causal or not
t
y (t ) x( )d
y (t )
t 2
x( )d
M
1
y[n]
x[n k ]
2M 1 k M
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Causal
system
Noncausal
systems
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
If the input to a stable system is bounded,

then the output must also be bounded and
therefore cannot diverge.
q examples
q
y (t ) e
x (t )
System stable
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y[n]
x[k ]
System nonstable
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
A system is time invariant if the behavior

and characteristics of the system are fixed
over time.
q Example: time-shifting transformation
q Time scaling and reversal transformation
systems are all time varying systems.
q
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Definition
q Additivity & homogeneity
q Combined statement
q Superposition property
q examples
q
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Additivity property (
if
x1 (t ) y1 (t )
x2 (t ) y2 (t )
then
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x1 (t ) x2 (t ) y1 (t ) y2 (t )
Signals and Systems
if
then
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
x(t ) y (t )
ax (t ) ay (t )
Where a is any complex constant.
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y (t ) Im{x (t )}
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
y (t ) Im{x(t )}
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Combined statements
x1 (t ) y1 (t )
x2 (t ) y2 (t )
ax1 (t ) bx2 (t ) ay1 (t ) by2 (t )
x1[n] y1[n]
Where a and b are

any complex
constants
x2 [n] y2 [n]
ax1[n] bx2 [n] ay1[n] by2 [n]
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
if
x[n] ak xk [n] a1 x1[n] a2 x2 [n] a3 x3 [n]
then
y[n] ak yk [n] a1 y1[n] a2 y2 [n] a3 y3 [n]
This property holds for linear systems

in both continuous and discrete time.
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Signals and Systems
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Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
the survey of what we have discussed:
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Scaling, reversal, shift of independent variables

from the given signal x(t), sketch x(at+b)
q Periodic signals
See if it is periodic and determine the fundamental
period
q System properties
Determine if the system is: memoryless,
invertible,causal, stable, time invariant, linear
q
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 1
Signals and systems
Thanks!
Dont forget your
homework!
3/25/2016

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Signals and Systems

Signals and systems

School of Information and Electronics

Signals and Systems

Signals and systems

School of Information and Electronics

Signals and Systems

Signals and systems

School of Information and Electronics

Signals and Systems

Signals and systems

Signals and Systems

School of Information and Electronics

Signals and Systems

Signals and systems

School of Information and Electronics

Signals and Systems

Signals and systems

1.1.1 Examples and Mathematical

School of Information and Electronics

Signals and Systems

Signals and systems

School of Information and Electronics

Signals and Systems

Signals and systems

School of Information and Electronics

Signals and Systems

Signals and systems

School of Information and Electronics

Signals and Systems

Signals and systems

School of Information and Electronics

Signals and Systems

Signals and systems

School of Information and Electronics

Signals and Systems

Signals and systems

DNA base sequence

School of Information and Electronics

Signals and Systems

Signals and systems

Can be processed by modern digital

School of Information and Electronics

Signals and Systems

1.6, 1.7 (p6)

Signals and systems

School of Information and Electronics

E @ lim x[n ] x[n ]

Signals and Systems

Signals and systems

1.2.1 Examples of Transformations of the

School of Information and Electronics

Signals and Systems

Signals and systems

1.2.1 examples of Transformations of the

School of Information and Electronics

Signals and Systems

Signals and systems

Example: given x(t), sketch x(2-t/3)

School of Information and Electronics

Signals and Systems

Signals and systems

School of Information and Electronics