MODELING OF CONCRETE MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

Kaspar Willam
University of Colorado at Boulder

Class Meeting #3: Elastoplastic Concrete Models

Uniaxial Model: Strain-Driven Format of Elastoplasticity
Triaxial Model: Generalized Format of Elastoplasticity
Isotropic Hardening/Softening: Volumetric-Deviatoric Interaction
Rotating Plastic Crack Model: Softening Rankine Formulation

Class #3 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

ELASTOPLASTIC MATERIAL MODEL

Fundamental Steps:
 = e + p

1. Additive Decomposition: Elastic-Plastic Partition

Incremental format of elastic stress
= E : [  p] yields elastoplastic tangent stiffness:
2. Yield Condition: Plastic Initiation and Persistence:
Plastic consistency condition distinguishes
= 0
plastic loading from elastic unloading F = F
:

3. Flow Rule: Plastic Evolution Equation

Orientation of plastic flow is defined by m =
and magnitude by plastic multiplier > 0

= E ep : 
) = 0
F (

n : = 0
m
 p = m

4. Hardening/Softening Rule: Plastic Stiffness

normally expressed in terms of an invariant
stress-plastic strain (plastic work) relationship
Class #3 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

Hp = F

Ep =

deq
p
deq

UNIAXIAL ELASTOPLASTIC MODEL

1. Deformation Theory of Hencky [1924]: Total secant relationship
2. Flow Theory of Prandtl-Reuss [1928]: Incremental tangent relationship
Additive Decomposition:
 = e + p where e =

and p =

Consequently,

+
=
E Ep Eep
Elastoplastic Tangent Stiffness Relationship:
 =

Note Eep =

EEp
= Eep where Eep =
E + EP
when Epcrit = E.

Ep

UNIAXIAL ELASTOPLASTIC MODEL

Note: p =

Ep

0
0

when Ep = 0

Use strain rather than stress control:

E
=

p =
Ep E + Ep
Formal Yield Condition: F () = || y = 0
Plastic action
(i) when stress path reaches the yield capacity of the material || = y
(ii) persistent plastic loading when dF
d E  > 0 for strain control.

IDEAL J2-ELASTOPLASTICITY I
Mises Yield Function:

1
1 2
s
s
s
F (s ) =
: y = 0
2
3
Associated Plastic Flow Rule:
F
 p = s where m =
=s
ss
Plastic Consistency Condition:
F

F =
: s = s : s = 0
ss
Deviatoric Stress Rate:
s]
s = 2G [e e p] = 2G [e s
Plastic Multiplier:
s : e
=
s :s

IDEAL J2-ELASTOPLASTICITY II
Deviatoric Stress-Strain Relation:
s s
] : e
s = 2G [II
s :s
s = G ep : e with G ep = 2G [II

s s
]
s :s

Tangent Stiffness Operator:

1
= (tr )11 + s = K(tr )11 + G ep : e
3
1
= K(tr )11 + G ep : [ (tr )11]
3
Elastoplastic Tangent Operator
= E ep :  with E ep = 11 1 + 2G [II

s s
]
s :s

Note: Elastoplastic constitutive structure similar to K G(ee) model.

Class #3 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

SIMPLE SHEAR EXAMPLE

von Mises vs parabolic Drucker-Prager: Response when 12 > 0
Parabolic Yield Function:
F (I1, J2) = J2 + F I1 y2 = 0
Associated Flow Rule:
s + F 1 ]
 p = [s
Simple Shear: F = 31 [fc0 ft0] = 0 for von Mises, while Y2 = 13 fc0ft0 = 13 Y2

GENERAL FORMULATION OF ELASTOPLASTIC BEHAVIOR I

u + tu ],
Kinematic Setting: Decomposition of Total Deformation  = 12 [u
 = e + p
Elastic Behavior: Hyperelastic concept of free energy potential:
= (,  p, )
=

e

and

= E : [  p]

Plastic Yield Condition:

, ) = f (
) ry () 0
F (

with

F
n=

) defines the internal stress demand and ry = the material resistance

f (

and
ry = Hp

Hardening modulus Hp characterizes the rate of yield resistance.

ry =

Class #3 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

GENERAL ELASTOPLASTIC FORMULATION II

Plastic Flow Rule:
Q
with
m=

Associated flow when m k n (normality of plastic flow).

 p = m

Plastic Consistency Condition: F = 0

Consistency condition enforces the stress path to remain on the yield surface.
KuhnTucker Condition of Plastic Loading:
F 0

F = 0

Plastic Multiplier:
1
=
n : E :  with hp = Hp + n : E : m
hp
Class #3 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

GENERAL ELASTOPLASTIC FORMULATION III

Elastoplastic Stiffness Relation:

m] = E : [ m
= E : [ m

n : E : 
]
Hp + n : E : m

= E ep : 
Note #1: Plastic stiffness forms rankone (two) update of the elastic material
operator

E ep = E

1
E : m n : E
hp

where hp = Hp + n : E : m .
n : E : m.
Note #2: hp = 0 when softening modulus reaches Hpcrit = n
Note #3: Loss of symmetry, E ep 6= E tep when n 6= m for non-associated flow.
Class #3 Concrete Modeling, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil, August 20-28, 2007

SIMPLE SHEAR RESPONSE

Three Invariant Elastoplastic Concrete Model: Kang and Willam [1999]
Effect of Confinement under Strain Control

CONCLUDING REMARKS
Main Lessons from Class # 3:
Flow Theory of Plasticity:
introduces path-dependence, irreversibility and energy dissipation
Canonical Form of J2 Elastoplasticity:
Decouples volumetric-deviatoric behavior, see K G(ee) model
Volumetric-Deviatoric Coupling:
Two and three invariant elastoplastic models - Isotropic
hardening/softening compares to rotating crack approach (no
crack/slip memory)
Smeared Cracking in Form of Plastic Softening of Major Strain Component
1
)11 + 2G
+ CN 1[ee1 e 1]
 = E (tr
Softening Rankine plasticity is equivalent to rotating crack
formulation using elastic damage.