Plan du cours

!  Introduction
!  Basic concepts
•  Link budget principles
•  SINR and sensitivity
•  Propagation
•  Antennas, diversity and sectorization
•  Thermal noise and noise factor
•  Cable losses
•  Margins
•  Link Budget LTE
•  Generic parameters
•  Downlink
•  Uplink
•  Typical cell ranges
•  Conclusion
•  References

Link Budget 4G
Marceau Coupechoux
INFRES/RMS

Institut Mines-Télécom

2

12/01/2016

Modèle de présentation Télécom ParisTech

Institut Mines-Télécom

Basic concepts
Principles of the link budget

Introduction
! 

!  Problem formulation :
•  Dimensionning a cellular network: How many BSs do we need to
cover a given area characterized by some radio propagation
parameters and traffic demand?
•  Capacity of a cellular network: How many users can the network
serve? With which quality of service?
•  Coverage: What is the cell range?
•  Deploiement: Which radio techniques can we use to increase
coverage or capacity?

Principle: We start with a power budget from which we substract losses and
margins; received power should be higher than the receiver sensitivity.

MAPL

EIRP
Transmit power

Gains-losses-margins

Margins
Gains
Losses

Sensitivity

!  In this lecture, we are interested in coverage studies thanks to an
approximative tool: the link budget

Cell range

Sensitivity

Example: uplink
MAPL = Maximum Allowable Path Loss

Propagation model, e.g. Hata

MAPL [dB]
3

Institut Mines-Télécom

4

Institut Mines-Télécom

= MAPL

Cell range [Km]

LTE): Throughput is an increasing function of the SNR/SINR.MAPLDL) NB: Uplink and Downlink budgets are independent 5 Cell range Institut Mines-Télécom 6 Basic concepts SINR and sensitivity Institut Mines-Télécom Basic concepts SINR and sensitivity !  Sensitivity = minimum power needed to guarantee a certain quality of service or a certain throughput in presence of noise only !  Reminder on logarithmique scale. we deduce the sensitivity: !  The dB milliwatt or dBm: P_dBm = 10 log10(P_mW). •  Downlink limited network: ─  High power amplifier. dB and dBm !  We use the logarithmic scale to represent signal to (interference plus) noise ratios !  Dedicated channel technologies (UMTS R99. 7 Institut Mines-Télécom !  Be careful: subscripts are rarely used (but it does not mean that 2 = 3 (!)) 8 Institut Mines-Télécom 10 dB = 10 times 7 dB = 5 times 3 dB = 2 times 0 dB = 1 times -3 dB = ½ times -10 dB = 1/10 times -13 dB = 1/20 times -17 dB = 1/50 times . !  Ex: SNRlinear= 2 <=> SNRdB = 3 dB !  In a link budget. GSM): There is a target SNR or SINR γ*. quality of service is not sufficient.Basic concepts Principles of the link budget Uplink Link Budget A MS at cell edge transmits at maximum power Basic concepts Principles of the link budget !  The MAPL is the minimum of the uplink and downlink MAPLs. X_dB = 10 log10(X_linear) => X_linear = 10(X_dB/10) !  Shared channel technologies (HSDPA. ─  Low loss BS configuration. Downlink Link Budget !  To increase coverage. Below this threshold. ─  Transmit diversity. We deduce from the target throughput at cell edge. ─  Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA). MAPLDL = Downlink maximum allowable path-loss MAPL = MIN(MAPLUL. the SNR or SINR threshold γ* to be reached. co-channel interferences are taken into account in an interference margin. it is needed to identify the limiting link: •  Uplink limited: MAPLul < MAPLdl •  Downlink limited: MAPLdl < MAPLul BS transmits ar maximum power MAPLUL = Uplink maximum allowable path-loss !  Coverage extension is done by using appropriate radio techniques: •  Uplink limited network: ─  Receive diversity (2 or 4 antennas). !  SNRdB = 10 log10(SNRlinear) !  From noise power and SNR threshold.

below roof top antennas. which is computed from link level simulations including fast fading models Institut Mines-Télécom Basic Concepts Propagation !  Path-loss: Difference in dB between transmit and received power !  Okumura-Hata model for 150-1500 MHz : !  We use empirical models coming from extensive measurement campaigns and that depends only on a small set of parameters characterizing the environment With: !  Some models: •  Okumura-Hata: measurements performed in Tokyo in 1968. 800-2000 MHz.55 + 26. 150-1500 MHz. LOS and NLOS !  There are other models for indoor propagation. 75f )) 2 2(log10 (f /28)) + 5. suburban areas.2(log10 (11. Institut Mines-Télécom Average attenuation (path-loss): We use an empirical model Distance (logarithmic scale) Basic concepts Propagation 11 •  12 L = A + B log10 R C A = 69.9 6.78(log10 f ) 18. distances between 1 and 10 Km. extends Okumura-Hata model to 1500-2000 MHz •  COST231-Walfish-Ikegami: distances between 20 m and 5 Km. etc.97 (Urbain) (Urban) <3.82 log10 hb .55 log10 hb 8 2 > 4.Basic concepts Propagation Basic concepts Propagation !  Reminder: The three stage propagation model. micro-cells.16 log10 f B = C = f en in R hb en in en in 44.4 (Suburbain) (Suburban) > : 2 4.94 (Rural) MHz km m Institut Mines-Télécom 13. !  In link budgets: Average attenuation in -10αlog(d) Received signal (dBm) Shadowing Fast fading Transmitter 9 Receiver Institut Mines-Télécom 10 •  Shadowing: Taken into account by a shadowing margin in the computation of the MAPL •  Fast fading: Usually taken into account in the sensitivity (except in UMTS R99). urban areas. open areas •  COST231-Hata: 1999.33 log10 f + 40.

4 1. •  Electrical or mecanical tilt (in °).Basic concepts Propagation Basic concepts Propagation !  COST231-Hata model for 1500-2000 MHz (urban environment) : L = A + B log10 R !  Example in urban environment: 18 dB difference at 1 Km between 900 and 2600 MHz.3 + 33.55 log10 hb 0.2 Distance [Km] 1.8) 3 X: 1 Y: 124 130 900 MHz 1800 MHz 2100 MHz 2600 MHz 120 110 100 14 Institut Mines-Télécom Basic concepts Antennas. vertical) •  Height (rarely more than 2 m). •  Gain (in dBi).8 16 Institut Mines-Télécom Secondary beam nul .9 C = (1.7)hm (1. •  Vertical beamwidth (in °).1 log10 f f in en MHz R en in km 90 hb en in m 80 hm en in m Path-loss [dB] Attenuation [dB] 13.6 0. diversity and sectorization !  Main characteristics of an antenna (reminder): •  Frequency band •  Horizontal beamwidth (in °). diversity and sectorization 0 0.4 0.8 1 1. 15 1.9 log10 f B = 44.2 150 = 46.82 log10 hb 140 A 6.6 Institut Mines-Télécom !  Antenna pattern azimuth H-BW elevation V-HPBW Antenna tilt Back to front ratio HBW: Horizontal beamwidth V-HPBW: Vertical half power beamwidth Institut Mines-Télécom 2 Basic concepts Antennas. C 160 With: 13 X: 1 Y: 142. •  Polarisation (horizontal.2 0.56 log10 f 0. few differences between 2100 and 2600 MHz.

the frequency band and the capacity of the antenna to focus energy in a given direction.Basic concepts Antennas. diversity and sectorization !  Evolutions towards 4RxDiv : !  Spatial constraints •  dh > 20λ = 3m •  for f = 2GHz $ •  λ = c/f = 15cm !  [Laiho02] recommands: •  dh = 1. diversity and sectorization Basic concepts Antennas. diversity and sectorization !  The gain depends on the height. The visual impact is significant. Solution more adapted to urban environments.6 GHz) 14 dBi !  Receive diversity reduces the effects of fast fading by combining different correlated signals.3m antenna 2 with vertical polarisation Institut Mines-Télécom antennas 1 and 2 X-pol Different polarisation planes Institut Mines-Télécom Basic concepts Antennas. !  Typical antenna gains: 17 Spectrum Omni Tri-sectorized Low bands (700 — 900 MHz) 12 dBi 16 dBi Intermediate bands (1. 6dB (4RxDiv) Spatial diversity antenna 1 with vertical polarisation 19 dBi 18 Institut Mines-Télécom Basic concepts Antennas. diversity and sectorization Spatial diversity !  Sectorization: increase the number of sectors per site !  Impact on the dimensionning: •  Antenna gain is increased (example at 900 MHz) ─  1 sector : 360°/12dBi ─  3 sectors : 65°/16dBi ─  6 sectors : 33°/18dBi •  Increased capacity (densification) !  There is a need for more hardware modules •  Antennas •  Amplifiers •  Processing capacity !  One can genrally observe a degradation of the average cell SINR when the number of sectors increases 4RxDiv dh Diversity in polarisation 4RxDiv d h’ 19 Polarisation diversity 20 Institut Mines-Télécom .3 – 2. Important gains in LOS: this solution is adapted to rural environments. !  Spatial diversity: Two or more antennas are physically separated horizontally or vertically. !  Polarisation diversité: Antennas have different polarisation planes.3 GHz) 13 dBi 18 dBi Higher bands (2.5m •  dh’ = 0. !  Typical gains : 3dB (2RxDiv).5 – 2.

!  Noise power (N) = Thermal (or background) noise x receiver noise factor !  Thermal noise (background noise) !  The feeder is a thick rigid cable whose attenuation depends on feeder type and length and on the frequency band. His losses are greater.d N0 21 W f N0W BS 22 Institut Mines-Télécom Institut Mines-Télécom Basic concepts Cable losses Basic concepts Cable losses !  Duplexer: an electronic device used to combine or separate transmission and reception on the same frequency band !  Combiner : an electronic device to combine or separated several frequencies in the same band Antenna connector antennas antennas duplexer duplexer combiner 4 TRXs combiner 2 Jumpers TMAs Jumpers Feeder Duplexer Low Noise Amplifier combiner 2 Jumpers LNA BS Duplexer 4 TRXs [Laiho02] Institut Mines-Télécom Cross-polarized Antenna !  Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA): (or Mast Head Amplifier MHA) improves BS sensitivity !  It compensates for cable losses (typically 3 dB). T = 290 K -  Noise power in the band: N0 W = -174 +10 Log(W) !  Noise factor of the receiver Antenne Jumper !  The jumper is a flexible cable which is used at both ends of the feeder. Connectors -  Noise introduced by the components of the reception chain -  Typical value: NF = 5dB (BS) NF = 8dB (UE) p.s.38066 10-23 J/K (Boltzmann constant).15dB/1m Feeder !  The connectors link different cables together. jumper. connectors !  The feeder is at the interface between the antenna and the BS.Basic concepts Thermal noise and noise factor Basic concepts Cable losses !  Cable losses: feeder. !  But it introduces an insertion loss on the downlink (typically 0. N = N 0W ⋅ NF 24 plug Institut Mines-Télécom . Example : 0.7dB/100m -  N0 = -174 dBm/Hz = 10 log(kT). psd (power spectral density) -  k = 1. Example : LCF 7/8’’ 900 MHz 3. They introduce additional losses.5dB) combiner 1 4 TRXs 23 Jumper !  Some other components are needed if the feeder is shared (diplexer) or if the site is shared (filters).

9dB !  The number of stages depends on the site architecture !  Typically: TMA – Feeder – Connectors – BS (if jumpers are neglected) !  TMA impact is often modeled by the suppression of cable and connectors losses on the uplink: interesting for high antennas [Laiho02] 25 26 Institut Mines-Télécom Basic concepts Cable losses Basic concepts Margins !  RRU (Remote Radio Unit) or RRH (Remote Radio Head): allows to move certain functions of the BS in a module close to the antenna !  Main margins: Antenna Transmitters/Receivers (TxRx) Power amplifiers Duplexers Controlers (antennas.Basic concepts Cable losses Basic concepts Cable losses !  Noise factor reduction: the global noise factor of a cascade of active and passive components is given by the Friis formula: NF = NF1 + Noise factors: F1 !  Example of computation of the noise factor: •  NB: passive components have a noise factor equal to their loss •  Typical gain of a TMA: 12dB •  Typical noise factor of a TMA : 2dB NF2 − 1 NF3 − 1 NF4 − 1 + + + . Recommanded figure is 3 dB [GSM03.. BS 28 Institut Mines-Télécom .4dB !  Gain brought by the TMA: 2. G1 G1G2 G1G2G3 F2 F3 F4 Component Gain Noise factor TMA 12dB 2dB Feeder -2dB 2dB -0.3dB !  With TMA: NF = 2.3dB - 3dB Connectors Gains : G1 G2 G3 BS G4 !  Without TMA: NF = 5. O&M) Feeder Base Band Boards (BBU) Jumper BS 27 Transmitters/Receivers (TxRx) Power amplifiers Duplexers Controlers (antennas.. O&M) Base Band Boards (BBU) Institut Mines-Télécom RRU Optical fiber (CPRI/OBSAI) Jumper Institut Mines-Télécom •  Shadowing margin •  Fast fading margin (for UMTS) •  Indoor penetration margin (loss) •  Interference margin •  Body losses !  Body losses: losses introduced by the head of the user when he is in a phone call.30]. 0dB for visiophonie or data services.3dB 0.

r=aR : $ K − Blog(a) ' Pout (aR) = Q& s ) % ( σ dt •  •  K s −B log(r / R ) σ ' K − Blog(r /R) * = Q) s . •  On the cell border. !  Propagation model •  Path-loss plus shadowing has a Gaussian distribution in dB •  With mean: A+Blog(r) •  With variance: σ2 !  Shadowing margin: shadowing is modeled by a log-normal distribution. Att(r) = PL(r) + s = A + Blog(r) + s E [ Att ] = A + Blog(r) E [ Att 2 ] = σ 2 Smoy Sseuil [Viterbi94] 29 30 Institut Mines-Télécom Institut Mines-Télécom € Basic concepts Margins Basic concepts Margins !  We look for the shadowing margin Ks !  We compute the probability to overcome this margin at distance r Pout (r) = Pr ( s + PL(r) > PL(R) + K s ) +∞ Q( x) = 1 2π ∫e −t 2 / 2 +∞ = x Q(x) = 12 erfc(x / 2) 1 2π ∫e 2 −t / 2 •  With a constraint of 90% coverage at cell border (Pout(R)=0.8dB •  € To avoid ping-pong effect. •  Close to 6 dB in rural. the margin is 7. the UE may leave the cell beyond R. ( + σ Example: with a=1. the margin should be 9. (1-Pout)=90% or more !  Standard deviation depends on the environment: •  Close to 8 dB in dense urban. the shadowing margin ensures that the signal level is above the sensitivity in the whole cell with a probability of 90% .95%. Shadowing margin !  Two approaches: •  On the whole cell area.Basic concepts Margins Basic concepts Margins !  Shadowing margin depends on the standard deviation of the lognormal !  Shadowing (in dB) is modeled by a normal distribution (with zero mean and standard deviation σ which is typical of the environment) •  One wants to ensure a coverage at (1-Pout)% of the cell •  or alternatively a coverage at (1-Pout)% at cell edge •  In urban areas.1 and B=35.1) and σ=8dB.3dB In average over the cell: € € R Pout = πR1 2 ∫ Pout (r )2π rdr [Viterbi94] 31 € Institut Mines-Télécom (Jakes formula) At cell border: r=R = Pr ( s > K s − Blog(r /R)) dt #K & Pout (R) = Q% s ( $σ ' •  [Viterbi94] 32 0 Institut Mines-Télécom € 1 $ K − Blog(t) ' Pout = 2 ∫ Q& s ) tdt % ( σ 0 . (1-Pout)=95% or more •  In rural areas.

2600 MHz).4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz 72 180 300 600 900 1200 6 15 25 50 75 100 Institut Mines-Télécom . 2100 MHz !  Interference margin: Link budget is based on the computation of the sensitivity in presence of noise. (Pout ) !  Cars without a kit: ~ 7 dB !  Cars with a kit: 0 dB (antenna is on the roof) !  Indoor (first wall) : •  Dense urban: ~ 18 dB •  Urban: ~ 15 dB •  Rural: ~ 10-12 dB Indoor (first wall) !  Deep indoor (second wall): +3 dB !  With: Margin Deep Indoor 33 Institut Mines-Télécom 34 Institut Mines-Télécom LTE Link Budget Basic concepts Margins General parameters !  Operation bands: the standard has defined several frequency bands for the FDD mode (around 700. Bandwidth Sub-carriers PRB 35 Institut Mines-Télécom 36 1. 900. 1400. to be taken into account if we want to cover indoor or inside cars. !  UMTS: the interference margin depends on load !  LTE and GSM: the interference margin is computed thanks to system simulations !  Bandwidths: radio resources are organized in PRB (Physical Radio Block) made of 12 sub-carriers of 15 KHz and 7 OFDM/SC-FDMA symbols. 900.Basic concepts Margins Basic concepts Margins !  Computation of the shadowing margin with the Jakes formula: Ks = Q 1 !  Penetration margin: losses due the propagation across walls and windows. •  Typical bands in Europe: 800. we add an interference margin. 2600 MHz •  Typical bands in US: 700. 1700. 2100. 1800. 2100. 800. To take into account co-channel interference. 1800.

37 C = ↵W log2 (1 + LTE Link Budget Link adaptation 8 > <0 C = ↵W log2 (1 + SN R) > : Cmax Institut Mines-Télécom LTE Link Budget Link adaptation α et β$ !  Example 2 [36. then 3 addition dB gain should be considered. !  If two power amplifiers are used (a typical deploiement approach). TM7 is not always available. TU10 39 Institut Mines-Télécom ) Another example: 38 Institut Mines-Télécom SN R TU10 (DL) 40 Institut Mines-Télécom si SN R < SN Rmin si SN Rmin  SN R  SN Rmax si SN R > SN Rmax . The combinations SNR/MCS at BLER=10% provides the data rate vs SNR mapping.LTE Link Budget LTE Link Budget Transmission modes Link adaptation !  Mapping between data rate and SNR: A data rate is targeted at cell edge. !  Modes TM1 et TM2 are backup solutions to be considered in the link budget. !  Transmit diversity provides a typical gain of 3dB. •  Approximated Shannon formula: It is a fitting of the data rate vs SNR curve obtained by simulations.942] : Spectral efficiency [bits/s/Hz] !  Example 1 [Mogensen07] : SNR [dB] Downlink. Transmission and reception chains are simulated for different modulation and coding schemes (MCS) and channel profiles and BLER vs SINR curves are obtained. The mapping between data rate and SNR can be obtained as follows: •  Link level simulations: A target BLER (Block Error Rate) is set. Example: !  There are 7 Transmission modes •  TM1 : SIMO (single antenna port) •  TM2 : MIMO/TxDiv (transmit diversity) •  TM3 : MIMO/SM-OL (open loop spatial multiplexing) •  TM4 : MIMO/SM-CL (closed loop spatial multiplexing) •  TM5 : MU-MIMO (multi-user MIMO) •  TM6 : Beamforming CL (losed-loop) •  TM7 : Beamforming !  For transmission modes TM3 to TM6 good radio conditions are required. for example 10%.

!  Principle of the scheduling in the frequency domain.4 bits/s/Hz 2. intermediate delay spread. etc •  The FD part allocates RBs according to a PF criterion (Proportional Fairness). priorities.LTE Link Budget LTE Link Budget Link adaptation Link adaptation !  Example 2 [36. buffer size. urban environment and large cells •  Enhanced Vehicular A (EVA): 9 paths.0 bits/s/Hz 64QAM 4/5 (DL) 16QAM ¾ (UL) 41 42 Institut Mines-Télécom •  Enhanced Typical Urban (ETU): 9 paths. indoor environment and small cells Institut Mines-Télécom LTE Link Budget LTE Link Budget Scheduling Scheduling !  Example of scheduling algorithm [NSN11] taking into account the channel variations: •  The TD part selects N users based on delay constraints. large delay spread. urban environment and large cells •  Enhanced Pedestrian A (EPA): 7 paths. UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2 Channel quality Qualité du canal Décisions de Scheduling l'ordonnanceur : decision Canal UE1 Channel 1 Channel Canal UE2 2 Canal UE3 3 Channel PRB1 43 Institut Mines-Télécom PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5 f 44 Institut Mines-Télécom . !  Scheduling: Dynamic allocation of radio resources to UEs in frequency and time domains. low delay spread.4 Implementation loss SNRmin -10 dB -10 dB QPSK 1/8 (DL) 1/5 (UL) SNRmax 22 dB 15 dB Cmax/W 4. TU3 (UL) DL UL Note α$ 0. number of retransmissions.104] TU10 (DL). !  Accounting for the channel state in these two domains increases system performance.6 0.942] : !  Channel models for fast fading: the standard has defined 3 new channel models [36.

LTE Link Budget LTE Link Budget Scheduling HARQ !  Examples [NSN11] of gains obtained with FDPS with respect to Round Robin (RR). transmit diversity mode Total transmit power = Power per antenna + 10Log(#antennas) Reliability: used for shadowing margin and SIRmin Shadowing standard deviation used in Jakes formula for the shadowing margin computation Antenna gain depends on the frequency band and on the sectorization (here: tri-sectorized sites) Load = proportion of used radio resources (used in the computation of the interference margin) EIRP = Total transmit power + Antenna gain – Cable losses –TMA insertion loss HARQ retransmissions add a diversity gain Institut Mines-Télécom SN=1 Institut Mines-Télécom Antenna heights used in the propagation model 47 Err. one can recover the original information. HARQ brings a gain in term of time diversity LTE Link Budget Downlink Spectrum efficiency parameters 2 transmit antenna. Correct. 48 Institut Mines-Télécom . !  Gains are higher when: •  Bandwidth is large •  The number of users is large Ack=1 !  HARQ SN=0 SN=1 : SN=2 SN=3 *SN=1 SN=4 Ack= 0. 3 SN=0 SN=2 SN=3 *SN=1 SN=4 SN=1 •  •  45 46 Institut Mines-Télécom LTE Link Budget Downlink Target data rate at cell edge On this example: From two erroneous versions of the same block. 2.

2.LTE Link Budget LTE Link Budget Downlink Downlink SINR obtained from the target data rate and the spectral efficiency formula !  Target SINR: Inversion of the approximated Shannon formula giving the spectral efficiency as a function of the SINR In LTE. PBCH and Reference Signals (RS). SSS/PSS.5 dB !  Canaux de contrôle : Radio frame (10ms) Sub-frame (1ms) PDCCH: 1.3)=-1. •  Smaller is the bandwidth. 2.4 MHz) OFDM symbols per sub-frame PBCH: 4 OFDM symbols x 72 sub-carriers in the second slot of each frame SSS/PSS: 4 OFDM symbols x 62 sub-carriers per frame RS: 4 (1 antenna). higher is the overhead •  Order of magnitude: 30% •  Example: 30% induces a power loss of 10LOG(1-0. 3 or 4 OFDM symbols 51 Institut Mines-Télécom 52 Institut Mines-Télécom . UEs have two receive antennas SN Rcible target = 10 log10 ( (2 Ccible C target ↵W 1)) Typical figure obtained by silmulation (depends on the number of UEs and the bandwidth) HARQ Gain = 10LOG(#HARQ transmissions) Common channels overhead S = SINR + N + NF – Gains + Protocol overhead 49 Institut Mines-Télécom 50 LTE Link Budget LTE Link Budget Downlink Downlink !  Protocol overhead: Due to the transmission of PDCCH. or 3 (or 4 for 1. 8 (2 antennas) or 12 (4 antennas) RE per RB System bandwidth !  !  !  !  Institut Mines-Télécom A PHICH group 1.

4 SIN R ⌘ SIR min 0. hb=55m. reliability = 0..6 0.LTE Link Budget LTE Link Budget Downlink Downlink !  Orders of magnitude: DL Overhead (%) MI = -10LOG(1-load*SINR/SIRmin) Jakes Formula Margins = MI + Shadowing + Body loss + Penetration 53 54 Institut Mines-Télécom LTE Link Budget Institut Mines-Télécom LTE Link Budget Downlink Downlink !  Example: urban environnment. SNR [dB] 10 . on hb) and on the reliability SINRtarget SIRmin 56 Institut Mines-Télécom 0 5 SINR.95 !  Interference margin: One obtains by simulation the SIRmin as a function of the coverage required reliability.5 1 cdf MI = 1 0.2 0.3 0.8 1 SN R SINR SIR SNR 0.1 55 Institut Mines-Télécom fiabilité reliability 0 −5 Note 1 : SIRmin depends only on the propagation model and on the required reliability Note 2 : withCOST231-Hata. One then deduces the interference margin from SIRmin and from the target SINRas follows: S = ⌘I + N SN R MI = SIN R SIN R = 1 + ⌘ SIRmin SINR/SIR/SNR distribution (DL) 0.7 0. SIRmin depends only on B (i.e. SIR.9 0.

LTE Link Budget LTE Link Budget Uplink Uplink Only a portion of the whole system bandwidth ca be allocated to UE !  Protocol overhead: •  Reference signals: 1 OFDMA symbol per slot •  PUCCH: 4 RBs per slot •  PRACH: 6 RBs per frame (depends on PRACH configuration) Use the bandwidth allocated to UE: C=αWalloclog2(1+SINR/β) With Walloc = #PRBx12x15 KHz !  Orders of magnitude on the uplink: UL Overhead (%) Use the bandwidth allocated to the UE: N = N0Walloc 57 Institut Mines-Télécom 58 Institut Mines-Télécom LTE Link Budget LTE Link Budget Uplink Typical cell ranges Rayon en Km !  Figures of SIRmin (COST231-Hata) on the uplink: 59 Institut Mines-Télécom 60 Institut Mines-Télécom .

Novosad. La licence confère à l'utilisateur un droit d'usage sur le document consulté ou téléchargé. y compris par la mise à la disposition du public sur un réseau numérique. Everitt. 1994 [Sipilä99a] Sipilä et al. IEEE JSAC. Oct.942 « RF System Scenarios » [25. sa forme ou sa présentation n’est autorisée. 1995 [Viterbi93] A. Viterbi. J.fr 30/03/2007 Marceau Coupechoux Licence de droits d’usage 63 Institut Mines-Télécom 64 Institut Mines-Télécom . Jan. IEEE Trans. VTC 2000 [Holma04] « WCDMA for UMTS ». « Spatial Averages of Coverage Characteristics in Large CDMA Networks ». 1999 [Viterbi94] « Soft Handoff Extends CDMA Cell Coverage and Increase Reverse Link Capacity ». « On the Capacity of a Cellular CDMA System ». l’utilisateur accepte la licence d’utilisation qui y est attachée.. Le droit d’usage défini par la licence autorise un usage à destination de tout public qui comprend : -  Le droit de reproduire tout ou partie du document sur support informatique ou papier. Wiley 2004 [Veeravalli99] Veeravalli et al. [NSN11] Nokia Siemens Networks. Baccelli et al.30] Radio Network Planning Aspects [Viterbi95] A. August 1993 [Gilhousen91] K. « On the Teletraffic Capacity of CDMA Cellular Networks ».. Juin 2001 [Baccelli03] Baccelli et al.. « Downlink Admission/Congestion Control and Maximal Load in Large CDMA Networks ». dans les conditions définies ci-après et à l’exclusion expresse de toute utilisation commerciale. Godlewski. Rapport INRIA N°4196. Laiho. Addison-Wesley. Wiley 2002 [Lempiäinen03] « UMTS Radio Network Planning. Le droit d’usage défini par la licence est personnel. Edited by H. 2005 [Godlewski04] P.. Gilhousen et al. « Blocking Rates in Large CDMA Networks via a Spatial Erlang Formula ».101] 3GPP TR 25. Evans and D. « La formule de la capacité cellulaire CDMA revisitée au second ordre ». « Erlang Capacity of a Power Controlled CDMA System ». Holma and A. « Modeling the Impact of the Fast Power Control on the WCDMA Uplink ». et s’engage à la respecter intégralement. « Calculating the Outage Probability in a CDMA Network with Spatial Poisson Traffic ». IEEE Trans. rapport ENST. IEEE VTC’99 [Sipilä99b] Sipilä et al. on Vehicular Technology. Lempiäinen and M. Optimization and QoS Management ».Conclusion Références !  Advantages: •  Allows to quickly obtain a first estimate of the cell ranges •  Quick and simple !  Limitations of the link budget approach: •  Does not accuratly take into account interferences and frequency reuse schemes •  Does not take into account the dynamics of the system in terms of user traffic !  !  !  !  !  !  !  !  !  !  61 Institut Mines-Télécom 62 !  !  !  !  !  !  !  !  !  !  !  !  !  !  [Sipilä00] Sipilä et al. « Air Interface Dimensionning » 2011. Goldsmith. Viterbi and A. totalement ou en partie. IEEE Trans. VTC 2007. « LTE Capacity Compared to the Shannon Bound ». 1999 [Baccelli05] F. Viterbi.. J. Edited by J.942] 3GPP TR 25. on Vehicular Technology. Manninen. 2004 [Goldsmith05] A. Rapport INRIA N°4702. 2005 Contexte public } sans modifications Par le téléchargement ou la consultation de ce document. « Estimation of Capacity and Required Transmission Power of WCDMA Downlink Based on a Downlink Pole Equation ». Kluwer Academic Publisher 2003 [25. Cambridge University Pres. May 1991 [Chan01] C. Jan. IEEE VTC’99 [Laiho02] « Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS ».. on Vehicular Technology. « Wireless Communications ». telle que détaillée dans les dispositions suivantes. Chan and S.Principles of Spread Spectrum Communications ». V. Aucune modification du document dans son contenu.101 « User Equipment radio transmission and reception (FDD) » [Baccelli01] Baccelli et al. 3rd Edition. IEEE JSAC.104 « Base Station radio transmission and reception (FDD) » [25. Wacker and T.104] 3GPP TR 25. Edited by J. Jan. on Vehicular Technology. « The Coverage-Capacity Tradeoff in Cellular CDMA Systems » Trans.05] Radio Transmission and Reception [GSM03. Sipilä et al. 2001 [Evans99] J. 48. S. Hanly. -  Le droit de diffuser tout ou partie du document au public sur support papier ou informatique. non exclusif et non transmissible. S. A. C. Toskala. Les mentions relatives à la source du document et/ou à son auteur doivent être conservées dans leur intégralité. « CDMA . 2003 [Mogensen07] Mogensen et al. Institut Mines-Télécom Licence de droits d’usage Références !  [GSM05. INFOCOM. Tout autre usage que ceux prévus par la licence est soumis à autorisation préalable et expresse de l’auteur : sitepedago@enst. M. « Soft Hand-over Gains in a Fast Power Controlled WCDMA Uplink ».