Unbalanced Force and Balanced Force

06/10/2016

Balance forces are two forces acting in opposite directions on an

object, and equal in size. Anytime there is a balanced force on an abject, the
object stays still or continues moving continues to move at the same speed
and in the same direction. It is important to note that an object can be in
motion even if there are no forces acting on it.
Unlike balanced forces, we say unbalanced forces when two forces
acting on an object are not equal in size.
~can be opposite or same direction
Unbalanced forces can cause:
~still object to move; change in motion
~a moving object to speed up or to slow down
~a moving object to stop
~a moving object to change directions

Isaac Newton was born on Dec. 25, 1642, in Woolsthorpe, England. His
father died before he was born, and when he was only three his mother,
Hannah Newton, remarried and moved away, leaving him to be raised by an
uncle. He was sent to the local grammar school, and for a time it was
expected that he would grow up to manage his mother's property. But he
nonetheless persisted in the pursuit of his wider interests, and after leaving
the grammar school he enrolled at Trinity College, at the University of
Cambridge, in 1661. He received his bachelor of arts in 1665, and was
named a fellow of the College two years later.
Meanwhile, in the turbulent year of 1666, while England fought with
Holland and suffered plague and a terrible fire in London, Newton made
three of his greatest discoveries. In the field of optics, the study of light, he
developed and proved his theory that white light is composed of a mixture of
other colors of light, which, when split apart by a prism, form a band of color
called a spectrum. This was a revolutionary advance, and equally
revolutionary was his work in mathematics, where he developed a binomial
theorem and worked out a method of calculating the slope of curves and the
area under them, paving the way for the field of math known as calculus.
But his most important innovation was the concept of gravity, the attraction
between bodies in space that holds planets, moons and comets in orbit, and
draws falling objects toward the earth. His theory of gravity, however,
remained incomplete and unverifiable; it would not be published for two
decades.
In 1669, Newton was appointed professor of mathematics at Trinity
College. In January 1672, he was elected to the Royal Society, a loose
organizations of scientists and intellectuals. Shortly thereafter, he presented
a paper detailing his discoveries in optics, and developed a rivalry with the
scientist Robert Hooke, who harshly criticized Newton's research. This rivalry
would percolate throughout the 1670s, as Newton continued to work out the
mathematics of gravity, and would flare up in the mid 1680s, when Newton
finally published his work, some of which Hooke felt had been stolen from
him. Newton's research was organized into a three-volume book, the
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy"), known to posterity as the Principia. It set forth
Newton's three laws of motion, and proceeded to set forth the theory of
gravitation, and back it up with rigorous mathematical proofs. Although the
theory had many detractors at first, the scientific community would
ultimately embrace it, and the Newtonian world-view would dominate
physics until the 20th century.

Principia made Newton an English celebrity. He was elected to

Parliament in 1691, and after surviving a nervous breakdown in 1693, was
appointed warden of the mint in 1696, and master of the mint three years
later. He was elected president of the Royal Society in 1703, upon the death
of Hooke, and was knighted in 1705. As his fame grew, he worked to
buttress his own reputation, bringing the Society under his tight control and
carrying on a feud with the German mathematician Leibniz over the issue of
who had developed calculus first. Newton never married, and was
tremendously pious: he dedicated his later years to the interpretation of
scripture, and a mighty effort to understand the relationship between biblical
prophecy and history. He died on March 20, 1727, and was buried with great
honors in Westminster Abbey.
M. (n.d.). Isaac Newton's Summary of his Biography. Retrieved from
http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/newton/summary.html
Isaac Newton who lived from December 25th, 1642, to March 20th,
1727 was an English scientist, mathematician, and natural philosopher.
He played a vital role in the scientific revolution and established a legacy
that would dominate the sciences for the next three centuries. In fact, the
term Newtonian would be used by future generations to describe bodies of
knowledge that owed their existence to his theories.
As a result of his extensive contributions, Sir Isaac Newton is regarded
as one of the most influential scholars in the history of science. But what
exactly did he discover?
For starters, his magnum opus Philosophi Naturalis Principia
Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), which was
first published in 1687 laid the foundations for classical mechanics. In it,
he formulated his Three Laws of Motion, which were derived from Johann
Keplers Laws of Planetary Motion and his own mathematical description of
gravity.
The first law, known as the law of inertia, states that: An object at
rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in
motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction
unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. The second law states that
acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass ergo, the greater the
mass of the object, the greater the force required to accelerate it. The third
and final law states that for every action, there is an equal but opposite
reaction.

He also formulated his law of Universal Gravitation in the Principia,

which states that every point mass attracts every single other point mass by
a force pointing along the line intersecting both point. According to his
calculations, this force is proportional to the product of the two masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The
formula for this theory can be expressed as:

Newton would go on to use these principles to account for the

trajectories of comets, the tides, the precession of the equinoxes, and other
astrophysical phenomena. This effectively removed the last doubts about the
validity of the heliocentric model of the cosmos which argued that the Sun
(not the Earth) was at the center of the planetary system. His work also
demonstrated that the motion of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies
could be described by the same principles.
Though Newtons inspiration for his theories on gravity are often
attributed to the Apple Incident i.e. where he watched an apple fall from
a tree the story is considered apocryphal by modern sources who argue
that he came to his conclusions over time. However, Newton himself
described the incident, and contemporaries of his defend this assertion.
Additional contributions include his prediction that the Earth was likely
shaped as an oblate spheroid, a theory which was later vindicated by the
measurements of Maupertuis, La Condamine, and others. This in turn helped
convince most Continental European scientists of the superiority of
Newtonian mechanics over the earlier system of Descartes.
In terms of mathematics, he contributed to the study of power series,
generalized the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed
Newtons method for approximating the roots of a function, and classified
most of the cubic plane curves. He also shares credit with Gottfried Leibniz
for the development of calculus.
These discoveries represented a huge leap forward for the fields of
math, physics, and astronomy, allowing for calculations that more accurately
modeled the behavior of the universe than ever before.

In 1666, Newton began contributing to the field of optics, first by

observing that color was a property of light by measuring it through a prism.
From 1670 to 1672, he lectured at the University of Cambridge on optics and
investigated the refraction of light, demonstrating that the multicolored
spectrum produced by a prism could be recomposed into white light by a
lens and a second prism.

Image credit: NASA

Sunlight passing through a prism.
As a result of his research, he came to theorize that color is the result
of objects interacting with already-colored light rather than objects
generating the color themselves, which is known as Newtons theory of color.
In addition, he concluded that the lens of any refracting telescope
would suffer from the dispersion of light into colors (chromatic aberration).
As a proof of the concept, he constructed a telescope using a mirror as the
objective to bypass that problem. This was the first known functional
reflecting telescope in existence, the design of which is now known as a
Newtonian telescope.
He also formulated an empirical law of cooling, studied the speed of
sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid. This term is used to
describe any fluid where the viscous stresses arising from its flow, at every
point, are linearly proportional to the rate of change of its deformation over
time.
Beyond his work in mathematics, optics and physics, he also devoted a
significant amount of time studying Biblical chronology and alchemy, but
most of his work in these areas remained unpublished until long after his
death.

So what did Isaac Newton discover? Theories that would dominate the
fields of science, astronomy, physics and the natural world for centuries to
come. His ideas would go on to influence such luminaries as Joseph-Louis
Lagrange and Albert Einstein, the latter of whom is the only scientists
believed to have left a comparable legacy.
If you enjoyed this article there are others on Universe Today that you
will enjoy. There is an interesting article on the Gravitational Constant. There
is also a great article on What is the Universe?
There are other resources on the internet if you want to learn more
about Isaac Newton.
What did Isaac Newton Discover? (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.universetoday.com/38643/what-did-isaac-newton-discover/
Christina Grimmie RIP