Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
1 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 3 8 4 3
available at www.sciencedirect.com
Ocean Nutrition Canada, 101 Research Drive, Dartmouth, NS, Canada B2Y 4T6
Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada NIG 2W1
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Article history:
Omega-3 oil from fish can be stabilised against oxidation using a variety of microencapsu-
lation technologies. Complex coacervation has been used and found to be commercially
useful for fortifying foods and beverages with long-chain omega-3 containing oils. Here
Keywords:
acids increased equivalently in both subjects groups. Also, triacylglycerol levels were
Bioequivalence
reduced similarly in both groups. These results indicate that omega-3 fatty acids have
Bioavailability
Microencapsulation
as soft-gel capsules.
Omega-3
EPA
DHA
Supplement
Coacervation
1.
Introduction
39
1 (2 0 09 ) 3 843
2.
2.1.
2.2.
The oil used in this study was a 30/20 ethyl ester containing
297 mg/g EPA and 218 mg/g DHA. Gelatine-based soft-gel capsules of approximately 1 g were manufactured by standard
methods so that each capsule contained 200 mg of DHA and
272 mg of EPA. Four capsules per day therefore delivered
800 mg of DHA and 1088 mg of EPA. The same ethyl ester oil
was microencapsulated using complex coacervation, under
Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) production conditions,
to form multi-core microcapsules as previously described
(Yan, WO 2004/041251). Briefly, the one-pot complex coacervation process involved a series of controlled steps. Firstly, fish
oil was mixed with an aqueous solution of gelatine and polyphosphate to form a microemulsion. The two polymers were
neutralized via the formation of a complex coacervate, resulting in coating of the oil droplets and the formation of primary
coated particles of 15 lM in size. The individually dispersed
primary microcapsules aggregated to form the intact multicore microcapsules of 3070 lm in diameter. An outer shell
Age (years)
Height (m)
Weight (kg)
BMI (kg/m2)
(n = 14)
Entry
Completion
46.6 2.8
1.78 0.01
90.7 4.7
28.3 1.2
46.6 2.8
1.78 0.01
91.4 4.7
28.6 1.2
40
2.3.
1 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 3 8 4 3
Blood collection
The blood after an initial 3-week washout period (day 0; presupplementation) and after 21 days of supplementation with
either soft-gel or powder (day 21; supplementation) was collected after an overnight fast by antecubital venipuncture into
siliconized tubes. The 3-week washout period was repeated
Table 2 Effects of fish oil capsules and microencapsulated fish oil powder supplementation on serum triacylglycerols and
lipoproteinsa
Fish oil capsules (n = 14)
Day 0
Triacylglycerols (mmol/L)
Triacylglycerol:HDL cholesterol
Day 21
b
2.85 0.57
3.69 0.90
2.10 0.31
2.34 0.39b
Day 0
Day 21
2.68 0.43
3.02 0.48
1.86 0.33c
2.03 0.39c
Table 3 Effects of fish oil capsules and omega-3 microencapsulated powder supplementation on serum lipids and
lipoproteinsa
Fish oil capsules (n = 14)
Day 0
Day 21
Day 0
Day 21
5.40 0.26
0.86 0.05
3.46 0.27b
4.54 0.25
6.45 0.40
3.93 0.34b
5.60 0.29
0.94 0.04c
3.69 0.27
4.65 0.28
6.01 0.35c
3.93 0.30
5.44 0.33
0.92 0.04
3.27 0.34b
4.52 0.32
6.03 0.44
3.66 0.44b
5.61 0.30
0.96 0.04
3.79 0.26
4.65 0.30
5.94 0.40
4.00 0.34
Table 4 Effects of fish oil capsules and omega-3 microencapsulated powder supplementation on selected fatty acids of
serum phospholipidA
Fatty acid
Day 21
9.63 0.52
0.80 0.09
1.02 0.06a
2.93 0.18
36.3 0.5
5.2 0.3
0.14 0.01
13.9 1.6
3.47 0.34
3.73 0.24
8.71 0.48C
3.47 0.25C
1.59 0.08b,C
4.97 0.14C
31.6 0.5C
10.4 0.4C
0.33 0.02C
2.7 0.3C
1.77 0.11C
8.44 0.32C
Day 21
9.06 0.51D
3.28 0.28D
1.39 0.06c,D
5.14 0.18D
32.4 0.5D
10.2 0.4D
0.32 0.02D
3.3 0.5D
1.80 0.13D
8.41 0.40D
A Means SEM. AA, arachidonic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid.
B Significant treatment time interaction, P < 0.05 (ANOVA). Values within a row with different alphabetical superscripts are significantly
different, P < 0.05 (least significant-difference post hoc test).
C Significantly different from fish oil at day 0, P < 0.05 (paired t-test).
D Significantly different from microencapsulated powder at day 0, P < 0.05 (paired t-test).
2.4.
41
1 (2 0 09 ) 3 843
Table 5 Effects of fish oil capsules and omega-3 microencapsulated powder supplementation on fatty acid composition of
serum phospholipidA
Fish oil capsules (n = 14)
Fatty acid
% by weight of total fatty acids
14:0
14:1
15:0
16:0
16:1
18:0
18:1
18:2n 6
18:3n 6
18:3n 3
18:4n 3
20:0
20:1B
20:2n 6
20:3n 6
20:4n 6 (AA)
20:3n 3
20:4n 3
20:5n 3 (EPA)
22:0
22:1
22:2n 6
22:4n 6
22:5n 6
22:5n 3B
22:6n 3 (DHA)
24:0
24:1
SFA
MUFA
PUFA
P
n 6
P
n 3
n 3:n 6 ratio
AA:EPA
AA:DHA
EPA + DHA
Day 0
0.43 0.03
0.15 0.01
0.28 0.02
27.6 0.3
0.38 0.04
13.4 0.3
12.1 0.5
22.0 0.8
0.104 0.013
0.27 0.02
0.034 0.007
0.54 0.03
0.17 0.01a
0.38 0.01
3.28 0.18
9.63 0.52
0.008 0.004
0.13 0.02
0.80 0.09
0.97 0.12
0.084 0.022
0.001 0.001
0.70 0.05
0.16 0.03
1.02 0.06a
2.93 0.18
0.87 0.08
1.49 0.16
44.1 0.2
14.4 0.5
41.5 0.5
36.3 0.5
5.2 0.3
0.14 0.01
13.9 1.6
3.47 0.34
3.73 0.24
Day 21
0.43 0.03
0.16 0.01
0.28 0.02
27.7 0.3
0.32 0.03C
13.9 0.2C
10.9 0.3C
19.1 0.7C
0.061 0.008C
0.23 0.02
0.034 0.007
0.56 0.02
0.13 0.01b,C
0.34 0.02
2.67 0.13C
8.71 0.48C
0.006 0.003
0.15 0.01
3.47 0.25C
0.96 0.10
0.103 0.018
0.006 0.002C
0.57 0.05C
0.11 0.02
1.59 0.08b, C
4.97 0.14C
0.92 0.10
1.61 0.14
44.7 0.1C
13.2 0.3C
42.0 0.4
31.6 0.5C
10.4 0.4C
0.33 0.02C
2.7 0.3C
1.77 0.11C
8.44 0.32C
Day 21
0.39 0.03D
0.16 0.02
0.25 0.02
27.5 0.4
0.28 0.03D
13.9 0.3
10.6 0.3D
19.6 0.6D
0.061 0.007D
0.24 0.02
0.031 0.010
0.55 0.02
0.13 0.01b
0.31 0.02D
2.61 0.13D
9.06 0.51D
0.007 0.004
0.15 0.02
3.28 0.28D
0.93 0.11
0.047 0.015
0.001 0.001
0.64 0.04
0.12 0.02D
1.39 0.06c, D
5.14 0.18D
0.95 0.06
1.71 0.07D
44.5 0.2
12.9 0.4D
42.6 0.3D
32.4 0.5D
10.2 0.4D
0.32 0.02D
3.3 0.5D
1.80 0.13D
8.41 0.40D
Note: 20:1 and DPA responded differently in the FO and MicroEncap treatments.
A Means SEM. AA, arachidonic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid.
B Significant treatment time interaction, P < 0.05 (ANOVA). Values within a row with different alphabetical superscripts are significantly
different, P < 0.05 (least significant-difference post hoc test).
C Significantly different from fish oil at day 0, P < 0.05 (paired t-test).
D Significantly different from microencapsulated powder at day 0, P < 0.05 (paired t-test).
42
2.5.
Statistical analysis
3.
Results
Table 2 gives the values for fasting serum lipids and lipoproteins at entry and after the 21-day supplementation period.
Results from the cross-over 21-day period are combined with
those from the first 21-day period for both the fish oil capsule
and microencapsulated powder groups, given an n of 14 for
each group. Results show the effects of the fish oil capsules
compared to the microencapsulated fish oil on group mean
serum triacylglycerol (TAG) levels, as well as on the ratio of
TAG to HDL-cholesterol. Both the fish oil capsules and the
microencapsulated fish oil resulted in statistically significant
reductions in mean TAG levels from baseline to day 21, as well
as improvement (lowering) of the mean TAG to HDL ratios.
The ANOVA (analysis of variance) showed that there was no
difference between the effect of the capsules and the microencapsulated fish oil on the above-mentioned parameters.
The effects of fish oil capsules compared to microencapsulated fish oil powder on group mean serum total, HDL, LDL and
other cholesterol parameters are shown in Table 3. Statisti-
6
5
4
Day 0 capsule
Day 21 capsule
Day 0 powder
Day 21 powder
3
2
1
0
EPA
D HA
1 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 3 8 4 3
4.
Discussion
R E F E R E N C E S
1 (2 0 09 ) 3 843
43