Project Sand Repacement and Cement Replacement With Crusher Dust

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
India has an approximate road network of over 4,000,000 kilometers. These roads are
a mix of modern highways and narrow, unpaved roads, and are undergoing drastic
improvement. Now a days, India has change with major efforts to modernize the
country's road infrastructure. Road transport is vital to India's economy. It enables the
country's transportation sector contribute more than 4 percent of Indias gross
domestic product, in comparison to railways that contributed nearly 1 percent. Road
transport has not gained in importance over the years despite significant barriers and
inefficiencies in inter-state freight and passenger movement compared to railways and
air. The government of India considers road network as critical to the country's
development, social integration and security needs of the country. Bitumen and
concrete are used in road construction as the two major types of materials in the
country. It is most essential to develop profitable construction materials from wastes.
Major initiatives are taken by developing countries like India in developing the
infrastructure such as express highways, power projects, industrial structures, ports
and harbors to meet the requirements of globalization in construction of roads and
other structures. Concrete plays a major role in the construction of rigid pavements.
River sand, which is one of the constituents used in the production of conventional
concrete, has become very expensive and also becoming scarce due to depletion of
river bed. Hence we are forced to think of alternative materials .The cost of concrete
can in pavements to be reduced by reducing cost of constituent materials. Cost
reduction can also be achieved by using locally available alternative material, instead
of conventional materials.
In the recent past good attempts have been made for the successful utilization
of various industrial by products (such as fly ash, silica fume, rice husk ash, foundry
waste, slag, limestone powder) in concrete and save the environmental sustainability
by proper disposal of waste materials in addition to this, an alternative source for the
potential replacement of natural aggregates in concrete has gained good attention. As a
result reasonable studies have been conducted to find the suitability of quartzite rock
dust in conventional concrete to overcome the stress and demand for river fine
aggregate in construction of roads and other works.
In India attempts have been made to replace river sand with quartzite rock
dust. The successful utilization of quartzite rock dust as fine aggregate would turn this
waste material that causes disposal problem into a valuable resource. The utilization
will also reduce the strain on supply of natural fine aggregate, which will also reduce
the cost of concrete and increase the mechanical characteristics of hardened concrete.
More recently micro fibers, such as those used in traditional composite
materials have been introduced into the concrete mixture to increase its toughness, or
ability to resist crack growth. FRC is Portland cement concrete reinforced with more
or less randomly distributed fibers. In FRC, thousands of small fibers are dispersed
and distributed randomly in the concrete during mixing, and thus improve concrete
properties in all directions. FRC has more advantages in pavements like economy,
long life, less maintenance, good riding quality, load bearing capacity and
impermeable to water.
1.1 Objectives:
To find out the optimum dosage of quartzite rock dust which is an alternative
material for sand in construction of rigid pavements.

To evaluate the thickness of pavement constructed with conventional concrete
and quartzite dust concrete without and with fibers.

To investigate the effect of partial replacement of cement by quartzite rock dust
concrete without and with glass fibers on slab thickness.

To perform cost analysis for the rigid pavement constructed with conventional
concrete and quartzite dust concrete without and with fibers.
1.2 Organization of the report:

The project report is organized in the following chapters
Chapter 2 discuss about literature of different works carried out by various authors on
the behavior of fibers and different waste (dust) materials used in the concrete are
presented. Chapter 3 discuss about the methodology of project and material
characterization. Chapter 4 discuss about the mix design and material proportions
which is used for preparation of samples and the experimental setup which is carried
out for testing of different samples used in the work. Chapter 5 discussion is
presented over the results obtained highlighting the influence quartzite rock dust
replacing sand and effect of fibers on mechanical properties of concrete. Design of

slab thickness for higher flexural strengths obtained from results.
Chapter 6 describes about trial mix tests and brief discussion over test results of
replacement of cement with and without glass fibers. Slab thickness was designed for
better strengths obtained from results and also cost of materials estimated for slab
thickness. Chapter 7 discuss about the summary of work and conclusions drawn from
present study as well as scope of future improvement for further study.
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter discusses the literature back ground for the report and it comprises of the
topics, related to usage of different materials, fibers and their behavior in the
conventional concrete which is used in pavements.
2.1 Effect of using materials on the strength properties of concrete and
rigid pavements
Venkata Sairam Kumar NB Pandurangarao Krishna Sai M L N et al [1] have
made investigations on partial replacement of cement with quarry dust for studying
mechanical properties of concrete. The percentages of quarry dust partial replacement
of cement in concrete are 0, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40% for M20,
M30 and M40 grade concrete. From the experimental studies 25% of partial
replacement of cement with quarry dust improved hardened concrete properties.
Vipul D Prajapati Nilay Joshi, Jayeshkumar Pitroda et al [2] were studied the
innovative use of used foundry sand in concrete formulations as a fine aggregate. The
fine aggregate has been replaced by used foundry sand in the range of 0%, 10%, 30%
& 50% by weight forM-20 grade concrete. Maximum strengths attained at 50%
replacement of foundry sand. Hence thickness of pavement is effectively reduced
when compared to conventional concrete.
G Balamurugan P Perumalet al [3] have done experimental study on variation in the
strength of concrete when replacing sand by quarry dust from 0% to 100% in steps of
10%. M20 and M25 grades of concrete. From test results it was found that the
maximum compressive strength is obtained only at 50% replacement. This result
gives a clear picture that quarry dust can be utilized in concrete mixtures as a good
substitute for natural river sand giving higher strength at 50% replacement.
B V Kirankumar P Prakash et al [4] have made experimental studies on waste
plastic, which is used in concrete for improving mechanical properties. In this work
waste plastic was added in percentage of 2%, 4% and 6% in order to replace the same
amount of sand and cement. Tests on concrete revealed that optimum modifier content
was 5%.and it was found to be 2times greater than plain concrete. This reduces the
overall thickness of pavement when it is used in rigid pavement construction.
Electricwala Fatima Ankit Jhamb Rakesh Kumar et al [5] have done experimental
studies on concrete (M35) was made by replacing % (up to 30%) of cement with
ceramic dust shows increment in compressive strength, flexural strength. The results
show that compressive strength increase by 3.9% to 5.6% by replacing 20% cement
content with ceramic dust. It was observed that no significant change in flexural
strength when compared to the conventional concrete.
Chandana Sukesh Katakam Bala Krishna P Sri Lakshmi Sai Teja S
Kanakambara Rao et al [6] have studied use of quarry dust as partial replacement
for sand in concrete. Attempts have been made to study the properties of concrete and
to investigate some properties of quarry dust the suitability of those properties to
enable them to be used as partial replacement materials for sand in concrete.
Nagesh Tatoba Suryawanshi Samitinjay S Bansode Dr Pravin D Nemade et al [7]
have carried out experiments on fly ash to replace some part of cement and sand to the
extent of 10-30 percent and 5-15 percent respectively. Because of the use of fly ash,
rigid pavement behaves as a semi rigid pavement causing substantial reduction in cost
of construction. If the fly ash is utilized on large scale for road construction.
Jayeshkumar Pitroda Dr. L. B. Zala Dr F. S. Umrigar et al [8] have studied cement
replacement with hypo sludge in the range of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% & 40% by weight
for M-25 and M-40 mix.to improve the engineering properties and 12mm KDM glass
fiber is use at rate of 0.56% by the volume of material. The use of glass fibers and
hypo sludge replacement has increased the compressive strength, Flexural strength of
concrete.
2.2 Effect of using fibers on the strength properties of concrete and

rigid pavements
Dipan patel et al [9] studied the compressive strength, and tensile strength of steel
fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) containing fibers of 0.4% and 0.5% Steel fibers were
used. Result data clearly shows percentage increase in 7 and 28 days Compressive
strength and Tensile strength for M-20 Grade of Concrete
Rajarajeshwari B Vibhuti1 Radhakrishna Aravind N et al [10] were studied the
effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of
concrete mixture is studied in the present investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and
polypropylene fibers 0.036% were to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. The
results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as
compared to mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and
flexural strength noticeably
Rakesh Kumar Pankaj Goel Renu Mathur et al [11] investigations are done to
overcome shrinkage cracking of plain concrete, sometimes the addition of synthetic
fiber to the concrete mix is suggested. Concrete mixes with fiber dosages 0.05%,
0.10% and 0.15% by volume prepared. The study suggested a significant reduction in
settlement and drying shrinkage without significant change in compressive strength
for the concrete mixes reinforced with fiber. Further, an improved abrasion resistance
for the concrete mixes reinforced with fiber was also observed.
K vamshi krishna1 J Venkateswara Rao et al [12] have been studied the influence
of glass fibers on the mechanical properties of the M20 grade concrete. Glass fibers of
0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% by weight of cement are added to the mix. It is found that 0.2%
fibers by weight of cement is the optimum dosage. Using the flexural strength values
at 0.2% fiber content, pavement thickness is evaluated as per IRC -58, it is observed
that there is a reduction in the pavement thickness by 25.8%.
K Vamshi krishna1 J Venkateswara Rao et al [13] have done experimental
investigation on mechanical properties of M20 grade concrete by incorporating
polyester fibers in the mix. Polyester fibers of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% by weight
of cement are added to the mix. It is observed that 0.3% fibers by weight of cement is
the optimum dosage. It is found that with 0.3% fiber content results in 20% reduction
of pavement thickness.
Pooja Shrivastavaa Y p Joshi [14] have done experimental studies to know about
fresh and hardened concrete properties of SFRC and their mechanical properties
increased due to the addition of steel scrap fiber in the concrete. When compared with
conventional concrete to SFRC, steel fiber increases flexural strength by 40%. These
rigid pavements using steel scrap promises an appreciably higher design life, offer
better serviceability and minimize crack growth and corrosion.
Huijan wu et al. [15] was carried out a Study on Micro-Structure and Durability of
Fiber Concrete. By this study author validated that glass fibers improve the strength of
the concrete and impermeability of the concrete increases as the fiber content
increases.
In the current investigation sand and cement is replaced by quartzite rock dust
up to70% and 40% respectively with 0.2% glass fibers by weight of cement were also
included. Thickness of pavement is evaluated with parameters by IRC-58:2002.
CHAPTER-3
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Material Specifications
Ordinary portland cement, sand, aggregates (size of 20mm and 10mm down) and
quartzite rock dust were taken from locally available sources. Alkali resistant and fire
resistant glass fibers of cem-fill brand imported from Hyderabad maruthi enterprises.
Cement
Grade of cement
OPC-43
Specific gravity of cement

Sand
3.12
Specific gravity of sand
= 2.71
Zone of sand
IS conforming IV
2.78
Water absorption
0.5%
Aggregate impact value
26%
Aggregate crushing value
29%
Flakiness index
9%
Elongation index
Quartzite rock dust.
12%
Specific gravity
2.60
Aggregates:
Admixture: Rheobuild 920kk is water reducing admixture .which was manufactured

by D-BASF chemical company
Water: Potable water was used for the experimentation.
Glass Fibers: Alkali and fire resist glass fibers with 12mm length and 14micro meter
diameter.
3.2. Methodology
Identification of problem
Literature review
Collection of cement, aggregate, Quartzite rock dust and fibers
Conduction of tests required to design concrete mix

Design Mix for casting samples
Trial Mixes for finding optimum dosage of Quartzite dust replacing sand and cement in concrete
Preparation of samples for compression and flexural tests

Testing the samples for 7&28 days
Analyze the results
Collect the design parameters data required to rigid pavement design
Design the slab thickness and check fatigue analysis

Cost Analysis
CHAPTER-4
SPECIMENS PREPARATION AND EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION
4.1 Mix Design
All the concrete mixes in the project are prepared as per IS: 10262-2009.This standard
was first prepared in the year 1982 and later revised in the year 2009. This Indian
standard was adopted by the bureau of Indian standards, after the draft finalized by the
cement and the concrete sectional committee has been approved by the civil
engineering division council.
The following prerequisites are to be taken into consideration before designing a
concrete mix:
a) Characteristic compressive strength of concrete at 28 days (fck),
b) Degree of workability desired,
c) Limitations on the water cement ratio and the minimum cement content to ensure
adequate durability,
d) Type and maximum size of aggregate to be used,
e) Standard deviation(s) of compressive strength of concrete.
Testing Data
=3.12
Specific gravity of sand
=2.71
Specific gravity of aggregate
=2.78
Water absorption
=0.5%
Zone of sand
=IV
Aggregate Impact value
=26%
Aggregate crushing value
=29%
Flakiness index and Elongation index =9&12

Mix Design
Grade designation
M40
Type of cement
OPC 43 grade conforming to IS 8112
Max. Nominal size of aggregate _
20mm
10
Minimum cement content
450 kg/m3 (IS-456:2000)
Maximum water cement ratio
0.4
Exposure condition
Mild
Target strength for mix proportioning

F1ck = Fck + 1.65*S (S=5 for M40 grade concrete)
= 48.25 N/mm2
Selection of water cement ratio
From table 5 of IS 456:2000, Max. water cement ratio = 0.4
Based on trails adopt water cement ratio as
= 0.38
Calculation of water content

Super plasticizer reduces water content up to 10%
Maximum water content for 20mm aggregate size=186 lit (25 to 50 mm slump)
Water content =186*0.9=167.4 lit
w/c =0.38
Cement content=167.4/0.38=440.52 kg
From table 3 of IS 10262:2009, vol. of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20mm size
aggregate and fine aggregate (Zone-IV)
For water cement ratio of 0.5 = 0.66
Corrected proportion of Vol. of coarse aggregate for water cement ratio of 0.38 = 0.68
Mix calculations
a) Vol. of concrete
b) Vol. of cement
= 1m3
= (mass of cement/specific gravity of
cement)*(1/1000)
= 0.14119m3
c) Vol. of water
= (mass of water/specific gravity of water)*(1/1000)

= 0.1674 m3
d) Vol. of chemical admixture (super plasticizer) @0.5% by Wt of cement =
(mass of admixture/specific gravity of admixture)*(1/1000)
=0.0.0019m3
e) Vol. of all in aggregate (e) = [a-(b+c+d)] = 0.6498m3
f) Mass of coarse aggregate = e* vol. of coarse aggregate* sp. Gr. of coarse
aggregate*1000= 1135 kg/m3
g) Mass of fine aggregate
= e* vol. of coarse aggregate* sp. Gr. of fine
aggregate.*1000 = 563.5 kg/m3
Mix-proportions
Cement
= 440.52kg/m3
Water
= 167.4 liters
11
Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
Chemical admixture
= 563.5 kg/m3
= 1135 kg/m3
= 2.21 kg/m3
Water-cement ratio
= 0.38
4.2. Partial Replacement of Sand with Quartzite Rock Dust

4.2.1 Trial Mixes
In this investigation sand is partially replaced by quartzite dust and additionally glass
fibers are used for improving mechanical properties of concrete in rigid pavements.
Trial mixes are prepared with conventional concrete and with quartzite dust
replacing sand by varying percentages of 20%, 30%40%, 50% and 60%, 70% and find
out the optimum dosage of quartzite rock dust. Glass fibers added with dosage of
0.2%.Trail mix results are tabulated below.
Table 4.1.Trail mix results with quartzite rock dust
Mix designation
Sand
Quartzite
Strength
dust
7days(M Pa)
26.87
Conventional concrete M40
100
Quartzite dust replacement (20%)
80
20
29.6
70
30
31.69
60
40
32.5
50
50
35.76
40
60
34.06
30
70
33.5
12
Figure 4.1.Trial mix results of different concrete mixes at 7days

Results Analysis:
From the analysis of results 50% replacement of quartzite rock dust with sand is
optimum dosage in concrete for improving mechanical properties of concrete.by the
recent and past experimental results glass fibers shown that 0.2% is the optimum
dosage for concrete for improving flexural strength.
4.3. Preparation of Samples

In order to determine the mechanical characteristics such as compressive and flexural
strengths different samples are prepared. Later they were tested on compressive testing
machine and UTM. Samples are prepared with optimum dosage of quartzite dust
partial replacement and optimum dosage of glass fibers.
The compressive strengths of concrete has been evaluated by testing cubes of
size 150mmx150mmx150mm. The flexural strength of concrete have been evaluated
by testing prisms of dimension 150mmx100mmx100mm.After casting of these
specimens these are kept in moulds for 24hours at a temperature of 27 2 degree
Celsius. After 24 hours these are removed from the moulds and are put into curing
tank and tested for 7, 28 days respectively.
13
Fig 4.2. Preparation of cube specimen
Fig 4.3. Compaction on vibration table
Fig 4.4.Preparation of Prism specimen
4.4. Testing of Samples
14
The prepared samples as mentioned in the previous section and the testing
methodology for compression, split tensile and flexural strengths are followed
according to the IS: 516:1959 and they are explained below.
4.4.1 Compressive strength:
The compressive strength of a material is that value of uni-axial compressive stress
reached when the material fails completely. The cubes are then tested between the
loading surfaces of the compressive testing machine of capacity 2000KN in such a
way that the smooth surface directly receives the load and it is applies until the failure
of the load. The compressive strength is determined by the ratio of failure load to the
cross sectional area of the specimen.
failure load
fc= cross sectional area
Fig 4.5.Testing cube on UTM

4.4.2 Flexural Strength:
The flexural strength may be expressed as the modulus of rupture f b, which, if a
equals the distance between the line of fracture and the nearer support ,measured on
the center line of tensile side of the specimen, shall be calculated to the nearest
0.5kg/sq.cm as follows :
f b=
pl
2
bd
When a is greater than 20.0 cm for 15 cm specimen, or greater than 13.3 cm for a
10.0 cm specimen
b=
3 pa
b d2
15
When a is less than 20.0 cm but greater than 17.0cm for a 15.0 cm specimen, or less
than 13.3 cm but greater than 11.0cm
Where
b=measured width in cm of the specimen
d=measured depth in cm of the specimen.
l= length in cm of the span in which the specimen was supported and
p=maximum load in kg applied to the specimen.
Fig 4.6. Flexural strength test on UTM
16
CHAPTER-5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 Workability of Concrete
Slump cone test was performed to determine the workability of the concrete mixes.
The slump values for different mixes tabulated below
Table 5.1. Slump values for different mixes
Mix Type
Conventional concrete(CC)
Quartzite rock dust concrete(QC)
Quartzite rock dust concrete with Glass fibers(QGFC)
Slump(mm)
55
43
31
Figure 5.1. Workability of concrete mixes

From above results we observe that workability is reduced for quartzite rock dust
concrete with and without fibers compared to conventional concrete.
17
5.2. Mechanical Properties

5.2.1. Compressive Strength of Cube Specimens:
Compressive strength of cubes results are tabulated below
Table 5.2 Compressive strength of 50% Quartz concrete mixes at 7&28 days
Mix
7 days(MPa)
28 days(MPa )
CC
30.17
46.16
QC
34.27
53.24
QGFC
41.09
60.62
Figure5.2. Compressive strength of concrete mixes at 7&28 days

Description of Results
1. From the figure 5.2 it is observed that rate of increment in compressive strength of
the quartzite rock dust concrete is 13.58% and 15.33% at age of 7&28 days
respectively compared to conventional concrete.
2. From the graph it is clear that there is an improvement in compressive strength of
the quartzite rock dust with glass fibers is 19.9% and 13.86% at age of 7&28 days
respectively compared to quartzite rock dust concrete.
3. It is evident that from results compressive strength of quartzite rock dust concrete
with glass fiber increases to 36.19% and 31.32% at age of 7&28 days respectively
compared to conventional concrete.
4. From the figure 5.2 it is observed that rate of gain in Compressive strength is more
at 7 days compared to 28 days.
5.2.2. Flexural Strength of Prism Specimens
18
Table 5.3 Flexural strength values of concrete mixes at 7&28 days

Mix
7 days(MPa)
28 days(MPa )
CC
QC
4.56
5.44
6.31
7.33
QGFC
6.72
9.27
Figure 5.3 Flexural strength values of concrete mixes at 7&28 days

1. From the figure 5.3 it is observed that rate of increment in flexural strength of the
quartzite rock dust concrete is 19.29% and 16.14% at age of 7&28 days respectively
2. From the graph it is clear that there is an improvement in flexural strength of the
quartzite rock dust with glass fibers is 23.52% and 23.37% at age of 7&28 days
3. It is evident that from results flexural strength of quartzite rock dust concrete with
glass fiber increases to 47.36% and 42.15% at age of 7&28 days respectively
4. From the figure 5.3 it is observed that rate of gain in flexural strength is more at 7
days compared to 28 days.
5.3 Design of slab thickness

Pavement slab is designed as per IRC 58:2002. The flexural strength is directly taken
from the beam flexural test. The axial load spectrum is taken from IRC: 58-2002 and
other data used in this design are given below.
19
A cement concrete pavement is to be designed for a two lane two-way National

Highway. The total two-way traffic is 7842 commercial vehicles per day at the end of
the construction period (field data i.e traffic axle load survey and temperature
differential taken ramky infra). The design parameters are:
5.3.1. Design of slab thickness for conventional concrete
The design parameters values taken from IRC-58:2002, except traffic data, axle load
survey and temperature differential
Flexural strength of cement concrete
61.9kg/cm2
Effective modulus of subgrade reaction of
8 kg/cm3
Elastic modulus of concrete
3105kg/ cm2
Poissons ratio
0.15
Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete
1010-6/0C
Tyre pressure
8 kg/cm2
Rate of traffic increase
0.075
Spacing of contrction joints
4.5 m
Width of slab
3.5 m
Design life
30 years
Present traffic
7842 cvpd
Cumulative repetition in 30 yrs. = 7842 365
( 1.075 )301
0.075
the DLC sub-base
Design
Present traffic = 7842 cvpd,
Design life = 30 yrs, r = 0.075
= 257,798,613 commercial vehicles

Design traffic = 25 percent of the total repetitions of commercial vehicles
= 64,449,653
Front axles of the commercial vehicles carry much lower loads and cause small
flexural stress in the concrete pavements and they need not to be considered in
pavement design. Only the rear axles, both single and tandem, should be considered
for the design. In the example, the total number of rear axles is, therefore, 64,449,653.
Assuming that midpoint of the axle load class represents the group, the total
repetitions of the single axle and tandem axle loads are as follows:
20
Table 5.4 Axle load spectrum

Single Axles
Axle
Tandem Axles
load Percentage of axle loads
Axle
load Percentage of axle loads
class(tones
class(tones
)
19-21
1.0
34-38
0.5
17-19
2.1
30-34
0.3
15-17
4.9
26-30
0.9
13-15
11.2
22-26
2.2
11-13
15.8
18-22
11.3
9-11
16.0
14-18
14.6
Less than 9
22.0
Less than
7.2
63.0
14
Total
37.0
Total
Table 5.5 Expected repetitions for single and tandem axle loads
Single Axles
Tandem Axles
Load in tones
Expected repetitions
Load in tones
Expected repetitions
20
644496
36
322248
18
1353442
32
193348
16
3158032
28
580046
14
7218361
24
1417892
12
10183045
20
7282810
10
10311945
16
94909649
Less than 10
14178924
Less than 16
4640375
3
Trail thickness = 25 cm, sub grade modulus = 8 kg/cm , design period = 30 yrs,
modulus of rupture = 61.9 kg/cm2, load safety factor = 1.2.
Table5.6 Calculation of fatigue life consumed for slab thickness of 25 cm

Axle
load
A.L1.2
Stress,
Stress
Expected
Fatigue
Fatigue
Kg/cm2
ratio
repetition,
life, N
life
(AL),
From
Tones
charts
consume
d
21
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Ratio
(5)/(6)
Single axle
20
24.0
30.1
0.49
644496
1588357
0.41
18
21.6
28.7
0.46
1353442
9448378
0.15
16
19.2
25.0
0.40
3158032
14
16.8
Tandem axle
36
43.2
23.0
0.37
7218361
23.7
0.38
322248
32
38.4
21.8
0.35
Cumulative fatigue life consumed
193348
0
= 0.56
The cumulative fatigue life consumed being less than 1; the design life is safe from
fatigue conditions.
Check for temperature stress
Temperature stresses tends to produce two types of stresses in a concrete pavement.
These are
(i)
Warping stress
(ii)
Frictional stress
(i) Edge warping stresses

Edge warping stress =
CE t
2
L = 450 cm.
B = 300 cm.
l=
E h3
12(1 2) k
E = 3105 kg/cm2
h = 25cm.
= 0.15.
K= 8 kg/cm3
l = 84.06 cm.
L
l = 5.35
C = 0.79(Figure 2 IRC-58:2002)
22
= 1010-6/0C
t= 15.80(was taken for the Andhra region)
Edge warping stress = 18.72 kg/cm2
(ii) Frictional stresses
sf=
WLf
2 10 4
2400 4.5 1.5
2 104
= 0.81 kg/ cm2

Critical combination of stresses
During summer:
Critical combination of stresses = load stress + warping stress - frictional stress (at
edge region).
= 30.1+18.72-0.81
= 48.82 kg/cm2
During winter:
Critical combination of stresses = load stress + warping stress + frictional stress (at
edge region).
= 30.1+18.72+0.81
= 49.73kg/cm2
At corner region:
There is no frictional stress at the corner region
Critical combination of stresses = load stress + warping stress (at corner region)
= 30.1+18.72
= 48.82 kg/cm2
This is less than the flexural strength of the concrete i.e., 61.9 kg/cm 2. So the
pavement thickness of 25cm is safe under combined action of wheel load and
temperature.
Check for corner stress
Corner stress can be calculated by following equation
Corner stress =
3p
a2
1
2
l
h
1.2
( )
l = 84.06 cm
23
a= radius of area of contact of wheel.

Considering single axle duel wheel
a=
0.8521
p s
p
+
q 0.5227 q
0.5 0.5
p= load
s= c/c distance between 2 tyres = 31cm.
q= tyre pressure=8 kg/cm2
a = 26.5 cm
Corner stress = 23.8 kg/cm2
The corner stress is less than the flexural strength of the concrete i.e., 61.9 kg/cm 2 and
the pavement thickness of 25 cm assumed is safe.
5.3.2. Design of slab thickness for quartzite rock dust concrete
Trail thickness = 23 cm, sub grade modulus = 8 kg/cm 3, design period = 30 yrs,
Table 5.7 Calculation of fatigue life consumed for slab thickness of 23 cm
Axle load
A.L
Stress,
Stress
Expected
Fatigue
Fatigue
(AL),
1.2
Kg/cm2
ratio
repetition,
life, N
life
Tones
(1)
(2)
From charts
(3)
(4)
n
(5)
(6)
consumed
(5)/(6)
Single axle
20
24
35
0.49
644496
153152
0.43
18
21.6
32.5
0.45
1353442
0.04
16
19.2
14
16.8
Tandem axle
36
43.2
29.2
28.3
0.40
0.35
3158032
7218361
433525
30
0
0
25.5
0.35
322248
32
38.4
23.8
0.32
193348
0
= 0.47
The cumulative fatigue life consumed being less than 1, the design life is safe from
fatigue conditions.
24

These are
(i)
Warping stress
(ii)
Frictional stress

CE t
2
L = 450 cm.
B = 300 cm.
l=
E h3
2
12(1 ) k
E = 3105 kg/cm2
h = 23cm.
= 0.15.
K= 8 kg/cm3
l = 78.97 cm.
L
l = 5.69
C = 0.86 (Figure 2 IRC-58:2002)
= 1010-6/0C
sf=
WLf
2 10 4
2400 4.5 1.5
2 104
= 0.81 kg/ cm2

During summer:
25
edge region).
= 35+20.38-0.81
= 54.57 kg/cm2
During winter:
edge region).
= 35+20.38+0.81
= 56.19 kg/cm2
At corner region:
= 35+20.38
= 55.38 kg/cm2
pavement thickness of 23 cm is safe under combined action of wheel load and
temperature.
Corner stress =
3p
a2
1
2
l
h
1.2
( )
l = 78.97 cm
a=
0.8521
p s
p
+
q 0.5227 q
0.5 0.5
p= load
q= tyre pressure
a = 24.3 cm
26
5.3.3. Design of slab thickness for quartzite rock dust concrete with fibers
Trail thickness = 20 cm, sub grade modulus = 8 kg/cm3, design period = 30 yrs,

Axle
A.L1.2
load
Stress,
Stress
Expected
Fatigue
Fatigue
Kg/cm2
ratio
repetition,
life, N
life
(AL),
From
Tones
(1)
charts
(3)
(2)
consume
d
(4)
(5)
(6)
Ratio
(5)/(6)
Single axle
20
24.0
43.0
0.49
644496
1392639
0.46
18
21.6
39.0
0.44
1353442
16
19.2
35.0
0.39
3158032
14
16.8
Tandem axle
36
43.2
31.5
0.36
7218361
30.1
0.34
322248
32
38.4
28.0
0.32
193348
0
= 0.46
fatigue conditions.
These are
(i)
Warping stress
(ii)
Frictional stress

CE t
2
27
L = 450 cm.
B = 300 cm.
l=
E h3
12(1 2) k
E = 3105 kg/cm2
h = 20cm.
= 0.15.
K= 8 kg/cm3
l = 71.11 cm.
L
l = 6.32
C = 0.955 (Figure 2 IRC-58:2002)
= 1010-6/0C
sf=
WLf
2 10 4
2400 4.5 1.5

=
2 104
= 0.81 kg/ cm2
During summer:
edge region).
= 43+22.63-0.81
= 64.82 kg/cm2
During winter:
edge region).
= 43+22.63+0.81
= 66.44 kg/cm2
28
At corner region:
= 43+22.63
= 65.63 kg/cm2
This is less than the flexural strength of the concrete i.e., 88.04 kg/cm2. So the
pavement thickness of 20cm is safe under combined action of wheel load and
temperature.
Corner stress =
3p
a2
1
2
l
h
1.2
( )
l = 71.11 cm
a=
0.8521
p s
p
+
q 0.5227 q
0.5 0.5
p= load
q= tyre pressure
a = 24.3 cm
The corner stress is less than the flexural strength of the concrete i.e., 88.04 kg/cm 2
and the pavement thickness of 20 cm assumed is safe.
5.4 Cost Comparison of Pavements

A cement concrete pavement is to be laid with following dimensions. Quantity and
cost of each material for that stretch is calculated and compared for conventional
concrete and quartzite dust with and without fiber reinforced concrete in this section.
5.4.1 Cost for conventional concrete
Length of the pavement = 1m.
Width of the pavement = 3.75m.
Thickness of the pavement = 25cm.
Total volume of concrete required to fill the surface course = Lbh.
29
= 1m3.75m0.25m.
=0.936 m3.
Table 5.9 Estimation of materials for conventional concrete
S.no.
Material
Quantity (kg)
Rate per
Cost in Rs.
1
2
3
Cement
Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
412.32
527.15
637.41
kg in Rs.
6.11
0.46
0.88
2519.27
242.48
560.92
(20mm)
Coarse aggregate
424.94
0.63
267.71
60
124.08
(10mm)
Super plasticizer
2.068
Total cost in Rs. = 3714.46/-
5.4.2 Cost for Quartzite Rock dust concrete

= 1m3.75m0.23m.
=0.862m3.
Table 5.10 Estimation of materials for Quartzite dust concrete
S.no
Material
Quantity (kg)
Rate per kg in Rs.
Cost in
.
1
Cement
379.72
6.11
Rs.
2320.08
Fine aggregate
242.86
0.46
111.71
Coarse aggregate
587.02
0.88
516.58
(20mm)
Coarse aggregate
391.34
0.63
246.54
(10mm)
Super plasticizer
1.90
60
114
Quartzite dust
242.86
0.13
31.57
Total cost in Rs. = 3340.48 /From the above calculation we can save 373.98 /- Rs per 1m length by using Quartzite
dust replacing sand. The construction cost of the pavement is reduced by 11.19 % by
using Quartzite rock dust.
5.4.3 Cost for Quartzite rock dust concrete with glass fibers
30

= 1m3.75m0.20m.
=0.750 m3.
Table 5.11 Estimation of materials for quartzite rock dust mix with glass fibers
S.no.
Material
Quantity (kg)
Rate per
Cost in Rs.
2018.68
1
2
Cement
Fine aggregate
330.39
211.31
kg in Rs.
6.11
0.46
Coarse aggregate
510.75
0.88
(20mm)
Coarse aggregate
340.50
0.63
(10mm)
Super plasticizer
1.56
60
93.6
Fibers(glass)
0.66
150
99
Quartzite rock dust
211.31
0.13
24.47
97.20
449.46
214.51
Total cost in Rs. = 2998.92 /From the above calculation we can save 715.54 /- Rs per 1m length by using
combination of glass fiber and quartzite dust. The construction cost of the pavement is
reduced by 23.85% by using combination of glass fiber and quartzite rock dust.
31
CHAPTER-6
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH
QUARTZITE ROCK DUST
6.1 Trial mixes
In this investigation sand is partially replaced by quartzite dust and additionally glass
fibers are used for improving mechanical properties of concrete in rigid pavements
.Trial mixes are prepared with conventional concrete and with quartzite dust replacing
cement by varying percentages of 10%, 20%30% and 40% to find out the optimum
dosage of quartzite rock dust. Glass fibers added with dosage of 0.2%.Trail mix results
are tabulated below
Table 6.1.Trail mix results with Quartzite rock dust replacing cement
Mix designation
Cemen Quartzite
t
rock dust
Average
compressive
Strength of cubes
at 7days(M Pa)
30.17
Conventional concrete M40
100
90
10
30.78
80
20
31.5
70
30
32.3
60
40
30.16
Results Analysis:
From the analysis of results 30% replacement of quartzite rock dust with cement is
optimum dosage in concrete for improving mechanical properties of concrete. From
32
the past experimental results we found that 0.2% glass fibers by weight of cement is
the optimum dosage for improving flexural strength in rigid pavements.
Trial mix results
7 days strength
Figure6.1.Trail mix results with quartzite rock dust replacing cement
6.2. Mechanical Properties

6.2.1. Compressive Strength of Cube Specimens:
Compressive strength of cubes results are tabulated below
Table 6.2. Compressive strength of 30% cement replaced by quartzite dust mixes at 7
& 28 days
Mix
7 days(MPa)
28 days(MPa )
CC
QC
QGFC
30.17
32.9
37.7
46.16
50.29
57.67
57.67
46.16
30.17
32.9
50.29
CC
QC
QGFC
37.7
33
Figure6.2. Compressive strength of 30% cement replaced by quartzite dust mixes at 7

& 28 days
1. From the figure 6.2 it is observed that rate of increment in compressive strength of
the quartzite rock dust concrete is 9.04 % and 8.94% at age of 7&28 days respectively
2. From the graph it is clear that there is an improvement in compressive strength of
the quartzite rock dust with glass fibers is 14.59% and 14.67% at age of 7&28 days
3. It is evident that from results compressive strength of quartzite rock dust concrete
with glass fiber increases to 24.95% and 24.93% at age of 7&28 days respectively
4. From the figure 6.2 it is observed that rate of gain in Compressive strength is more
at 7 days compared to 28 days.
6.2.2. Flexural Strength of Prism Specimens
Table 6.3 Flexural strength of 30% cement replaced by quartzite dust mixes at 7 & 28
days
Mix
7 days(MPa)
28 days(MPa )
CC
4.56
6.31
QC
4.89
6.86
QGFC
5.96
8.29
8.29
5.96
4.56
6.31
4.89
6.86
CC
QC
QGFC
34
Figure 6.3 Flexural strength of 30% cement replaced by quartzite dust mixes at 7 & 28
days
1. From the figure 6.3 it is observed that rate of increment in flexural strength of the
quartzite rock dust concrete is 7.23% and 8.71% at age of 7&28 days respectively
2. From the graph it is clear that there is an improvement in flexural strength of the
quartzite rock dust with glass fibers is 21.88% and 20.84% at age of 7&28 days
3. It is evident that from results flexural strength of quartzite rock dust concrete with
glass fiber increases to 30.7% and 31.38% at age of 7&28 days respectively compared
to conventional concrete.
4. From the figure 5.3 it is observed that rate of gain in flexural strength is more at 28
days compared to 7 days.
6.3 Design of slab thickness for partial replacement of cement with quartzite rock
dust
Axle
A.L1.2
load
Stress,
Stress
Expected
Fatigue
Fatigue life
Kg/cm2
ratio
repetition,
life, N
consumed
(AL),
From
Tones
(1)
charts
(3)
(2)
N
(4)
(5)
(6)
Ratio
(5)/(6)
Single axle
20
24.0
33
0.49
644496
1241747
0.52
18
21.6
30
0.44
1353442
16
19.2
27
0.40
3158032
14
16.8
Tandem axle
36
43.2
24
0.36
7218361
25.5
0.35
322248
38.4
23.8
0.32
193348
32
0
= 0.52
fatigue conditions.
35

These are
(i)
(ii)
Warping stress
Frictional stress

CE t
2
L = 450 cm.
B = 300 cm.
l=
E h3
12(1 2) k
E = 3105 kg/cm2
h = 24cm.
= 0.15.
K= 8 kg/cm3
l = 81.53 cm.
L
l = 5.51
C = 0.82 (Figure 2 IRC-58:2002)
= 1010-6/0C
sf=
WLf
2 10 4
2400 4.5 1.5
2 104
= 0.81 kg/ cm2

During summer:
edge region).
36
= 33+19.52-0.81
= 51.71 kg/cm2
During winter:
edge region).
= 33+19.52+0.81
= 53.36 kg/cm2
At corner region:
= 33+19.53
= 52.52 kg/cm2
temperature.
Corner stress =
3p
a2
1
2
l
h
1.2
( )
l = 81.53 cm
a=
0.8521
p s
p
+
q 0.5227 q
0.5 0.5
p= load
q= tyre pressure
a = 24.3 cm
37
6.4 Design of slab thickness for partial replacement of cement by quartzite rock
dust with glass fibers
modulus of rupture = 81.32kg/cm2, load safety factor = 1.2.
Axle
A.L1.2
load
Stress,
Stress
Expected
Fatigue
Fatigue life
Kg/cm2
ratio
repetition
life, N
consumed
(AL),
From
Tones
(1)
charts
(3)
(2)
,
n
(5)
(4)
(6)
Ratio
(5)/(6)
Single axle
20
24.0
39.6
0.49
644496
1521975
0.43
18
21.6
36.3
0.44
1353442
16
19.2
33.0
0.40
3158032
14
16.8
Tandem axle
36
43.2
29.5
0.36
7218361
28.7
0.35
322248
32
38.4
27.0
0.32
193348
0
= 0.43
fatigue conditions.
These are
(i)
Warping stress
(ii)
Frictional stress

CE t
2
L = 450 cm.
38
B = 300 cm.
l=
E h3
12(1 2) k
E = 3105 kg/cm2
h = 20cm.
= 0.15.
K= 8 kg/cm3
l = 73.76 cm.
L
l = 6.10
C = 0.964 (Figure 2 IRC-58:2002)
= 1010-6/0C
sf=
WLf
4
2 10
2400 4.5 1.5
4
2 10
= 0.81 kg/ cm2

During summer:
edge region).
= 39.6+22.84-0.81
= 61.63 kg/cm2
During winter:
edge region).
= 39.6+22.84+0.81
= 63.25 kg/cm2
At corner region:
39

= 39.6+22.84
= 62.17 kg/cm2
This is less than the flexural strength of the concrete i.e., 81.32 kg/cm2. So the
temperature.
Corner stress =
3p
a2
1
2
l
h
1.2
( )
l = 73.76 cm
a=
0.8521
p s
p
+
q 0.5227 q
0.5 0.5
p= load
q= tyre pressure
a = 24.3 cm
The corner stress is less than the flexural strength of the concrete i.e., 81.32 kg/cm 2
and the pavement thickness of 21 cm assumed is safe.
6.5 Cost Comparison of Pavements

6.5.1 Cost for quartzite rock dust concrete
= 1m3.75m0.24m.
=0.9m3.
Table 6.6 Estimation of materials for conventional concrete
40
S.no
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Material
Quantity
Rate per kg in
Cost in Rs.
(kg)
Rs.
Cement
277.52
6.11
Fine aggregate
507.15
0.46
Coarse aggregate (20mm)
612.9
0.88
408.6
0.63
Super plasticizer
1.86
60
Quartzite rock dust
118.94
0.13
Total cost in Rs. = 2852.74/-
1695.64
233.28
539.35
257.41
111.6
15.46
6.5.2 Cost for combination of glass fiber and Quartzite rock dust concrete
= 1m3.75m0.21m.
=0.79 m3.
Table 6.7 Estimation of materials for quartzite rock dust mix with glass fibers
S.no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Material
Quantity
Rate per
(kg)
kg in Rs.
Cement
243.6
6.11
Fine aggregate
445.17
0.46
537.99
0.88
358.66
0.63
Super plasticizer
1.64
60
Fibers(glass)
0.48
150
Quartzite rock dust
104.40
0.13
Total cost in Rs. =2576.5 /-
Cost in Rs.
1488.4
204.78
473.43
225.96
98.4
72
13.57
From the above calculation we can save 1137.96 /- Rs per 1m length by using
combination of glass fiber and quartzite dust. The construction cost of the pavement is
reduced by 44.17 % by using combination of glass fiber and quartzite rock dust.
41
CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSIONS
1. Optimum dosage of replacement of sand by quartzite rock dust was 50%.
Workability of Quartzite dust concrete mix with and without fibers is decreased
2. Rate of increment in flexural strength of the Quartzite rock dust concrete is 16.14%
at age of 28 days compared to conventional concrete.
3. About 23.37% of increment in flexural strength was found by using quartzite rock
dust with glass fibers at age of 28 days compared to quartzite rock dust concrete.
4. Glass fibers addition to quartzite rock dust concrete enhances its flexural strength
by 42.15%.
5. Optimum dosage of replacement of cement by quartzite rock dust was 30%.
6. Rate of increment in flexural strength of the Quartzite rock dust concrete is 8.71%
at age of 28 days compared to conventional concrete.
7. About 20.24% of increment in flexural strength was found by using quartzite rock
dust with glass fibers at age of 28 days compared to quartzite rock dust concrete.
8. Glass fibers addition to quartzite rock dust concrete enhances its Flexural strength
by 31.38%.
9. Using the optimum dosage of quartzite rock dust with glass fibers in concrete
reduces the pavement thickness by 25%.
10. Construction cost of the pavement is reduced by 23.69%. With inclusion of glass
fibers in quartzite dust concrete.
11. Thickness of pavement is reduced up to 19.04% by replacement of cement with
quartzite rock dust and addition of glass fibers in concrete.
12. Construction cost of the pavement is reduced up to 44.17%, by partial replacement
of cement with quartzite rock dust and inclusion of glass fibers in concrete.
42
Scope of future improvement:

The main theme of this project is to find alternative material for sand because now a
days scarcity of sand occurs and day by day cost of sand is increasing, in addition to
that know the effect of glass fibers in the improvement flexure strength and usage of
these materials produce the more economical concrete for pavement construction.
The present study indicates that there is significant improvement in the
strength properties of the concrete by using glass fibers and quartzite rock dust. This
study can be extended to know the strength properties of quartzite rock dust concrete
with different types of fibers. Further investigations can be made with different
combination of fibers (hybridization) with different materials like used foundry sand,
ceramic dust, crusher dust, fly ash, quarry dust and slag for reduce the cost of concrete
used in pavements.
43
REFERENCES
1. G.Balamurugan, Dr.P.Perumal, Use of quarry dust to replace sand in concrete-an
experimental study, International journal of scientific and research publications,
Volume 3, Issue 12, December 2013, ISSN: 2250-3153.
2. Dipan Patel, Use of steel fiber in rigid pavement, International global research
analysis, volume2, Issue6, june-2013, ISSN: 2277-8160.
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Experimental study on partial replacement of cement with quarry dust,
International journal of advanced engineering research and studies (IJAERS) ,Vol.
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4. Vipul D. Prajapati, Nilay Joshi, Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda, Techno- economical
study of rigid pavement by using the used foundry sand, international journal of
engineering trends and technology (IJETT) - Volume4, Issue5, May 2013.
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International journal of scientific research and education (IJSRE), Volum2, Issue9,
Pages 1797-1804, September-2014, ISSN (e): 2321-7545.
6. Rajarajeshwari B Vibhuti, Radhakrishna, Aravind N, Mechanical properties of
hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavements, International journal of research
in engineering and technology (IJRET), IC-RICE Conference Issue, nov-2013,
ISSN(e): 2319-1163 | ISSN(p): 2321-7308.
7. Bahoria B.V, Parbat D.K. and Naganaik P.B, Replacement of natural sand in
concrete by waste products, A state of art journal of environmental research and
development, Vol. 7 No. 4A, April-June 2013.
8. K. Vamshi krishna, J.Venkateswara Rao, Experimental study on behavior of fiber
reinforced concrete for rigid pavements, IOSR journal of mechanical and civil
engineering (IOSR-JMCE), Volume 11, Issue 4 Ver. VII (Jul- Aug. 2014), PP 4953, e-ISSN: 2278-1684, p-ISSN: 2320-334X.
9. Pooja Srivastava, Dr.Y.p.Joshi, Innovative use of waste steel scrap in rigid
pavements, civil and environmental Research, Vol.6, No.7, 2014, ISSN 22245790 (P) | ISSN 2225-0514 (e).
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Sukesh,
Katakam
Bala
Krishna,
P.Sri
Lakshmi
Sai
Teja,
S.Kanakambara Rao, Partial replacement of sand with quarry dust in concrete,
44
International journal of innovative technology and exploring engineering (IJITEE),

Volume-2, Issue-6, May-2013, ISSN: 2278-3075.
11. Electricwala Fatima, Ankit Jhamb, Rakesh Kumar, Ceramic dust as construction
material in rigid pavement,
American journal of civil engineering and
architecture, Vol. 1, No. 5, 112-116,2013.

12. Gatesi Jean De Dieu, Prof. M.H .Lunagaria , a review of use steel slag in
concrete mixes for rigid pavement, International journal of advance engineering
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ISSN(P): 2348-6406.
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Nemade, Use of eco-friendly material like fly ash in rigid pavement construction
& its cost benefit analysis, International journal of emerging technology and
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IS CODES
1. IS: 2386 (part-1)-1963, Methods of testing for aggregate for concrete.
2. IS: 10262-2009, Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design, Bureau of
Indian standards, New Delhi, India.
3. IS: 516-1959, Indian standard methods of tests for strength of concrete, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
4. IRC: 58-2002, Guide lines for the design of plain jointed Rigid Pavements for the
Highways.
45
Curriculum Vitae
Name
: Chimata Ramarao
Fathers Name
: Chimata Srinivasa Rao
Date of Birth
: 12/06/1992
Contact
: +91-9700525108
E-mail
:chimata.ramarao7@gmail.com
Permanent Address : D.No#10-102-1, Near ramalayam, Kothapeta, Chirala

Prakasam (dt),Pin-523157,AP.
For Communication : D.No#10-102-1, Near ramalayam, Kothapeta, Chirala
Prakasam (dt),Pin-523157,AP.
Educational Qualifications:
Discipline/
Qualification
Specialization
School/
College
Board/
Universit
Year of
Passing CG
y
Transportation GMRIT
M.Tech
B.Tech
Civil
engineering
on
PA
Chalapathi
Autonomo 2013usPursuin
affliated to
JNTUK
g
Acharya
Institute Of
nagarjuna
engg &
university
engineering
% / Divisi
8.04
1st Class
2013
77
Technology
with
distincti
on
Intermediate
S.S.C
M.P.C
S.S.C
Sri
Board of
chaitanya
Intermedia
junior
te
college
Education,
Ravindra
A.P.
Board of
English
Secondary
Medium
Education,
School
A.P
Publications:
46
2009
83.8
A
Grade
2007
84.8 1st Class
JOURNALS
International:
1. Ramarao chimata, Venkateswara rao.j, Innovative Use of Quartzite Rock Dust
and Effect of Glass Fibers in Rigid Pavements, International Journal for
Research in Applied Science Engineering & Technology , Vol. 3, Issue IX,
September- 2015,ISSN:2321-9653.
2. Ramarao chimata, Venkateswara rao.j, Techno Economical Use of Quartzite
Rock Dust and Effect of Glass Fibers in Rigid Pavements, International Journal
of Engineering and General Science, Vol. 3, Issue 5, September-October
2015,ISSN:2091-2730.
Declaration:
I here by declare that the above given informations are true to the best of my
knowledge and belief.
(CH.RAMARAO)
47

Project Sand Repacement and Cement Replacement With Crusher Dust

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Project Sand Repacement and Cement Replacement With Crusher Dust

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CHAPTER-1

material for sand in construction of rigid pavements.

and quartzite dust concrete without and with fibers.

concrete without and with glass fibers on slab thickness.

1.2 Organization of the report:

replacing sand and effect of fibers on mechanical properties of concrete. Design of

2.2 Effect of using fibers on the strength properties of concrete and

Specific gravity of cement

Specific gravity of sand

Specific gravity of cement

Aggregate impact value

Aggregate crushing value

Admixture: Rheobuild 920kk is water reducing admixture .which was manufactured

Conduction of tests required to design concrete mix

Preparation of samples for compression and flexural tests

Design the slab thickness and check fatigue analysis

Specific gravity of sand

Specific gravity of aggregate

Aggregate Impact value

Aggregate crushing value

Flakiness index and Elongation index =9&12

OPC 43 grade conforming to IS 8112

Max. Nominal size of aggregate _

Minimum cement content

450 kg/m3 (IS-456:2000)

Maximum water cement ratio

Target strength for mix proportioning

Calculation of water content

= (mass of water/specific gravity of water)*(1/1000)

4.2. Partial Replacement of Sand with Quartzite Rock Dust

Conventional concrete M40

Quartzite dust replacement (20%)

Quartzite dust replacement (30%)

Quartzite dust replacement (40%)

Quartzite dust replacement (50%)

Quartzite dust replacement (60%)

Quartzite dust replacement (70%)

Figure 4.1.Trial mix results of different concrete mixes at 7days

4.3. Preparation of Samples

Fig 4.2. Preparation of cube specimen

Fig 4.3. Compaction on vibration table

Fig 4.4.Preparation of Prism specimen

4.4. Testing of Samples

Fig 4.5.Testing cube on UTM

Fig 4.6. Flexural strength test on UTM

Figure 5.1. Workability of concrete mixes

5.2. Mechanical Properties

Figure5.2. Compressive strength of concrete mixes at 7&28 days

5.2.2. Flexural Strength of Prism Specimens

Table 5.3 Flexural strength values of concrete mixes at 7&28 days

Figure 5.3 Flexural strength values of concrete mixes at 7&28 days

5.3 Design of slab thickness

A cement concrete pavement is to be designed for a two lane two-way National

Effective modulus of subgrade reaction of

Elastic modulus of concrete

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

Rate of traffic increase

Spacing of contrction joints

Cumulative repetition in 30 yrs. = 7842 365

the DLC sub-base

= 257,798,613 commercial vehicles

Table 5.4 Axle load spectrum