Idi Amin

1 Biography

Idi Amin Dada (/idi min/; c. 192328 16 August 2003) was the third President of Uganda, ruling from
1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colonial regiment the Kings African Ries in 1946, serving in Kenya
and Uganda. Eventually, Amin held the rank of major
general in the post-colonial Ugandan Army, and became
its commander before seizing power in the military coup
of January 1971, deposing Milton Obote. He later promoted himself to eld marshal while he was the head of
state.

1.1 Early life

Amin never wrote an autobiography nor did he authorize any ocial written account of his life, so there are
discrepancies regarding when and where he was born.
Most biographical sources hold that he was born in either
Koboko or Kampala around 1925.[lower-alpha 1] Other unconrmed sources state Amins year of birth from as early
as 1923 to as late as 1928. Amins son Hussein has stated
that his father was born in Kampala in 1928.[12] According to Fred Guweddeko, a researcher at Makerere University, Idi Amin was the son of Andreas Nyabire (1889
1976). Nyabire, a member of the Kakwa ethnic group,
converted from Roman Catholicism to Islam in 1910, and
changed his name to Amin Dada. He named his rst-born
son after himself. Abandoned by his father at a young
age, Idi Amin grew up with his mothers family in a rural
farming town in northwestern Uganda. Guweddeko states
that Amins mother was Assa Aatte (19041970), an ethnic Lugbara and a traditional herbalist who treated members of Buganda royalty, among others. Amin joined an
Islamic school in Bombo in 1941. After a few years, he
left school with only a fourth-grade English-language education, and did odd jobs before being recruited to the
army by a British colonial army ocer.[10]

Amins rule was characterized by human rights abuses,

political repression, ethnic persecution, extrajudicial
killings, nepotism, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement. The number of people killed as a result of
his regime is estimated by international observers and human rights groups to range from 100,000[2] to 500,000.[3]
Amin was something of an eccentric and it is a curiosity
that his rule lasted as long as it did complete with foreign (Western) albeit episodic backing. The comic relief
oered by his crudely inept rule was sombered by the
heinous, murderous nature of his government.
During his years in power, Amin shifted in allegiance
from being a pro-Western ruler enjoying considerable
Israeli support to being backed by Libyas Muammar
Gadda, Zaires Mobutu Sese Seko, the Soviet Union,
and East Germany.[4][5][6] In 1975, Amin became the
chairman of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU),
a Pan-Africanist group designed to promote solidarity
of the African states.[7] During the 19771979 period,
Uganda was a member of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.[8] Amin did however enjoy
the support of the American CIA, which helped deliver
bombs and other military equipment to Amins Army
and helped take part in military operations with Amins
forces in Uganda.[9] In 1977, when Britain broke diplomatic relations with Uganda, Amin declared he had defeated the British and added CBE, for Conqueror of
the British Empire, to his title. Radio Uganda then announced his entire title: His Excellency President for
Life, Field Marshal Alhaji Dr. Idi Amin Dada, VC, DSO,
MC, CBE.[3]

1.2 Colonial British Army

Amin joined the Kings African Ries (KAR) of the

British Colonial Army in 1946, as an assistant cook.[13]
In later life he falsely claimed he was forced to join the
Army during World War II and that he served in the
Burma Campaign.[3][14][15] He was transferred to Kenya
for infantry service as a private in 1947, and served in the
21st KAR infantry battalion in Gilgil, Kenya until 1949.
That year his unit was deployed to Northern Kenya to
ght against Somali rebels in the Shifta War. In 1952,
his brigade was deployed against the Mau Mau rebels in
Kenya. He was promoted to corporal the same year, then
Dissent within Uganda and Amins attempt to annex the
to sergeant in 1953.[10]
Kagera province of Tanzania in 1978, led to the Uganda
Tanzania War and the demise of his eight-year regime, In 1959, Amin was made Afande (warrant ocer),
leading Amin to ee into exile to Libya and then Saudi the highest rank possible for a Black African in the
Arabia, where he lived until his death on 16 August 2003. colonial British Army of that time. Amin returned to
Uganda the same year and, in 1961, he was promoted to
lieutenant, becoming one of the rst two Ugandans to become commissioned ocers. He was assigned to quell
1

1 BIOGRAPHY

the cattle rustling between Ugandas Karamojong and

Kenyas Turkana nomads. In 1962, following Ugandas
independence from the United Kingdom, Amin was promoted to captain and then, in 1963, to major. He was
appointed Deputy Commander of the Army in 1964 and,
the following year, to Commander of the Army.[10] In
1970, he was promoted to commander of all the armed
forces.[16]
Amin was an athlete during his time in both the British
and Ugandan army. At 193 cm (6 ft 4 in) tall and powerfully built, he was the Ugandan light heavyweight boxing
champion from 1951 to 1960, as well as a swimmer.
Idi Amin was also a formidable rugby forward,[17][18] although one ocer said of him: Idi Amin is a splendid
type and a good (rugby) player, but virtually bone from
the neck up, and needs things explained in words of one
letter.[18][19] In the 1950s, he played for Nile RFC.[20]
There is a frequently repeated urban myth[18][20] that he
was selected as a replacement by East Africa for their
match against the 1955 British Lions. Amin, however,
does not appear on the team photograph or on the ocial
team list.[21] Following conversations with a colleague in Milton Obote, Ugandas second President, whom Amin overthrew
the British Army, Amin became a keen fan of Hayes in a coup d'tat in 1971
Football Club an aection that would remain for the
rest of his life.[22]

1.4 Seizure of power

Eventually a rift developed between Amin and Obote, exacerbated by the support Amin had built within the army
by recruiting from the West Nile region, his involvement
1.3 Commander of the Army
in operations to support the rebellion in southern Sudan
and an attempt on Obotes life in 1969. In October 1970,
In 1965, Prime Minister Milton Obote and Amin were Obote took control of the armed forces, reducing Amin
all the armed
implicated in a deal to smuggle ivory and gold into from his months-old post of commander of
[16]
forces
to
that
of
commander
of
the
army.
Uganda from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The deal, as later alleged by General Nicholas Olenga, Having learned that Obote was planning to arrest him for
an associate of the former Congolese leader Patrice Lu- misappropriating army funds, Amin seized power in a
mumba, was part of an arrangement to help troops op- military coup on 25 January 1971, while Obote was atposed to the Congolese government trade ivory and gold tending a Commonwealth summit meeting in Singapore.
for arms supplies secretly smuggled to them by Amin. In Troops loyal to Amin sealed o Entebbe International
1966, the Ugandan Parliament demanded an investiga- Airport and took Kampala. Soldiers surrounded Obotes
tion. Obote imposed a new constitution abolishing the residence and blocked major roads. A broadcast on
ceremonial presidency held by Kabaka (King) Mutesa II Radio Uganda accused Obotes government of corruption
of Buganda, and declared himself executive president. and preferential treatment of the Lango region. Cheering
He promoted Amin to colonel and army commander. crowds were reported in the streets of Kampala after the
Amin led an attack on the Kabakas palace and forced radio broadcast.[26] Amin announced that he was a solMutesa into exile to the United Kingdom, where he re- dier, not a politician, and that the military government
would remain only as a caretaker regime until new elecmained until his death in 1969.[23][24]
Amin began recruiting members of Kakwa, Lugbara, tions, which would be announced when the situation was
He promised to release all political prisonSouth Sudanese, and other ethnic groups from the West normalised.
[27]
ers.
Nile area bordering South Sudan. The South Sudanese
had been residents in Uganda since the early 20th century, having come from South Sudan to serve the colonial
army. Many African ethnic groups in northern Uganda
inhabit both Uganda and South Sudan; allegations persist that Amins army consisted mainly of South Sudanese
soldiers.[25]

Amin gave former King (Kabaka) of Buganda and President, Sir Edward Mutesa (who had died in exile), a state
funeral in April 1971, freed many political prisoners, and
reiterated his promise to hold free and fair elections to return the country to democratic rule in the shortest period
possible.[28]

1.5

1.5

Presidency

Presidency

Main article: History of Uganda (197179)

1.5.1

Establishment of military rule

On 2 February 1971, one week after the coup, Amin

declared himself President of Uganda, Commander-inChief of the Armed Forces, Army Chief of Sta, and
Chief of Air Sta. He announced that he was suspending certain provisions of the Ugandan constitution,
and soon instituted an Advisory Defence Council composed of military ocers with himself as the chairman. Amin placed military tribunals above the system
of civil law, appointed soldiers to top government posts
and parastatal agencies, and informed the newly inducted
civilian cabinet ministers that they would be subject to
military discipline.[16][29] Amin renamed the presidential lodge in Kampala from Government House to The
Command Post. He disbanded the General Service Unit
(GSU), an intelligence agency created by the previous
government, and replaced it with the State Research Bureau (SRB). SRB headquarters at the Kampala suburb
of Nakasero became the scene of torture and executions
Amin, photographed in August 1973
over the next few years.[30] Other agencies used to persecute dissenters included the military police and the Public
Safety Unit (PSU).[30]
300,000. An estimate compiled by exile organizations
International puts the numObote took refuge in Tanzania, having been oered sanc- with the help of Amnesty
[3]
tuary there by the Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere. ber killed at 500,000. Among the most prominent peoObote was soon joined by 20,000 Ugandan refugees ple killed were Benedicto Kiwanuka, a former prime
eeing Amin. The exiles attempted but failed to re- minister and chief justice; Janani Luwum, the Anglican
gain Uganda in 1972, through a poorly organised coup archbishop; Joseph Mubiru, the former governor of
the central bank of Uganda; Frank Kalimuzo, the vice
attempt.[31]
chancellor of Makerere University; Byron Kawadwa, a
prominent playwright; and two of Amins own cabinet
ministers, Erinayo Wilson Oryema and Charles Oboth
1.5.2 Persecution of ethnic and political groups
Ofumbi.[36]
Amin retaliated against the attempted invasion by Ugan- Amin recruited his followers from his own tribe, the Kakdan exiles in 1972, by purging the army of Obote sup- was, along with South Sudanese. By 1977, these three
porters, predominantly those from the Acholi and Lango groups formed 60 percent of the 22 top generals and 75
ethnic groups.[32] In July 1971, Lango and Acholi soldiers percent of the cabinet. Similarly, Muslims formed 80
were massacred in the Jinja and Mbarara barracks,[33] percent and 87.5 percent of these groups even though they
and, by early 1972, some 5,000 Acholi and Lango were only 5 percent of the population. This helps explain
soldiers, and at least twice as many civilians, had why Amin survived eight attempted coups.[37] The army
disappeared.[34] The victims soon came to include mem- grew from 10,000 to 25,000 by 1978. Amins army was
bers of other ethnic groups, religious leaders, journal- largely a mercenary force. Half the soldiers were South
ists, artists, senior bureaucrats, judges, lawyers, students Sudanese and 26 percent Congolese, with only 24 percent
and intellectuals, criminal suspects, and foreign nationals. being Ugandan, mostly Muslim and Kakwa.[38]
In this atmosphere of violence, many other people were
killed for criminal motives or simply at will. Bodies were
We are determined to make the ordinary
often dumped into the River Nile.[35]
Ugandan master of his own destiny and, above
The killings, motivated by ethnic, political, and nancial
factors, continued throughout Amins eight-year reign.[34]
The exact number of people killed is unknown. The
International Commission of Jurists estimated the death
toll at no fewer than 80,000 and more likely around

all, to see that he enjoys the wealth of his

country. Our deliberate policy is to transfer
the economic control of Uganda into the hands
of Ugandans, for the rst time in our countrys
history.

1 BIOGRAPHY
Idi Amin
minorities[39]

on

the

persecution

of

In August 1972, Amin declared what he called an economic war, a set of policies that included the expropriation of properties owned by Asians and Europeans.
Ugandas 80,000 Asians were mostly from the Indian subcontinent and born in the country, their ancestors having come to Uganda when the country was still a British
colony.[40] Many owned businesses, including large-scale
enterprises, which formed the backbone of the Ugandan
economy. On 4 August 1972, Amin issued a decree ordering the expulsion of the 60,000 Asians who were not
Ugandan citizens (most of them held British passports).
This was later amended to include all 80,000 Asians,
except for professionals, such as doctors, lawyers, and
teachers. A plurality of the Asians with British passports, around 30,000, emigrated to the UK. Others went
to Australia, Canada, India, Kenya, Pakistan, Sweden,
Tanzania, and the U.S.[41][42][43] Amin expropriated businesses and properties belonging to the Asians and handed
them over to his supporters. The businesses were mismanaged, and industries collapsed from lack of maintenance. This proved disastrous for the already declining
economy.[29]

nesses.
That year, relations with Israel soured. Although Israel
had previously supplied Uganda with arms, in 1972 Amin
expelled Israeli military advisers and turned to Muammar
Gadda of Libya and the Soviet Union for support.[32]
Amin became an outspoken critic of Israel.[45] In return, Gadda gave nancial aid to Amin.[46] In the 1974
French-produced documentary lm General Idi Amin
Dada: A Self Portrait, Amin discussed his plans for war
against Israel, using paratroops, bombers, and suicide
squadrons.[14]
The Soviet Union became Amins largest arms supplier.[5]
East Germany was involved in the General Service Unit
and the State Research Bureau, the two agencies which
were most notorious for terror. Later during the Ugandan
invasion of Tanzania in 1979, East Germany attempted to
remove evidence of its involvement with these agencies.[6]

In 1977, Henry Kyemba, Amins health minister and a

former ocial of the rst Obote regime, defected and
resettled in the UK. Kyemba wrote and published A State
of Blood, the rst insider expos of Amins rule.
1.5.3

International relations

See also: Foreign relations of Uganda

Initially, Amin was supported by Western powers such as
Israel, West Germany and, in particular, Great Britain.
During the late 1960s, Obotes move to the left, which
included his Common Mans Charter and the nationalisation of 80 British companies, had made the West worried
that he would pose a threat to Western capitalist interests
in Africa and make Uganda an ally of the Soviet Union.
Amin, who had served with the Kings African Ries
and taken part in Britains suppression of the Mau Mau
uprising prior to Ugandan independence was known by
the British as intensely loyal to Britain"; this made him
an obvious choice as Obotes successor. Although some
have claimed that Amin was being groomed for power as
early as 1966, the plotting by the British and other Western powers began in earnest in 1969, after Obote had begun his nationalisation programme.[44]
Following the expulsion of Ugandan Asians in 1972,
most of whom were of Indian descent, India severed
diplomatic relations with Uganda. The same year, as part
of his economic war, Amin broke diplomatic ties with
the UK and nationalised eighty-ve British-owned busi-

Idi Amin visits the Zairian dictator Mobutu during the Shaba I
conict in 1977

In 1973, U.S. Ambassador Thomas Patrick Melady recommended that the United States reduce its presence in
Uganda. Melady described Amins regime as "racist, erratic and unpredictable, brutal, inept, bellicose, irrational,
ridiculous, and militaristic".[47] Accordingly, the United
States closed its embassy in Kampala.
In June 1976, Amin allowed an Air France airliner from
Tel Aviv to Paris hijacked by two members of the Popular
Front for the Liberation of Palestine External Operations (PFLP-EO) and two members of the German
Revolutionre Zellen to land at Entebbe Airport. There
the hijackers were joined by three more. Soon after, 156
non-Jewish hostages who did not hold Israeli passports
were released and own to safety, while 83 Jews and Israeli citizens, as well as 20 others who refused to abandon
them (among whom were the captain and crew of the hijacked Air France jet), continued to be held hostage. In
the subsequent Israeli rescue operation, codenamed Operation Thunderbolt (popularly known as Operation Entebbe), on the night of 34 July 1976, a group of Israeli
commandos were own in from Israel and seized control
of Entebbe Airport, freeing nearly all the hostages. Three

1.7

Death

hostages died during the operation and 10 were wounded;

7 hijackers, about 45 Ugandan soldiers, and 1 Israeli soldier, Yoni Netanyahu, were killed. A fourth hostage,
75-year-old Dora Bloch, an elderly Jewish Englishwoman
who had been taken to Mulago Hospital in Kampala before the rescue operation, was subsequently murdered in
reprisal. The incident further soured Ugandas international relations, leading the United Kingdom to close its
High Commission in Uganda.[48]
Uganda under Amin embarked on a large military buildup, which raised concerns in Kenya. Early in June 1975,
Kenyan ocials impounded a large convoy of Sovietmade arms en route to Uganda at the port of Mombasa.
Tension between Uganda and Kenya reached its climax in
February 1976, when Amin announced that he would investigate the possibility that parts of southern Sudan and
western and central Kenya, up to within 32 kilometres
(20 mi) of Nairobi, were historically a part of colonial
Uganda. The Kenyan Government responded with a stern
statement that Kenya would not part with a single inch
of territory. Amin backed down after the Kenyan army
deployed troops and armored personnel carriers along the
KenyaUganda border.[49]

1.6

Deposition and exile

See also: UgandaTanzania War

By 1978, the number of Amins supporters and close associates had shrunk signicantly, and he faced increasing dissent from the populace within Uganda as the economy and infrastructure collapsed as a result of the years
of neglect and abuse. After the killings of Bishop Luwum
and ministers Oryema and Oboth Ofumbi in 1977, several of Amins ministers defected or ed into exile.[50]
In November 1978, after Amins vice president, General Mustafa Adrisi, was injured in a car accident, troops
loyal to him mutinied. Amin sent troops against the mutineers, some of whom had ed across the Tanzanian
border.[29] Amin accused Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere of waging war against Uganda, ordered the invasion
of Tanzanian territory, and formally annexed a section of
the Kagera Region across the boundary.[29][31]
In January 1979, Nyerere mobilised the Tanzania Peoples Defence Force and counterattacked, joined by several groups of Ugandan exiles who had united as the
Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA). Amins
army retreated steadily, and, despite military help from
Libyas Muammar Gadda, Amin was forced to ee into
exile by helicopter on 11 April 1979, when Kampala was
captured. He escaped rst to Libya, where he stayed until 1980, and ultimately settled in Saudi Arabia, where
the Saudi royal family allowed him sanctuary and paid
him a generous subsidy in return for his staying out of
politics.[13] Amin lived for a number of years on the top
two oors of the Novotel Hotel on Palestine Road in Jed-

5
dah. Brian Barron, who covered the UgandaTanzania
war for the BBC as chief Africa correspondent, together
with cameraman Mohamed Amin of Visnews in Nairobi,
located Amin in 1980, and secured the rst interview with
him since his deposition.[51]
During interviews he gave during his exile in Saudi Arabia, Amin held that Uganda needed him, and never expressed remorse for the nature of his regime.[52] In 1989,
he attempted to return to Uganda, apparently to lead
an armed group organised by Colonel Juma Oris. He
reached Kinshasa, Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), before Zairian President Mobutu Sese
Seko forced him to return to Saudi Arabia.

1.7 Death
On 19 July 2003, one of Amins wives, Madina, reported
that he was in a coma and near death at the King Faisal
Specialist Hospital and Research Centre in Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia, from kidney failure. She pleaded with the Ugandan President, Yoweri Museveni, to allow him to return
to Uganda for the remainder of his life. Museveni replied
that Amin would have to answer for his sins the moment
he was brought back.[53] Amins family decided to disconnect life support and Amin died at the hospital in Jeddah on 16 August 2003. He was buried in Ruwais Cemetery in Jeddah in a simple grave without any fanfare.[54]
After Amins death, David Owen revealed that when he
was the British Foreign Secretary, he had proposed having Amin assassinated. He has defended this, arguing:
I'm not ashamed of considering it, because his regime
goes down in the scale of Pol Pot as one of the worst of
all African regimes.[55]

2 Family and associates

Remnants of Amins palace on Lake Victoria

A polygamist, Idi Amin married at least ve women,

three of whom he divorced. He married his rst and
second wives, Malyamu and Kay, in 1966. The next
year, he married Nora, and then married Nalongo Madina in 1972. On 26 March 1974, he announced on

ERRATIC BEHAVIOUR, SELF-BESTOWED TITLES, AND MEDIA PORTRAYAL

Radio Uganda that he had divorced Malyamu, Nora,

and Kay.[56][57] Malyamu was arrested in Tororo on the
Kenyan border in April 1974 and accused of attempting to smuggle a bolt of fabric into Kenya. She later
moved to London where she operates a restaurant in East
London.[56][58][58] Kay Amin died under mysterious circumstances in the mid-1970s and her body was found
dismembered. Nora ed to Zaire in 1979; her current
whereabouts are unknown.[58]
In August 1975, during the Organisation of African
Unity (OAU) summit meeting in Kampala, Amin married Sarah Kyolaba, who was famously known as Suicide
Sarah. Sarahs boyfriend, with whom she had been living before she met Amin, vanished and was never heard
from again. By 1993, Amin was living with the last nine
of his children and a single wife, Mama a Chumaru (who
appears to be his sixth and newest wife), the mother of
the youngest four of his children. His last known child,
daughter Iman, was born in 1992.[59] According to The
Monitor, Amin married a few months before his death in
2003.[58]
Sources dier widely on the number of children Amin
fathered; most say that he had 30 to 45.[lower-alpha 2] Until 2003, Taban Amin (born 1955),[62] Idi Amins eldest
son, was the leader of West Nile Bank Front (WNBF), a
rebel group opposed to the government of Yoweri Museveni. In 2005, he was oered amnesty by Museveni,
and in 2006, he was appointed Deputy Director General of the Internal Security Organisation.[63] Another of
Amins sons, Haji Ali Amin, ran for election as Chairman (i.e. mayor) of Njeru Town Council in 2002 but
was not elected.[64] In early 2007, the award-winning lm
A 1977 caricature of Amin in military and presidential attire by
The Last King of Scotland prompted one of his sons, JafEdmund S. Valtman
[65]
far Amin (born in 1967),
to speak out in his fathers
defence. Jaar Amin said he was writing a book to rehabilitate his fathers reputation.[66] Jaar is the tenth of
3 Erratic behaviour, self-bestowed
Amins 40 ocial children by seven ocial wives.[65]
On 3 August 2007, Faisal Wangita (born in 1983),[67]
one of Amins sons, was convicted for playing a role in
a murder in London.[68] Wangitas mother was Amins
fth wife, Sarah Kyolaba (born 1955)[69] a former go-go
dancer, but known as 'Suicide Sarah', because she was a
go-go dancer for the Ugandan Armys Revolutionary Suicide Mechanised Regiment Band.[69]
Among Amins closest associates was the British-born
Bob Astles, who is considered by many to have been a malignant inuence and by others as having been a moderating presence.[70] Isaac Malyamungu was an instrumental
aliate and one of the more feared ocers in Amins
army.[50]

titles, and media portrayal

Amins egotistical behaviour and mental health have been
the subjects of much speculation throughout his reign and
life. He was described as having a quick-change and violent short temper; being charming, happy, and charismatic one minute and then suddenly angry, violent, and
brutal the next, with little or no warning. Many have speculated that his behaviour was either the result of longterm syphilis of the brain or possibly undiagnosed and untreated bipolar disorder. As the years progressed, Amins
behaviour became more erratic, unpredictable, and outspoken. After the United Kingdom broke o all diplomatic relations with his regime in 1977, Amin declared
he had defeated the British, and conferred on himself the
decoration of CBE (Conqueror of the British Empire).
His full self-bestowed title ultimately became: His Excellency, President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin Dada, VC, DSO, MC, Lord of All the Beasts
of the Earth and Fishes of the Seas and Conqueror of the

4.2

Documentaries

British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular, in addition to his ocially-stated claim of being
the uncrowned King of Scotland.[71] He never received
the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) or the Military
Cross (MC). He conferred a doctorate of law on himself from Makerere University as well as the Victorious
Cross (VC), a medal made to emulate the British Victoria
Cross.[7][72]
Amin became the subject of rumours and myths, including a widespread belief that he was a cannibal.[73] Some
of the unsubstantiated rumours, such as the mutilation of
one of his wives, were spread and popularised by the 1980
lm Rise and Fall of Idi Amin and alluded to in the lm
The Last King of Scotland in 2006, a movie which earned
actor Forest Whitaker an Academy Award for Best Actor
for his portrayal of Amin.[74]
During Amins time in power, popular media outside of
Uganda often portrayed him as an essentially comic and
eccentric gure. In a 1977 assessment typical of the time,
a Time magazine article described him as a killer and
clown, big-hearted buoon and strutting martinet".[75]
The comedy-variety series Saturday Night Live aired four
Amin sketches between 197679, including one in which
he was an ill-behaved houseguest in exile, and another in
which he was a spokesman against venereal disease.[76] In
a Benny Hill show transmitted in January 1977, Hill portrayed Amin sitting behind a desk that featured a placard
reading ME TARZAN, U GANDA.[77]

7
trays Amin, who in this lm is rst angered by the
Palestinian terrorists whom he later comes to support.
Comedian Richard Pryor portrayed a parodied version of Amin in his namesake show in 1977.[81]
Rise and Fall of Idi Amin (1981), a lm recreating
Idi Amins atrocities. Amin is played by Kenyan actor Joseph Olita.
The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad!
(1988), a comedy lm in which Amin, portrayed by
Prince Hughes in a cameo appearance, is one of the
real-life gures in the Beirut meeting where he helps
plan to attack the United States at the beginning of
the movie. Frank Drebin injures Amins hand after blocking a punch with a spittoon, and uses it to
knock Amin out a window.
Mississippi Masala (1991), a lm depicting the resettlement of an Indian family after the expulsion
of Asians from Uganda by Idi Amin. Joseph Olita
again plays Amin in a cameo.
The Last King of Scotland (2006), a lm adaptation of Giles Fodens 1998 novel of the same name.
For his portrayal of Idi Amin, Forest Whitaker won
the Academy Award, British Academy Film Award,
Broadcast Film Critics Association Award, Golden
Globe Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award, thus
becoming the fourth black actor to win the Oscar for
Best Actor.

The foreign media were often criticised by Ugandan exiles and defectors for emphasizing Amins selfaggrandizing eccentricities and taste for excess while
downplaying or excusing his murderous behavior.[78]
Other commentators even suggested that Amin had de- 4.2 Documentaries
liberately cultivated his eccentric reputation in the foreign
media as an easily parodied buoon in order to defuse in General Idi Amin Dada: A Self Portrait (1974), diternational concern over his administration of Uganda.[79]
rected by French lmmaker Barbet Schroeder.

Portrayal in media and literature

4.1

Film and television dramatisations

Victory at Entebbe (1976), a TV lm about Operation Entebbe. Julius Harris plays Amin. Godfrey
Cambridge was originally cast as Amin, but died of
a heart attack on the set. Amin commented on Cambridges death, saying that it was punishment from
God.[80]
Raid on Entebbe (1977), a lm depicting the events
of Operation Entebbe. Yaphet Kotto portrays Amin
as a charismatic, but short-tempered political and
military leader.
In Mivtsa Yonatan (1977; also known as Operation
Thunderbolt), an Israeli lm about Operation Entebbe, Jamaican-born British actor Mark Heath por-

Idi Amin: Monster in Disguise (1997), a television

documentary directed by Greg Baker.
The Man Who Ate His Archbishops Liver? (2004),
a television documentary written, produced, and
directed by Elizabeth C. Jones for AssociatedRediusion and Channel 4.
The Man Who Stole Uganda (1971), World In Action rst broadcast 5 April 1971.
Inside Idi Amins Terror Machine (1979), World In
Action rst broadcast 13 June 1979.
A Day in the Life of a Dictator (2013), directed by
Hendrick Dusollier

4.3 Books
State of Blood: The Inside Story of Idi Amin (1977)
by Henry Kyemba

7
The General Is Up by Peter Nazareth

Rugby union portal

Ghosts of Kampala: The Rise and Fall of Idi Amin

(1980) by George Ivan Smith

Uganda portal

The Last King of Scotland (1998) by Giles Foden

(ctional)
Idi Amin Dada: Hitler in Africa (1977) by Thomas
Patrick Melady
General Amin (1975) by David Martin
I Love Idi Amin: The Story of Triumph under Fire
in the Midst of Suering and Persecution in Uganda
(1977) by Festo Kivengere
Impassioned for Freedom: Uganda, Struggle Against
Idi Amin (2006) by Eriya Kategaya
Confessions of Idi Amin: The chilling, explosive expose of Africas most evil man in his own words
(1977) compiled by Trevor Donald
Kahawa by Donald Westlake; a thriller in which
Amin is a minor character, but Amins Uganda is
portrayed in detail.
Culture of the Sepulchre (2012) by Madanjeet Singh
(former Indian Ambassador to Uganda), ISBN 0670-08573-1[82]

4.4

Music and audio

Idi Amin the Amazin' Man song (1975) by John

Bird
Idi Amin (1978) by Mighty Sparrow

6 Notes
[1] Many sources, like Encyclopdia Britannica, Encarta, and
the Columbia Encyclopedia, hold that Amin was born
in Koboko or Kampala c.1925, and that the exact date
of his birth is unknown. Researcher Fred Guweddeko
claimed that Amin was born on 17 May 1928,[10] but that
is disputed.[11] The only certainty is that Amin was born
some time during the mid-1920s.
[2] According to Henry Kyema and the African Studies Review,[60] Idi Amin had 34 children. Some sources say
Amin claimed to have fathered 32 children. A report in
The Monitor says he was survived by 45 children,[58] while
another in the BBC gives the gure of 54.[61]

7 References
[1] Nakajubi, Gloria (15 July 2015). Ugandan dictator Idi
Amins widow Sarah Kyolaba dies in the UK aged 59.
The Independent. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
[2] Ullman, Richard H. (April 1978). Human Rights and
Economic Power: The United States Versus Idi Amin.
Foreign Aairs. Retrieved 26 March 2009. The most
conservative estimates by informed observers hold that
President Idi Amin Dada and the terror squads operating
under his loose direction have killed 100,000 Ugandans in
the seven years he has held power.
[3] Keatley, Patrick (18 August 2003). Obituary: Idi Amin.
The Guardian (London). Retrieved 18 March 2008.

Idi Amin (1978) by Black Randy and the Metrosquad

[4] Roland Anthony Oliver, Anthony Atmore. Africa Since

1800. p. 272.

Springtime in Uganda (2004) by Blaze Foley

(posthumous release)

[5] Dale C. Tatum. Who inuenced whom?. p. 177.

The Collected Broadcasts of Idi Amin (1975) based

on The Collected Bulletins of President Idi Amin
(1974) and Further Bulletins of President Idi Amin
(1975) by Alan Coren, portraying Amin as an amiable, if murderous, buoon in charge of a tin-pot
dictatorship. It was a British comedy album parodying Ugandan dictator Idi Amin, released in 1975
on Transatlantic Records. Performed by John Bird
and written by Alan Coren, it was based on columns
he wrote for Punch magazine

REFERENCES

See also
Biography portal
Politics portal

[6] Gareth M. Winrow. The Foreign Policy of the GDR in

Africa, p. 141.
[7] Idi Amin: A Byword for Brutality. News24. 21 July
2003. Archived from the original on 5 June 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
[8] Gershowitz, Suzanne (20 March 2007). The Last King
of Scotland, Idi Amin, and the United Nations. Archived
from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 8 August
2009.
[9] New York Times, Dec. 17, 1986; Paper Cites CIA Aid to
Amins Army in 70s
[10] Guweddeko, Fred (12 June 2007). Rejected then taken
in by dad; a timeline. The Monitor. Archived from the
original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
[11] O'Kadameri, Billie (1 September 2003). Separate fact
from ction in Amin stories. Originally published in The
Monitor. Retrieved 8 May 2010.

[12] Elliott, Chris (30 November 2014). Idi Amins son

complains about the Guardians obituary notice. The
Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2014.

[29] Country Studies: Uganda: Military Rule Under Amin.

Federal Research Division. United States Library of
Congress. Retrieved 8 August 2009.

[13] Idi Amin. Encyclopdia Britannica. 19 December

2008. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2009.

[30] Country Studies: Uganda: Post-Independence Security

Services. Federal Research Division. United States Library of Congress. Retrieved 8 August 2009.

[14] General Idi Amin Dada: A Self Portrait. Le Figaro Films.

1974. ISBN 0-7800-2507-5.
[15] Bay, Austin (20 August 2003). Why Didn't Amin Rot
and Die in Jail?". Strategy Page. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
[16] General Idi Amin overthrows Ugandan government.
British Council. 2 February 1971. Archived from the
original on 25 February 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
[17] Bridgland, Fred (16 August 2003). Idi Amin. Scotsman
(Edinburgh). Retrieved 8 August 2009.
[18] Cain, Nick and Growden, Greg Chapter 21: Ten Peculiar
Facts about Rugby in Rugby Union for Dummies (2nd
Edition), p294 (pub: John Wiley and Sons, Chichester,
England) ISBN 978-0-470-03537-5
[19] Johnston, Ian (17 August 2003). Death of a despot, buffoon and killer. Scotsman (Edinburgh). Retrieved 24 August 2009.

[31] An Idi-otic Invasion. Time. 13 November 1978. Retrieved 8 August 2009.

[32] Tall, Mamadou (SpringSummer 1982). Notes on the
Civil and Political Strife in Uganda. A Journal of Opinion
(Issue: A Journal of Opinion, Vol. 12, No. 1/2) 12 (1/2):
4144. doi:10.2307/1166537. JSTOR 1166537.
[33] Lautze, Sue. Research on Violent Institutions in Unstable
Environments: The livelihoods systems of Ugandan army
soldiers and their families in a war zone (PDF). Hertford
College, Oxford University.
[34] Moore, Charles (17 September 2003). Obituary: Idi
Amin. Daily Telegraph (London). Archived from the
original on 12 October 2007.
[35] Disappearances and Political Killings: Human Rights
Crisis of the 1990s: A Manual for Action (PDF).
Amnesty International. Archived from the original (PDF)
on 28 November 2007.

[20] Cotton, p111

[36] Special report: Who were Amins victims?". The Daily

Monitor. 13 June 2007. Archived from the original on 13
June 2007.

[21] Campbell, M. and Cohen, E.J. (1960) Rugby Football in

East Africa, 19091959. Published by the Rugby Football
Union of East Africa

[37] Stefan Lindemann, The ethnic politics of coup avoidance,

page 20

[22] The fans no team would want. Yahoo!. Eurosport. 28

May 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
[23] Country Studies: Uganda: Independence: The Early
Years. Federal Research Division. United States Library
of Congress. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
[24] Idi Amin Dada Biography. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Thomson Gale. 2005. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
[25] Nantulya, Paul (2001). "Exclusion, Identity and Armed
Conict: A Historical Survey of the Politics of Confrontation in Uganda with Specic Reference to the Independence
Era" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2006.
[26] On this day: 25 January 1971: Idi Amin ousts Ugandan
president. BBC. 25 January 1971. Retrieved 8 August
2009.
[27] Fairhall, John (26 January 1971). Curfew in Uganda after military coup topples Obote. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 8 August 2009.
[28] Mbabaali, Jude (August 2005). The Role of Opposition Parties in a Democracy: The Experience of the
Democratic Party of Uganda (PDF). Regional Conference on Political Parties and Democratisation in East
Africa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October
2011. Retrieved 8 August 2009.

[38] Andrew Mambo and Julian Schoeld Military Diversion

in the 1978 Uganda-Tanzania War page 12
[39] Jrgensen, Jan Jelmert (1981). Uganda: A Modern History. Taylor & Francis. pp. 288290. ISBN 978-085664-643-0.
[40] Idi Amin had targeted Indians in 70s. The Times Of
India. 15 April 2007.
[41] Luganda, Patrick (29 July 2003). Amins Economic War
Left Uganda on Crutches. New Vision (Kampala).
[42] On this day: 7 August 1972: Asians given 90 days to
leave Uganda. BBC. 7 August 1972. Retrieved 8 August
2009.
[43] Flight of the Asians. Time. 11 September 1972. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
[44] The Making of Idi Amin. New African. 1979. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
[45] Jamison, M. Idi Amin and Uganda: An Annotated Bibliography, Greenwood Press, 1992, pp.15556
[46] Idi Amin, Benoni Turyahikayo-Rugyema (1998).
Amin speaks: an annotated selection of his speeches.

Idi

[47] 240. Telegram 1 From the Embassy in Uganda to the

Department of State, 2 January 1973, 0700Z. United
States Department of State (Oce of the Historian) E6.
2 January 1973. Retrieved 8 August 2009.

10

REFERENCES

[48] On this day: 7 July 1976: British grandmother missing

in Uganda. BBC. 7 July 1976. Retrieved 8 August 2009.

[67] Levy, Megan (3 August 2007). Idi Amins son jailed for
London gang attack. The Daily Telegraph.

[49] "'Dada' always rubbed Kenya the wrong way. Sunday Nation. 17 August 2003. Archived from the original on 6
February 2008.

[68] Idi Amins son jailed over death. BBC News. 3 August
2007. Retrieved 8 August 2009.

[50] Not even an archbishop was spared. The Weekly Observer. 16 February 2006. Archived from the original on
12 October 2007.

[69] Bird, Steve (4 August 2007). Idi Amins son was leader
of London gang that stabbed teenager to death in street.
The Times (London).

[51] Barron, Brian (16 August 2003). The Idi Amin I knew.
BBC News. Retrieved 16 September 2009.

[70] Kelly, Jane (19 August 2003). Ugandas white rat. Daily
News. Retrieved 8 August 2009.

[52] Idi Amin, ex-dictator of Uganda, dies. USA Today. Associated Press. 16 August 2003. Retrieved 24 November
2014.

[71] Appiah, Anthony; Henry Louis Gates (1999). Africana:

The Encyclopedia of the African and African American
Experience.

[53] Idi Amin back in media spotlight. BBC. 25 July 2003.

Retrieved 8 August 2009.

[72] Lloyd, Lorna (2007) p.239

[54] Idi Amin, ex-dictator of Uganda, dies. USA Today. 16

August 2003. Retrieved 8 August 2009. Amin was buried
in Jiddahs Ruwais cemetery after sunset prayers Saturday,
said a person close to the family in the Red Sea port city.
The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, was
told that very few people attended the funeral.

[73] Orizio, Riccardo (21 August 2003). Idi Amins Exile

Dream. New York Times. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
[74] Serugo, Moses (28 May 2007). Special Report: The
myths surrounding Idi Amin. The Monitor. Archived
from the original on 28 May 2007.

[55] BBC NEWS Africa UK considered killing Idi Amin.

bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 13 September 2015.

[75] "Amin:The Wild Man of Africa. Time. 28 February

1977. Retrieved 8 August 2009.

[56] Reign of Terror: The life and loves of a tyrant. Daily

Nation. 20 August 2003. Archived from the original on 6
February 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2009.

[76] Archived 14 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine.

[57] Kavuma, Richard (18 June 2007). Special Report: Big

Daddy and his women. The Monitor. Archived from the
original on 18 June 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2009.

[78] Kibazo, Joel (13 January 2007). A Brute, Not a Buffoon. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 8 August
2009. ... Amin was widely portrayed as a comic gure.
Yes, he had expelled the Asians and murdered a few people, but isn't that what was expected of Africa, I used to
hear.

[58] Kibirige, David (17 August 2003). Idi Amin is dead.

The Monitor. Archived from the original on 10 June 2007.
Retrieved 8 August 2009.
[59] Foden, Giles (4 August 2007). Not quite a chip o the
old block. The Guardian (London).
[60] African Studies Review (1982) p.63
[61] Amins row over inheritance. BBC News. 25 August
2003. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
[62] Son of Idi Amin threatens to sue 'Last King Of Scotland'
producers. Jet. 9 October 2006. p. 35.
[63] Mcconnell, Tristan (12 February 2006). Return of Idi
Amins son casts a shadow over Ugandan election. The
Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 8 August 2009.
[64] Amins son runs for mayor. BBC. 3 January 2002. Retrieved 8 August 2009.

[77]

[79] Moore, Charles (17 September 2003). Obituary: Idi

Amin. Daily Telegraph (London). Archived from the
original on 12 October 2007. Throughout his disastrous
reign, he encouraged the West to cultivate a dangerous
ambivalence towards him. His genial grin, penchant for
grandiose self-publicity, and ludicrous public statements
on international aairs led to his adoption as a comic gure. He was easily parodied ... however, this fascination,
verging on aection, for the grotesqueness of the individual occluded the singular plight of his nation.
[80] Amin: Actor was punished by God. St. Petersburg
Times. 4 December 1976. Cambridge was often overweight and it was speculated that his habit of yo yo dieting may have been a factor in his early death.

[65] Idi Amins son lashes out over 'Last King'". USA Today.
22 February 2007.

[81] Denton, Abby (19 August 2014). Whats So Special

About The Richard Pryor Special?". Splitsider. Retrieved 8 July 2015.

[66] Idi Amins son lashes out over 'Last King'". USA Today.
Associated Press. 22 February 2007. Retrieved 8 August
2009.

[82] Pandey, Ramesh Nath (9 November 2012) [Kartik 24,

2069]. Book Review: Culture of the Sepulchre. New
Spotlight Magazine 06 (10). Retrieved August 2014.

11

Sources
African studies review. 2526. University of California. 1982.
Avirgan, Tony; Martha Honey (1982). War in
Uganda: The Legacy of Idi Amin. Westport, Connecticut: Lawrence Hill & Co. Publishers. ISBN
0-88208-136-5.
Cotton, Fran (Ed., 1984). The Book of Rugby Disasters & Bizarre Records. Compiled by Chris Rhys.
London. Century Publishing. ISBN 0-7126-09113.
Decalo, Samuel (1989). Psychoses of Power:
African Personal Dictatorships. Boulder, Colorado:
Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-7617-3.
Gwyn, David (1977). Idi Amin: Death-Light of
Africa. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN
0-316-33230-5.
Kyemba, Henry (1977). A State of Blood: The Inside Story of Idi Amin. New York: Ace Books.
ISBN 0-441-78524-4.
Lloyd, Lorna (2007). Diplomacy with a Dierence:
The Commonwealth Oce of High Commissioner,
18802006. University of Michigan: Martinus Nijho. ISBN 90-04-15497-3.
Melady, Thomas P.; Margaret B. Melady (1977). Idi
Amin Dada: Hitler in Africa. Kansas City: Sheed
Andrews and McMeel. ISBN 0-8362-0783-1.
Orizio, Riccardo (2004). Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators. Walker & Company.
ISBN 0-436-20999-3.
Palmowski, Jan (2003). Dictionary of Contemporary World History: From 1900 to the Present Day
(Second ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19860539-0.

External links
The Idi Amin I knew, Brian Barron, BBC, 16 August 2003. Includes a video of Brian Barron interviewing Idi Amin in exile in 1980. The Atlantic 1
April 2001 Memo and Quincy LS the series
Luck, Adam (13 January 2007). Mad Ugandan
dictators son reveals all about his 'Big Daddy'".
Daily Mail. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
General Idi Amin Dada: A Self Portrait on Google
Videos (Flash Video)
idiamindada.com, a website devoted to Idi Amins
legacy created by his son Jaar Amin

Idi Amin at the Internet Movie Database

Idi Amin (Character) at the Internet Movie
Database

12

10

10
10.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Idi Amin Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idi_Amin?oldid=727506482 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Eloquence, Mav, Jeronimo, Ed

Poor, Danny, Shsilver, Arvindn, Branden, William Avery, Kurt Jansson, FvdP, Mintguy, KF, Olivier, Someone else, AntonioMartin,
Edward, Michael Hardy, TMC, Llywrch, Dhum Dhum, Dominus, Ixfd64, 172, Paul Benjamin Austin, Tabrez, Delirium, (, Greenman,
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10.2

Images

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of
arms of the Republic of Uganda.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_
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Uganda.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='600' data-le-height='643' /></a> Original
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TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rei-artur

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