STUDY MATERIAL

Prepared by Remesh Chennessery

HSST, HOLYTRINITY EMHSS, TRIVANDRUM.

Angle in Trigonometry

(=r)
r
c

The rotation of a ray from one position to another

along the circumference of a circle is known as an angle.
The initial position of the ray is called initial ray and the
final position of the ray is called terminal ray.
Positve angles: If the rotation of a ray from one position
to another is in anti-clockwise, then the angle is known as
positive angle.

Trigonometry

1 radian 1c

180
0
deg ree = 57 16 22 (approx.)

1deg ree 10
0.01746 radians (approx.)
180
Note2: Sexagesimal system. Expression in the form

x 0 y z (x degree y minutes z seconds) is called

Negative angles: If the rotation of a ray from one
position to another is in anti-clockwise, then the angle is
known as positive angle.

sexagesimal system.
Note3:
a) The angle between two consecutive digits in a clock is
0

360
30 0 or
.
12

in 1 minute.

10 60 min utes (60 )

c)

Thus in the circular system, the circular measure of an

angle = the no. of radians contained in it. It is denoted by
c.

in 1 minute.

Radian
One radian is the angle subtended at the centre by a
positive arc equal in length to the radius of the circle.

360
The minute hand subtend an angle of 6 0 or

60

Note4: In a regular Polygon

a) All interior angles, exterior angles and all sides are
equal.
b) Sum of all interior angles are equal.
c) Sum of all exterior angles are equal.

360

d) Each exterior angle =

No
.
of
sides

e)

Each interior angle = 180 Exterior angle

Note5: To find the angle of a regular polygon means

find its interior angle.
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15

1 60 sec onds (60 )

Page

1 Right angle 90 deg rees (90 0 )

360
b) The hour hand subtend an angle of 30 0 or

12

STUDY MATERIAL
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery
HSST, HOLYTRINITY EMHSS, TRIVANDRUM.

Degree

30

60

90

120

180

360

Radian

Arc, Radius and Angle relation.

opp.side
y

hypotenuse
r

cos =

adjacent side x

hypotenuse
r

tan =

opp.side
y

adjacent side x

cosec =

l
B

sin =

1
r

sin y

sec =

1
r

cos x

cot =

1
x

tan y

Quotient Relations
A

sin
tan
cos
Length of the arc of a circle having radius r and
inclination radians is r .

Phythagoras relations
i.

given angle , it is usual to write sin for sin(), etc.

Y

cos 2 sin 2 1
a) cos 2 1 sin 2

Trigonometric Functions: Trigonometric functions are

periodic and thus many natural phenomena are most
readily studies with the help of trigonometric functions.
Unlike algebraic functions, these functions are not
represented by single letters, instead the abbreviation sin
is used for sine function, cos is for cosine function, tan is for
tangent function, cosec for cosecant function, sec is for
secant function and cot is for cotangent function. For a

cos
cot
sin

b) sin2 1 cos 2
ii.

sec 2 tan 2 1
a) sec 2 1 tan 2
b) tan 2 sec 2 1

iii.

cos ec 2 cot 2 1
a) cos ec 2 1 cot 2
b) cot 2 cos ec 2 1

Quadrants
Two mutually perpendicular lines in a plane divide the
plane into 4 regions and each region is called quadrant.
P

.
5
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16

STUDY MATERIAL
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery
HSST, HOLYTRINITY EMHSS, TRIVANDRUM.
Y

sin 45 cos 45

II quadrant

sinA B sin A cos B cos A sin B

90
360 +

sinA B sin A cos B cos A sin B

cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B

O
III quadrant

cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B [Proof needed]

IV quadrant

180 +
270

quadrant
270 +
360

Signs of Trigonometric functions in different

Quadrants
Y

II quadrant

tanA B

tan A tan B
1 tan A tan B

tanA B

tan A tan B
1 tan A tan B

cotA B

cot A cot B 1
cot A cot B

cot A B

cot A cot B 1
cot B cot A

I quadrant

sin, cosec
are +ve

tan 45 cot 45 1

Compound Angles and Reduction Formulae

I quadrant

90 +
180

tan( 45 A)

All +ve

1 tan A
1 tan A

1 tan A
1 tan A
sinA B C sin A cos B cos C sin A sin B sin C
tan( 45 A)

cos A B C cos A cos B cos C sin A sin B cos C

quadrant
cos, sec
are +ve

tanA B C

Important Formulae

Hint for memory:1. All Students Take Coffee

I
II
III
IV
2. After School
Tuition Class

sinA B sinA B sin 2 A sin 2 B [Proof needed]

cos(A B) cosA B cos 2 A sin 2 B [ -do- ]

Note:
900

Acute angle
- angle less than
[<
Obtuse angle - angle greater than 900 [> 900]
Right angle
- angle is equal to 900 [ = 900]

900]

Trigonometric Ratios of particular angles.

sin 0 cos 90 0

cos 0 sin 90 1

tan 0 cot 90 0

cot 0 tan 90

sin 30 cos 60

tan 30 cot 60

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1
2

cos 30 sin 60

1
3

tan A tan A tan B tan C

1 tan A tan B

3
2

tan(A B) tanA B

tan2 A tan2 B
1 tan2 A tan2 B

Product Formulae.
i.

C D C D
sin C sin D 2 sin
cos

2 2

ii.

C D C D
sin C sin D 2 cos
sin

2 2

iii.

C D C D
cos C cos D 2 cos
cos

2 2

iv.

C D C D
cos C cos D 2 sin
sin

2 2

cot 30 tan 60 3

17

tan, cot
are +ve

IV quadrant

Page

III quadrant

STUDY MATERIAL
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery
HSST, HOLYTRINITY EMHSS, TRIVANDRUM.

Converse of Product Formulae.

ii.

2 cos A sin B sinA B sinA B

iii.

2 cos A cos B cosA B cosA B

iv.

cos

sin

tan

cot

2 sin A sin B cosA B cosA B

Related angles & General Reduction Formulae

For any angle , the angles , 90 , 180 ,

270 , 360 , etc. are called related angles and the

functions expressed in terms of the related angles are
known as General Reduction Formulae.

cot

tan

cos ec

sec

sec

cos ec

Examples:

sin 150 sin(1.90 60) cos 60

1
(or)
2

sin 150 sin(2.90 30) sin 30

1
2

sin 225 sin(2.90 45) sin 45

cos 330 cos(4.90 30) cos 30

3
2

Reduction Formulae for ()

sin sin

: cos ec cos ec

cos cos

: sec sec

tan tan

: cot cot

Reduction Formulae for (90)

Note: Since T-functions are circular functions, we can add

or subtract any number of 360s to the given function. Its
value is not changed. For example

sin90 cos

: cos90 sin

tan90 cot

: cot90 tan

sin 420 sin( 420 360) sin 60

3
2
sin( 765) sin( 765 2.360) sin( 765 720)

Reduction Formulae for (90+)

sin 90 cos

: cos 90 sin

tan 90 cot

: cot 90 tan

Reduction Formulae for (180)

sin180 sin

: cos180 cos

tan180 tan

: cot180 cot

sin180 sin

: cos180 cos

tan180 tan

: cot180 cot

Hint: Any trigonometric function is in the form n.90 is

numerically equal to:

= sin( 45) sin 45

1
2

Multiple Angles
sin 2A 2 sin A cos A

2 tan A
1 tan 2 A

cos 2A cos 2 A sin 2 A 1 2 sin 2 A 2 cos 2 A 1

=
tan 2A

1 tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A

2 tan A
1 tan 2 A

1 cos 2A 2 cos 2 A

: 1 cos 2A 2 sin 2 A

1) the same function if n is an even integer (2,4,6,)

1 sin 2A cos A sin A

: 1 sin 2A cos A sin A

2) the corresponding co-function if n is an odd

integer (1,3,5, )

1 cos 2A
tan 2 A
1 cos 2A

: tan A

The algebraic sign in each case is same as the

quadrant in which the given angle n.90 lies.

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sin 18

5 1
4

: cos 36

1 tan 2 A 1
tan A

5 1
4

18

2 sin A cos B sinA B sinA B

Co-function
cos

Page

i.

Function
sin

STUDY MATERIAL
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery
HSST, HOLYTRINITY EMHSS, TRIVANDRUM.

10 2 5
4

: sin 36

1 cos 2A
cot 2 A
1 cos 2A

10 2 5
4

1 sin 2A

tan 2 A
1 sin 2A
4

1 sin A
A
tan 2
1 sin A
4 2
1 sin A
A
tan 2
1 sin A
4 2

1 sin 2A

tan 2 A
1 sin 2A
4

1 tan 2 A 1
1 cos A
A

tan
tan A
sin A
2

sin 3A 3 sin A 4 sin 3 A

1 tan 2 A 1
1 cos A
A

cot
tan A
sin A
2

cos 3A 4 cos 3 A 3 cos A

3 tan A tan 3 A
1 3 tan 2 A

Values of sin 22

cos Acos 2Acos 22 A...cos 2n A

sin 2n A
2n sin A

Sub-Multiple Angles
A
A
sin A 2 sin cos
2
2

A
2
2 A
1 tan
2

10
10
10
10
,cos 22 , tan 22 ,cot 22
2
2
2
2

sin 22

10

tan 22

10
2 1
2

2 2
2

cos 22

10

cot 22

10
2 1
2

2 tan

A
A
A
A
cos A cos 2 sin 2 1 2 sin 2 2 cos 2 1
2
2
2
2

A
2
=
A
1 tan 2
2

Values of sin90, cos90, tan90

sin 90

3 5 5 5
4

cos90

3 5 5 5
4

1 tan 2

tan 90

3 5 5 5
3 5 5 5

A
2
tan A
2 A
1 tan
2

Values of sin150, cos150, tan150

sin150

3 1
2 2

A
1 cos A 2 cos
2
A
1 cos A 2 sin 2
2

cos150

3 1
2 2

2 tan

tan150 2 3

A
A

1 sin A cos sin

2
2

Values of sin750, cos750, tan750, cot750

sin 75

3 1
2 2

cos75

3 1
2 2

1 cos A
A
tan 2
1 cos A
2

tan 75

3 1
3 1

1 cos A
A
cot 2
1 cos A
2

cot 75

3 1
3 1

A
A

1 sin A cos sin

2
2

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2 2
2

1
sin sin sin sin 3
3
3

19

tan 3A

Page

cos 18

STUDY MATERIAL
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery
HSST, HOLYTRINITY EMHSS, TRIVANDRUM.

1
cos cos cos cos3
3

3
4

Then

A+B =C
C = (A+B)

tan tan tan tan 3

3
3

1
: cos36cos72 1
cos36 cos72
2
4

In any ABC, A+B+C =

ii.

C
AB
=
2
2 2

Then

A B
C
=

2
2 2

Trigonometric Equations.
The general value of if

Tips1:

i.

sin=0 is = n, nZ

ii.

cos=0 is = 2n 1. , nZ
2

iii. tan=0 is = n , nZ
The general value of if
sin = sin is = n + (1)n. , nZ

ii.

cos = cos is = 2n , nZ

tan 0, then 0, , 2, 3, ......

3.

cos 1, then 0, 2, 4, ......

i.

sin sin is = n

ii.

cos cos is = n

iii.

tan 2 tan 2 is = n

Then =

Then = 2

a2 b 2 then

b
a2 b 2

sin

c
a2 b 2

. (1)

angle

sin

cos

b
a b
2

c
a b
2

such

that

cos

. Then (1) becomes,

cos cos sin sin cos

cos cos

i.e.,

2n

2n

Trigonometric Identities
i.

In any ABC, A+B+C =

HSSLIVE.IN

a2 b 2

and

. Also find the angle such that

cos cos sin sin cos

i.e.,

=
Then = +

=
Then = +

knowing the values of a and b we can find the value of

the

=
Then = 2

Domain and Range of trigonometric functions:

f (x)

Domain

Range

sin x

cos x

1, 1
1, 1

tanx

R 2n 1 , n Z
2

cos ecx

R n, n Z

, 1 1,

sec x

R 2n 1 , n Z
2

, 1 1,

cot x

R n, n Z

20

cos

=
Then = +

The general value of if a cos b sin c

dividing throughout by

Page

3 5
,
,
, .........
2 2 2
cos 1, then , 3, 5, .......
cos 0, then

Tips2:

The general value of if

a2 b 2

2.

5.

iii. tan = tan is = n + , nZ

sin 0, then 0, , 2, 3, ... ...

4.

i.

1.

STUDY MATERIAL
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery
HSST, HOLYTRINITY EMHSS, TRIVANDRUM.

Graph of t-functions
1.

f (x) sin x

7
2
1

5
2
-1

3
2
1

2
-1

0
0

2
1

3
2
-1

2
0

5
2
1

3
0

7
2
-1

7
2
0

3
O

4 7
5 2 3

2 2 -1 2
2
2

3 2 5 3 7 4
2
2
2

Y
2.

f (x) cos x

7
2
0

-1

5
2
0

3
2
0

2
0

-1

0
1

2
0

-1

3
2
0

2
1

5
2
0

3
-1

3 2
O
3 2 5 3 7 4
5 3

4 7

2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2

Y
f (x) tan x

-1

3
2

2
0

21

Page

3.

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STUDY MATERIAL
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery
HSST, HOLYTRINITY EMHSS, TRIVANDRUM.

3
2

4.

f (x) cot x

2
0

3
2
0

O
2

3
2

5.

f (x) sec x

3
2

2
1

Page

22

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STUDY MATERIAL
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery
HSST, HOLYTRINITY EMHSS, TRIVANDRUM.

6.

3
2

f (x) cos ecx

3
2
1

3
2

Page

23

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STUDY MATERIAL
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery
HSST, HOLYTRINITY EMHSS, TRIVANDRUM.

Properties of les
Properties of triangles are not included in the current syllabus of class XI and XII. But the awareness of this topic
will help you to write all types of competitive examinations.
a
b
c
, where a, b, c are the sides and A, B, C are the angles.

sin A sin B sin C

i.

Sine rule: In any ABC,

ii.

Cosine rule: In any ABC,

a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cosA
b2 = c2 + a2 2ca cosB
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cosC

iii.

Tangent rule (Napiers Formula)

In any ABC,
A
B C b c
tan
cot

2
2 bc
B
C A c a
tan
cot

2
c

a
2

C
A B a b
tan
cot

2
2 ab

Projection Formulae
In any ABC,
a b cos C c cos B
b c cos A a cos C
c a cos B b cos A

Heros Formula
In any ABC,
Area =

s s a s b s c , where, s

abc
2

sin A =

2
bc

s s a s bs c

ii.

sin B =

2
ca

s s a s bs c

iii. sin C =

2
ab

s s a s bs c

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i.

24

The sine of the angle in terms of the sides

STUDY MATERIAL
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery
HSST, HOLYTRINITY EMHSS, TRIVANDRUM.

T-Functions of half angles in terms of the sides.

sin

A
=
2

sin

C
=
2

cos

B
=
2

tan

tan

s bs c

s cs a

: sin

B
=
2

: cos

A
=
2

s s a
bc

s s b
ca

: cos

C
=
2

s s c
ab

A
=
2

s bs c
s s a

: tan

B
=
2

s cs a
s s b

C
=
2

s a s b
s s c

bc

s a s b
ab

ca

Area of a Triangle
i.
ii.

1
1
bc sin A (or) ca sin B
2
2
rs

The other forms of

(or)

1
ab sin C
2

abc
4R

2R 2 sin Asin Bsin C

1 2 sin Csin A
b
2
sin B

1 2 sin Bsin C
a
2
sin A

1 2 sin Asin B
c
2
sin C

The radius of the incircle of a triangle (Half Angle Formulae)

The radius of the incircle, r s a tan

A
2

(or) r s b tan

B
2

(or) r s c tan

C
2

Circum-radius of a Triangle
a
b
c
where R is the circumradius of the circum circle.

sin A sin B sin C

Other form of R:
Note:
HSSLIVE.IN

b 2R sin B

abc
4

c 2R sin C

25

a 2R sin A

Page

In any ABC,

STUDY MATERIAL
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery
HSST, HOLYTRINITY EMHSS, TRIVANDRUM.

a b c 2s

: a b c 2a 2s 2a

a b c 2b 2s 2b

: a b c 2c 2s 2c

Circum radius of a circle.

R

a
b
c
=
=
2 sin A
2 sin B
2 sin C

Note:
In any ABC,
1.
2.

a 2R sin A

: b 2R sin B

a2

b c a
2bc

c2

a 2 b2 c2
2ab

: b2

: c= 2R sin C

c a b
2ca
2

Some Important relations: In any ABC,

1

abc 4Rrs
abc

: ab bc ca 2R r
abc
2R r

cos A cos B cosC 1

a 2 b2 c2 8R 2

r s a tan

A
2

r
R

: sin Asin Bsin C

2R 2

: inradius of a ABC , r
B

C
A
sin
2
2
B
cos
2
A
B
C
r 4R sin sin sin
2
2
2

1
1
1
4R

sa sb sc

: 4Rr cos 2 cos 2 cos 2

bsin

A
B
C
cos cos s
2
2
2

Tabular Logarithm
HSSLIVE.IN

26

4R cos

a sin

Page

: r s b tan 2

B
C
sin
2
2
: r
A
cos
2
A
B
csin sin
2
2
r

:
C
cos
2
A
B
C
: cot 2 cot 2 cot 2 2
r

C
r s c tan
2

: sin A sin B sin C R 4R

STUDY MATERIAL
Prepared by Remesh Chennessery
HSST, HOLYTRINITY EMHSS, TRIVANDRUM.

The tabular logarithm of a trigonometric ratio is obtained by adding 10 to the logarithm of that ratio.
Lsin logsin 10
Lcos logcos 10

Ltan log tan 10

E.g.: Lsin354322 logsin354322 10 1.7663 10 9.7663

More Tips in Trigonometry

1.

sin A1 A2 A3 ....... An cosA1 cosA2 cosA3 ... cosAn S1 S3 S5 S7 ...

2.

cos A1 A2 A3 ....... An cosA1 cosA2 cosA3 ... cosAn 1 S2 S4 S6 ...

3.

S S S S ...
tan A1 A2 A3 ....... An 1 3 5 7
1 S2 S4 S6 ...

where
S1 Sum of the tangent of the separate angles tan A1 tan A2 ... tan An

S2 Sum of the tangents taken two at a time tan A1 tan A2 tan A2 tan A3 ...
S3 Sum of the tangents taken three at a time tan A1 tan A2 tan A3 tan A2 tan A3 tan A4 ...

Note: If A1 A2 A3 ... An A, then S1 n tan A, S2 n C2 tan 2 A, S3 n C3 tan3 A,... . Then

5.

cos nA cos n A1nC2 tan 2 AnC4 tan 4 A ...

6.

tan nA

7.

sin nA cos nA cos n A 1nC1 tan AnC2 tan 2 AnC3 tan 3 AnC4 tan 4 AnC5 tan 5 A ...

8.

sin nA cos nA cos

4.

sin nA cosn A n C1 tan A n C3 tan3 A n C5 tan5 A ...

C1 tan AnC3 tan 3 A nC5 tan 5 A ...

1nC2 tan 2 A nC4 tan 4 A nC6 tan 6 A ...

n

A 1 C tan A C tan
n

A C3 tan A C4 tan A C5 tan A C6 tan 6 A ...

n

Page

Chances favour only the mind that are prepared Louis Pasteur.

27

sin n 1
2
n

. sin
9. sin sin sin 2 ... sin n 1

2
sin
2

cos n 1
2
n

. sin
10. cos cos cos 2 ... cos n 1

2
sin
2

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