Q.1.

For a standard power system model, show the block diagram

of SVC and illustrate the V-I characteristics of SVC under normal,
under loaded and overloaded conditions.

Reference voltage, Vref : This is the voltage at the terminals of the

SVC during the floating condition, that is, when the SVC is neither absorbing
nor generating any reactive power.
Linear range of SVC control: This is the control range over which
SVC terminal voltage varies linearly with the SVC current or reactive power
as it is varied over its entire capacitive to inductive range.
Slope or current droop: The slope or droop of the V-I
characteristics is defined as the ratio of voltage-magnitude change to
currentmagnitude
change over the linear-controlled range of the compensator.
Overload Range: When the SVC traverses outside the linearcontrollable
range on the inductive side, the SVC enters the overload zone,
where it behaves like a fixed inductor.
27
Over current Limit: To prevent the thyristor valves from being
subjected to excessive thermal stress, the maximum inductive current in the
overload range is constrained to a constant value by an additional control
action.
Steady-State Characteristics
The steady-state characteristic of the SVC has a dead band. In the
absence of this dead band, in the steady state the SVC will tend to drift toward
its reactive power limits to provide voltage regulation. It is not desirable to
leave the SVC with very little reactive-power margin for future voltage
control or stabilization excursions in the event of system disturbance.

The V-I characteristic (1.3)

of the SVC gives the
correlation of the
voltage and the
current at point of
connection (Figure 17.a)). The
compensator is
normally operated
for dynamic voltage
regulation at a
selected connection
point. The regulation
is achieved with a
slope around the
nominal voltage level
in a normal operating
range defined by the

maximum inductive
and capacitive
current of the SVC
[14]. The slope is by
definition the ratio of
voltage magnitude
change in current
magnitude change
over the controlled
range of the
compensator, and is
given by [4]: ) (
IV KSL
The advantages of incorporating a finite slope in SVC voltage regulation are
substantially reducing the reactive power rating of the reactive compensator for
achieving nearly the same control objectives and preventive from reaching reactive
power limits too frequently. Here, the text of this reference [4] has been
reproduced. The dynamic V-I characteristics of a SVC are shown in Figure 1-6.
The first one, OABC has no slope, while the second one 0ABChas a finite
slope. For example if load line varies between and , the reactive-power rating of
the SVC that is needed for providing flat voltage regulation is capacitive to
inductive, from the characteristic OABC. Incorporating a finite slope, with the
characteristic 0ABC leads to the reduction of the reactive power ratings, as
required reactive-power rating for performing voltage control is now capacitive to
inductive. For nearly the same control objective, a much lower SVC reactivepower rating is required. Moreover, incorporating the slope prevents it from
reaching reactive power limits too frequently. For example if there is a small
change in the system load line, , it may cause a traverse from 1L 2L CmQ LmQ
Cm Q' Lm Q' 1 2 E E
Figure 1-6. Reduction in SVC reactive power rating by the current slope [4]
Static Var Compensator 17

one end of the reactive power range to the other to maintain a constant voltage,
which is the example with the OABC characteristic [4]. The slope has a typical
value of 3-5%.
From the V-I characteristic in Figure 1-7a) the linear dependence of the obtainable
current from the system voltage can be noticed. For terminal voltage changes
outside of the control range, SVC becomes a fixed susceptance. By decreasing the
system voltage, the voltage support capability of the SVC rapidly deteriorates [5,
14]. The maximum reactive power generation or absorption is quadratic dependent
of the ac system voltage (Figure 1-7.b)).
Figure 1-7. Typical Voltage vs. a)Current Characteristics of SVC, b) Reactive
Power Characteristics of SVC, on a per unit basis[6] 18 Static Synchronous
Compensator

1.3 Static Synchronous Compensator

The

Q.2. In a weak ac system , assess the performances of HVDC link

with SVC.
Ans.

Four-Terminal HVDC transmission system model feeding weak AC

networks
2.2. Static Var Compensator
A 150MVAr SVC shown in Figure 2 (b) regulates voltage on a
345kV system. The SVC consists of a 345kV/16kV, 168MVA
coupling transformer, one 60MVAr TCR bank and one 180MVAr
TSC connected to the secondary side of the transformer.
Switching the TSC in and out allows a continuous variation of the

secondary reactive power from zero to 180MVAr capacitive,

whereas phase control of the TCR allows a continuous variation
from zero to 60MVAr inductive
4.1. Inverter Side AC Harmonics
The inverter side AC voltage and current waveforms and their harmonic spectrums
during steady state operation are presented in Figures 5, 6 and the results are listed
in Table 1. From the inverter side AC waveforms and their harmonic spectrum, it is
clear that in all the cases the voltage and current are equal to 1p.u and the
harmonics are within tolerable limit. The 11th and 13th current harmonics are the
foremost harmonics on the inverter AC side.
4.2. Temporary overvoltage
When disturbances occur on the DC line or at the rectifier side, commonly
temporary over voltage happens. It is usual practice a large number RLC based
filters are provided in the inverter side of the HVDC system, in order to supply the
part of necessary reactive power. During rectifier side AC or DC faults (the
inverter side has no faults), the DC is blocked, and hence the reactive power of
those filters will flow into the AC system, which often causes TOV. In order to
suppress the TOV, the reactive power compensator and DC system PI controllers
should respond quickly otherwise the TOV could be very high and could damage
the insulation of the equipment. The ability of TOV suppression of various RPC's
is demonstrated with the proposed firefly algorithm based PI controller and also
compared to a conventional PI controller. From the inverter side RMS AC voltage
waveforms presented in Figures 7, 8 and the results listed in Table 2, the existence
of TOV in the presence of a conventional PI controller for various RPCs can be
understood. The hybrid RPCs (FC+SC, FC+SVC and FC+STATCOM) has
enhanced TOV controlling capability, than their individual performance (SC, SVC
and STATCOM). In particular, FC+STATCOM have a smaller amount of TOV
among the various RPCs. The TOV values further reduced due to the application
firefly algorithm based PI controller compared to conventional PI controller.
4.3. Fault Recovery
The time taken by the HVDC system to recover the 80% of the
pre-fault power after the fault clearance is known as DC power
recovery time. The DC power recovery time is often desired the
recovery ability of a DC system PI controller and the capability of
the RPCs during system disturbances. From the inverter DC
power recovery simulation results (Figures 9, 10, 11, 12 and Table
3, 4), it is observed that in all the cases during rectifier side AC
system faults, the system recovery with the firefly algorithm

based PI controller is considerably faster than the conventional PI

controller. On the other hand, for the faults in the rectifier DC side
and inverter AC and DC side, the hybrid RPCs (FC+SC, FC+SVC
and FC+STATCOM) has reduced fault clearing time than their
individual performance (SC, SVC, and STATCOM). Specifically, the
mixture of FC and STATCOM

Fig. 1: Monopolar HVDC transmission system model feeding a

weak AC network
An Equal Mix of SC and SVC
The SC and SVC (-90MVAr, +30MVAr) are connected to the
inverter bus in this scheme with the rating of the SC halved to
75Mvar. In steady state the SC and SVC each supply 75MVAr
A 150MVAr SVC is shown in Fig. 2 (b) regulates voltage on a
345kV system. The SVC consists of a 345kV/16kV, 168MVA
coupling transformer, one 60MVAr TCR bank and one 180MVAr
TSC connected to the secondary side of the transformer.
Switching the TSC in and out allows a continuous variation of the
secondary reactive power from zero to 180MVAr capacitive,
whereas phase control of the TCR allows a continuous variation
from zero to 60MVAr inductive.
Enhancement of AC system Performance using HVDC

Interconnecting two AC systems using AC tie lines will require the automatic
generation
controllers of both systems to be coordinated using the tie line power and
frequency.
However, the interconnected AC systems with control coordination are still
subjected to some
operational problems such as [9]:
Large oscillations which may lead to equipments tripping.
Faults level problem (High short circuit levels).
Transmission of disturbances from one system to the other.
1
1 U e 2
2 U e
ljXcjX
Distance
Voltage
Substation Capacitor
Comparative
voltage rise
Voltage profile with
capacitor
Voltage profile
without capacitor
Chapter 2. HVDC Transmission
9
Using the DC line as a tie line would eliminate most of the mentioned problems.
The DC line
is insensitive to the frequency and it would connect two asynchronous systems and
isolates
the system disturbances [9] [13].
2.3.1 HVDC control
A strong control system for HVDC lines is particularly recommended and it will
enhance the
dynamic performance of the AC systems. There are many reasons that make the
motivation
for an extra control of HVDC lines, some them are:
Damping the electromechanical AC system oscillations.
To enhance the transient stability in the AC system.
Control of frequency and reactive power oscillation.

Many high level controls are used in practice but the control objective of each
depends on the
associated AC system characteristics. Each control system that has been used tends
to be a
unique for that system. To date, no attempt has been made to develop a general and
optimized
control way that suites all systems [13]. More about HVDC control, the reader may
refer to
[13]. In the coming subsections a literature review is carried out based on some
previous
studies.
2.3.2 Stability Improvement
HVDC lines are highly controllable, and it is possible to take advantage of this
characteristic
to increase the transient stability of the AC system. After a specific disturbance in
the power
system, the HVDC link can be controlled in a manner such that the DC power can
be ramped
up and down quickly to restore the balance between generation and load in both
sides of the
AC system. In some situation ramping up the power is necessary to assist system
stability and
this can be done by means of the short term overloading capabilities of the HVDC
link taking
into account the thermal capacity of the rectifiers. However, in the modern HVDC
industry,
the rectifiers are overrated and designed to be overloaded for long time if necessary
[13] [3].
Controlling the HVDC converters so as to provide reactive power and voltage
support can be
useful to augment transient stability. But it should be noticed that classical HVDC
(thyristor
based) can not provide reactive power, on the contrary, it consumes reactive power.
New
HVDC technologies such as HVDC light (IGBT based) can be utilized for that
purpose.
2.3.3 AC System Strength and its Influence on the AC/DC interconnections
The AC/DC system interactions can be extremely impacted by the strength of the
AC network

relative to the HVDC link capacity. The weakness of AC system can be due to its
high
impedance or its low inertia. The strength of the AC/DC system can be measured
by its short
circuit ratio (SCR) which is the ratio between the short circuit MVA of the AC
system (Ssc)
compared to the DC converter MW rating (Pdc) as in equation 2.3 [13].
dc
sc
P
S
SCR

q.3. For a long transmission line, compare SVC and STATCOM

considering both technical and economical aspects.
Ans. Technical evaluation
In this thesis the comparison of the dynamic performance and voltage regulation of
SVC and STATCOM models with same reactive compensation rating (100 Mvar)
is applied to a modeled electrical network, which is an offshore electrical network
for supplying an oil platform. On the platform, different sensitive loads are
connected. The oil platform is powered by an onshore electrical network via a 160
km long subsea AC power cable. Because of the problems related to undesirable
voltage increases (due to a very long cable and under load conditions) and because
of the very sensitive load on voltage variation, reactive power compensators SVC
and STATCOM have been applied. Different system disturbances are performed in
order to investigate the dynamic behavior of the models, such as three phase short
circuits, load rejections and loads switching.
From the previous simulations, we can then see that the maximum reactive power
generated by a SVC is proportional to the square of the system voltage (constant
susceptance), on the other hand the maximum reactive power generated by a
STATCOM decreases linearly with a voltage decrease (constant current). This
ability to provide more reactive power during a fault is one of the advantages that
STATCOM has over SVC.
The both devices significantly improve the transient voltage stability of the
network. From the results that have been presented in Table 4-1, STATCOM is
found to be more effective than SVC to ensure voltage stability. STATCOM
normally exhibit a faster response than SVC, because of the voltage source

converter technology, that has no delays associated with the firing of thyristors.
Under distorted main voltage conditions STATCOM can provide more reactive
power for keeping the voltage near referenced value. Both reactive compensators
have different working principles, but the impact on increasing network stability is
comparable. Evaluation 51

The results presented in Table 4-1 are highly dependent of the parameters of the
gains in voltage regulator models. For different model parameters, different results
can be expected. However, because of using the recommended model, similar
outputs of the reactive compensators are expected.
Table 4-1. Evaluation of the simulation results1 VAR compensatorScenarioTime
(s)Voltage N2_onsho (p.u.)Voltage N1_offsh (p.u.)Q (Mvar)SolutionNo
compensation0,77400SVC0,843071,26STATCOM0,8770109,66No
compensation000SVC000STATCOM000No
compensation0,77400SVC0,843071,26STATCOM0,8770109,66No
compensation1,1051,230SVC0,9561,099-97,49STATCOM0,9871,064-119,54No
compensation1,1051,230SVC0,9191,024-143,31STATCOM0,9191,023-143,34No
compensation1,0751,0970SVC0,9991,02-65,95STATCOM0,9991,02-65,75No
compensation1,0380,9870SVC1,0531,00114,24STATCOM1,0531,00114,01No
compensation1,0210,970SVC1,050,99828,84STATCOM1,050,99828,213 phase
short circuit N1_offsh1,1STATCOM3 phase short circuit N2_onsho1,1STATCOM/
SVC3 phase short circuit N1_offsh, duration 250 ms 1,1STATCOM54 MW load
rejection from N1_offsh1,1STATCOM54 MW load rejection from N1_offsh,
double capacity1,1STATCOM/ SVC25 MW load rejection from
N1_offsh1,1STATCOM/ SVCSwith on 5 MW load on N1_offsh1,1STATCOM/
SVCSwith on 10 MW load on N1_offsh1,1STATCOM/ SVC
4.2 General evaluation
Although STATCOM fulfills the same task as SVC, due to the
advanced technology and better performance, STATCOM may be
seen as a better solution. According to literature [33], STATCOM
offers a multitude of benefits like: improved dynamic stability of
transmission systems (highly efficient voltage support), reduction
in risk of voltage collapse and blackout, low harmonic generation
and low noise emissions, fast, efficient and cost-effective solution,
low space
SVC
requirements due to
the reduced size and
fewer passive
components (ideal
solution when space
is limited and
costly), minimized
maintenance and
service requirements

STATCOM

(Table 4-2).
Criteria
Operating principle
Reactive power
regulation
Space requirement

Controlled shunt
impedance
100 MVAr

Controlled voltage
source
2x 50 MVAr

Large (60x85 m2)

Pack solution

Open pack solution

Dependency of the
current output from
the voltage level in
the point of
connection
Dependency of the
reactive power
output from the
voltage level in the
point of connection
Q generation during
the three phase short
circuit scenario
Overload capability

Linear

Smaller then SVC

(59x45 m2)
Containerized
solutions
No

Quadratic

Linear

Low

Moderate

No

Response time

Fast

Yes (25%In for 1

s)
Faster than SVC for
30 ms
Low

Maintenance and
High
service requirements
Cost
from $40 to $60 per
kvar

$55 to $70 per kvar

Abstract
Traditionally shunt and series compensation is used to maximize the
transfer capability of a transmission line. By using FACTS controllers
one can control the variables such as voltage magnitude and phase
angle at chosen bus and line impedance. There are five well known

FACTS devices utilized by the utilities for this purpose. These FACTS
devices are Static Var Compensator (SVC), Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM), Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor
(TCSC), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and Unified
Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The voltage collapse occurs when a
system is loaded beyond its maximum loadability point. Many analysis
methods have been proposed and currently used for the study of this
problem. Most of these techniques are based on the identification of
system equilibrium where the corresponding jacobians become
singular. These equilibrium points are typically referred to as points of
voltage collapse and can be mathematically associated to saddle-node
bifurcation. The voltage collapse points are also known as maximum
loadability points.
Keywords
FACTS Devices; loadability; MLP; Voltage Stability
INTRODUCTION
Power Generation and Transmission is a complex process, requiring the
working of many components of the power system in tandem to maximize the
output. One of the main components to form a major part is the reactive
power in the system. It is required to maintain the voltage to deliver the active
power through the lines. Loads like motor loads and other loads require
reactive power for their operation. To improve the performance of ac power
systems, we need to manage this reactive power in an efficient way and this is
known as reactive power compensation.
There are two aspects to the problem of reactive power compensation: load
compensation and voltage support. Load compensation consists of
improvement in power factor, balancing of real power drawn from the supply,
better voltage regulation, etc. of large fluctuating loads. Voltage support
consists of reduction of voltage fluctuation at a given terminal of the
transmission line. Two types of compensation can be used: series and shunt
compensation. These modify the parameters of the system to give enhanced
VAR compensation. In recent years, static VAR compensators like the
STATCOM have been developed. These quite satisfactorily do the job of
absorbing or generating reactive power with a faster time response and come
under Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). This allows an increase

in transfer of apparent power through a transmission line, and much better

stability by the adjustment of parameters that govern the power system.
By using FACTS controllers one can control the variables such as voltage
magnitude and phase angle at chosen bus and line impedance. There are five
well known FACTS devices utilized by the utilities for this purpose. These
FACTS devices are Static Var Compensator (SVC), Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM), Thyristor- Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC),
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and Unified Power Flow
Controller (UPFC). Each of them has its-own characteristics and limitations.
MAXIMUM LOADING POINT
The voltage collapse occurs when a system is loaded beyond its maximum
loadability point. All voltage stability studies carried out for the proposed
studies consist on obtaining the maximum loadability margin and the voltage
profiles for the given system considering critical contingencies, which is a
typical procedure for voltage stability and transfer capability studies in power
systems. Many analysis methods have been proposed and currently used for
the study of this problem. Most of these techniques are based on the
identification of system equilibrium where the corresponding jacobians
become singular. These equilibrium points are typically referred to as points
of voltage collapse and can be mathematically associated to saddle-node
bifurcation. The voltage collapse points are also known as maximum
loadability points.
Voltage instability is mainly associated with reactive power imbalance. The
load ability of a bus in the power system depends on the reactive power
support that the bus can receive from the system. As the system approaches
the maximum loading point or voltage collapse point, both real and reactive
power losses increase rapidly. Therefore, the reactive power supports have to
be local and adequate. Usually, placing adequate reactive power support at the
weakest bus enhances static-voltage stability margins. The weakest bus is
defined as the bus, which is nearest to experiencing a voltage collapse.
Equivalently, the weakest bus is one that has a large ratio of differential
change in voltage to differential change in load (dV/dP Total ).
In static voltage stability, slowly developing changes in the power system
occur that eventually lead to a shortage of reactive power and declining
voltage. This phenomenon can be seen from the plot of the power transferred
versus the voltage at receiving end. The plots are popularly referred to as P-V

curve or Nose curve. As the power transfer increases, the voltage at the
receiving end decreases. Eventually, the critical (nose) point, the point at
which the system reactive power is short in supply, is reached where any
further increase in active power transfer will lead to very rapid decrease in
voltage magnitude. Before reaching the critical point, the large voltage drop
due to heavy reactive power losses can be observed. The only way to save the
system from voltage collapse is to reduce the reactive power load or add
additional reactive power prior to reaching the point of voltage collapse
STATCOM AND TCSC
A.STATCOM
STATCOM is a shunt connected device, which controls the voltage at the
connected bus to the reference value by adjusting voltage and angle of
internal voltage source. STATCOM is the Voltage-Source Inverter (VSI),
which converts a DC input voltage into AC output voltage in order to
compensate the active and reactive power needed by the system STATCOM
exhibits constant current characteristics when the voltage is low/high
under/over the limit. This allows STATCOM to delivers constant reactive
power at the limits compared to SVC. One of the many devices under the
FACTS family, a STATCOM is a regulating device which can be used to
regulate the flow of reactive power in the system independent of other system
parameters. STATCOM has no long term energy support on the dc side and it
cannot exchange real power with the ac system. In the transmission systems,
STATCOMs primarily handle only fundamental reactive power exchange and
provide voltage support to buses by modulating bus voltages during dynamic
disturbances in order to provide better transient characteristics, improve the
transient stability margins and to damp out the system oscillations due to
these disturbances.
B.TCSC
A TCSC is a capacitive reactance compensator, which consists of a series
capacitor bank shunted by a thyristor controlled reactor in order to provide a
smoothly variable series capacitive reactance. TCSC is the type of series
compensator. The structure of TCSC is capacitive bank and the thyrister
controlled inductive brunch connected in parallel. The principle of TCSC is to
compensate the transmission line in order to adjust the line impedance,
increase loadability, and prevent the voltage collapse. The characteristic of the

TCSC depends on the relative reactance of the capacitor bank and thyristor
branch. Even through a TCSC in the normal operating range in mainly
capacitive, but it can also be used in an inductive mode. The power flow over
a transmission line can be increased by controlled series compensation with
minimum risk of subsynchronous resonance (SSR) TCSC is a second
generation FACTS controller, which controls the impedance of the line in
which it is connected by varying the firing angle of the thyristors. A TCSC
module comprises a series fixed capacitor that is connected in parallel to a
thyristor controlled reactor (TCR). A TCR includes a pair of anti-parallel
thyristors that are connected in series with an inductor. In a TCSC, a metal
oxide varistor (MOV) along with a bypass breaker is connected in parallel to
the fixed capacitor for overvoltage protection. A complete compensation
system may be made up of several of these modules.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A 14-bus test system as shown in Figure 8 is used for voltage stability studies.
PSAT [10] is power system analysis software, which has many features
including power flow and continuation power flow. Using continuation power
flow feature of PSAT, voltage stability of the test system is investigated. The
behaviour of the test system with and without FACTS devices under different
loading conditions is studied.
The MLP index that is described in section 2 is used to compare the effects of
the FACTS devices in static voltage stability. Voltage stability studies are
performed from an initial base load case. The load has been increased
gradually to an extent. STATCOM is connected in parallel to the middle of the
transmission line to regulate the voltage at chosen point by controlling the
reactive power injection at that location based on the voltage-current curve of
STATCOM. Their steady-state model can be obtained from their V-I
characteristics. At capacitive limit STATCOM injects a fixed reactive power.
At inductive limit STATCOM absorbs a fixed reactive power. These devices
can be effectively utilized if located at the most critical transmission line.
TCSC is injected in a transmission line through a transformer connected in
series with the system. The principle of TCSC is to compensate the
transmission line in order to adjust the line impedance, increase loadability,
and prevent the voltage collapse. The characteristic of the TCSC depends on
the relative reactance of the capacitor bank and thyristor branch. Even
through a TCSC in the normal operating range in mainly capacitive, but it can

also be used in an inductive mode. The power flow over a transmission line
can be increased by controlled series compensation with minimum risk of
subsynchronous resonance (SSR) .
The conception of total power generated and losses are presented in table I.
By applying the CPF for this test system, both voltage profiles in each bus
and power flow in each line will change. In this system total generation, total
power and total losses in MLP are shown in table II. According to this table, it
can be seen that the capacity of CPF is more than that of the previous mode.
From the CPF results which are shown in the Figure 3, the buses 4, 5, 9 and
14 are the critical buses. Among these buses, bus 14 has the weakest voltage
profile and thus we improved its profile with FACTS devices. Maximum
loading point (MLP) or bifurcation point where the Jacobian matrix becomes
singular occurs at max = 2.7699p.u
The best location for shunt reactive power compensation, as far as the
improvement of static voltage stability margin is concerned, is the weakest
bus of the system. The weakest bus of the system can be identified using
tangent vector analysis as presented in [7]. Introducing shunt compensation
devices at this bus will improve the MLP the most. In this simulation, bus 14
is the weakest of the system, introducing STATCOM in this bus will increase
the MLP to the maximum value. In order to get a rough estimate of reactive
power support needed at the weakest bus and corresponding MLP, a
synchronous compensator with no limit on reactive power was used at the
weakest bus.
In table III the results of total power for STATCOM and TCSC. According to
the above table, total losses in MLP with TCSC are less than other devices
and the real power generation in MLP with STATCOM is more than that of
other devices. The values of max of STATCOM and TCSC are compared in
Figure 6. Figure shows that STATCOM has suitable result and is better than
TCSC.
In IEEE 14-bus test system, shunt compensation device provides a higher
MLP and a better voltage regulation compared to series compensation device.
Shunt compensation device injects the reactive power at the connected bus
but series compensation device inserts the reactive power at the connected
line. The test system needs reactive power at the load bus more than the line.
The weakest bus (bus 14) of the system is located at the load area and it
requires reactive power the most. Introducing reactive power at bus 14 or in
its vicinity can improve voltage stability margin.

To analyze of static voltage stability to survey contingencies of power system

with Psat software. The continuation power flow for normal system manner is
done that all generation units and lines are in the network and in fact no
contingencies has occurred in system. Maximum Loading Point is max=
2.97 p.u.
CONCLUSION
Static voltage stability assessment of the IEEE 14-bus test system with
parallels and series FACTS devices using MLP index is studied. Using the
continuation power flow with accurate model of the FACTS controllers the
study was performed for test system. It is found that these controllers
significantly increase the loadability margin of power systems. Parallel
FACTS devices provide higher voltage stability margin than series FACTS
devices. The test system requires reactive power the most at the weakest bus,
which is located in the distribution level. Introducing reactive power at this
bus using STATCOM can improve loading margin the most. TCSC on the
other hand, are series compensation devices, which inject reactive power
through the connected line. This may not be effective when the system
required reactive power at the load level. In case of contingencies, STATCOM
provides reactive power support and MLP and bus Voltage is higher than in
the case of no STATCOM.
Tables at a glance

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Figures at a glance

Figure 3

Figure 5

Table 4

References
[1] V. Ajjarapu and C. Christy, The continuation power flow: a tool for
steady state voltage stability analysis, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
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Voltage Stability, Proceedings of the system theory thirty- Sixth southeastern
symposium, 2004, pp. 546-550.
[3] N. Talebi, M. Ehsan, S.M.T Bathaee, Effects of SVC and TCSC Control
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[4] A. Kazemi, V. Vahidinasab and A. Mosallanejad, Study of STATCOM
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PECon/IEEE, Putrajaya, Malaysia, November 28-29, 2006, pp. 191-195.
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Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp 67-76, January ,2005.

Criteria
Operating principle
Reactive power
regulation
Space requirement

SVC
Controlled shunt
impedance
100 MVAr

STATCOM
Controlled voltage
source
2x 50 MVAr

Large (60x85 m2)

Smaller then SVC

Pack solution

Open pack solution

Dependency of the
current output from
the voltage level in
the point of
connection
Dependency of the
reactive power
output from the
voltage level in the
point of connection
Q generation during
the three phase short
circuit scenario
Overload capability

Linear

(59x45 m2)
Containerized
solutions
No

Quadratic

Linear

Low

Moderate

No

Response time

Fast

Yes (25%In for 1

s)
Faster than SVC for
30 ms
Low

Maintenance and
High
service requirements
Cost
from $40 to $60 per
kvar

$55 to $70 per kvar