Hidrometalurgia

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24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hidrometalurgia I }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Universidad Catolica del Norte }\par\pard\sect\s
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lex100\b \i {Orgenes y Evolucin Histrica de la Hidrometalurgia}\b0 \i0 \tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {__________________________ 3}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li826\r
i0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Introduccin _____________________
__________________________________________________ 3}\b0 \par\pard\li1066\ri0\sl
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l-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Reactivos de Lixiviacin. ______________
______________________________________________________4}\par\pard\li826\ri0\sl-3
86\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Historia de la Hidrometalurgia_________
_______________________________________________ 5}\b0 \par\pard\li1066\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La Hidrometalurgia en la historia ________
______________________________________________________5}\par\pard\li1066\ri0\sl226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Estado Actual de la Hidrometalurgia del
cobre en Chile ____________________________________________6}\par\pard\li600\ri0
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s en Hidrometalurgia}\b0 \i0 { }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {_______________
________ 9}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li826\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {Estructura de los Minerales ________________________________________________
__________ 9}\b0 \par\pard\li1066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Estructura de enlaces metlicos _________________________________________________
______________9}\par\pard\li1066\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Estructura de enlaces inicos ____________________________________________________
_____________9}\par\pard\li1066\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E
structura de enlaces covalentes_________________________________________________
______________9}\par\pard\li1066\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Estructura de enlaces mixtos ___________________________________________________

______________9}\par\pard\li826\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{Caractersticas Estructurales del Agua __________________________________________
______ 10}\b0 \par\pard\li1066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es
tructura del Agua ______________________________________________________________
_________10}\par\pard\li1066\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cons
tante Dielctrica ________________________________________________________________
______11}\par\pard\li826\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Ioniza
cin del agua ________________________________________________________________ 11}
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___________________________________________________________________________12}\
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Amortiguadores de pH ___________________________________________________12}\par
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ubilidad ______________________________________________________________13}\par\p
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d ____________________________________________________________________14}\par\pa
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idos y Formacin de Complejos __________________________________________15}\par\pa
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__________________________________________________________________17}\par\pard\l
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_________________________________________________________18}\par\pard\li1066\ri0
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________________________________________________________20}\par\pard\li1066\ri0\
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____________________________________________ 37}\b0 \par\pard\li1066\ri0\sl-213\
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______________________________________________37}\par\pard\li826\ri0\sl-386\slmu
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_____________________________________ 41}\b0 \par\pard\li826\ri0\sl-386\slmult0
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_________________________________ 46}\b0 \par\pard\li1066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs

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_________________________ 52}\b0 \par\pard\li826\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0
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Seleccin de un Mtodo de Lixiviacin ________________________________________________
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Minerales Oxidados de cobre en Medio Alcalino___________________________________
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erias y su Accin Sobre los Sulfuros _____________________________________________

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acin de Metales. _____________________________________________________________ 83
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del Oro y Plata con Tiourea_____________________________________________________
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de Metales Nobles del Grupo del Platino________________________________________
____96}\par\pard\li1066\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lixiviacin
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86\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hidrometalurgia I }\par\pard\l
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rscalex100 {Universidad Catolica del Norte }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Orgenes
y Evolucin Histrica de la Hidrometalurgia }\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
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0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La minera a pa
rtir de soluciones o Hidrometalurgia se define como las formas de rec
uperacin de un }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
metal o compuesto desde su mena por medio de una solucin que fluye d
isolviendo las especies de }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {inters desde la roca, esto es aplicable tanto para mineral
es lixiviables como para minerales que }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {requieren de reacciones qumicas, aguas de descartes y
soluciones de formacin natural. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Algunos minerales se
lixivian en forma natural, formando soluciones ricas las que son llamadas Aguas
de }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Mina, la rec
uperacin de estas soluciones representa las primeras aplicaciones de la Hidrometa
lurgia. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-253\
slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La Hidrometalurgia es un campo interdis
ciplinario que comprende la geologa, qumica, hidrologa, }\par\pard\li600\ri0\

sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {metalurgia extractiva, minera, ingenie
ra de procesos y economa. Algunos de los factores que se han de }\par\pard\li600\r
i0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {considerar en un proyecto hidromet
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i600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-2
40\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {5. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {6. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
7. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {8. }\par\pard
\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {9. }\par\column\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {La qumica de lixiviacin }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {La qumica de la roca (ganga) }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Los flujos de solucin en el mineral (precolacin) }\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Espacio libre en el mineral p
ara permitir el paso de la solucin }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {Porosidad de la roca }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {Transporte desde el interior de la roca a el flujo (difusin qum
ica) }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Tecnologa de r
ecuperacin del metal/mineral }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {Impacto ambiental }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {Perdida de soluciones }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn
16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx1306\fs20\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {10. }\tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Qumica de la solucin rica }
\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx1306\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {11. }\ta
b \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Balance de agua }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult
0 \*\tx1306\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {12. }\tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Man
ejo de soluciones (piscinas, bombeo, riego, coleccin, etc.). }\par\pard\li600\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {Actualmente los solventes de inters comercial son en base de ag
ua, por lo que se hablara de las }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {soluciones de lixiviacin como del sistemas acuosos. }\pa
6\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La lixiviacin de minerales se puede separar en do
s grandes grupos, la lixiviacin In situ, que trata un }\par\pard\li600\r
i0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {yacimiento sin moverlo del lug
ar y de superficie, la cual se basa en la extraccin del mineral util
izando }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {mtodos de
minera tradicional seguido de reduccin de tamao, preparacin del mineral o no, antes
de }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {ser contactad
o con la solucin lixiviante. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La operacin de lixiviacin
y recoleccin de las soluciones, esta asociada a una operacin de separacin }\par\par
d\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {del metal/mineral desde l
as soluciones, realizada usualmente en el entorno del cuerpo mineralizado, las }
\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {soluciones genera
das en la lixiviacin son conocidas como \uc1\u8220XPregnant Leach Solution\uc1\u8
221X o PLS, en tanto el }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {flujo que retorna a la lixiviacin se conoce como solucin Refino, es decir,
es un circuito cerrado. }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\m
arglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw10013\colsr-0\colno2\colw1080\pard\li586
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l

lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Oscar Benavente }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
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r\pard\li586\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Que es la lixiviacin
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Universidad
Catolica del Norte }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\margls
xn666\margrsxn133\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Consideremos un sistema de lixiviacin
simple y un par de experimentos cuyos resultados son de fcil }\par\pa
rd\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {entendimiento, el sistem
a es un evento al que todos estamos familiarizados, disolucin de azcar en una }\pa
r\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {tasa de caf, el siste
ma es simple porque: }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li77
3\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {a) La solubilidad del azcar
en agua es alta e ilimitada, con lo que respecta a una cucharada en
una }\par\pard\li946\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {tasa. }\pa
r\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {b) No hay reacciones
qumicas con otros solutos }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {c) No hay interferencia de slidos }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Que pa

sa si ponemos azcar a la forma de azcar flor, azcar granulada o un cu
bo de azcar en una }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {tasa de agua?, que pasa si calentamos el agua?, y si agitamos con una cuch
ara? }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Las respu
estas son obvias, basado en nuestra experiencia personal podemos induci
r que este }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {com
portamiento es similar en la lixiviacin de un mineral. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\r
i0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Clasificacin de las Reacciones de
Lixiviacin. }\b0 \par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0
\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Las reacciones de lixiviacin se puede
n clasificar de acuerdo al medio que solubiliza el metal de inters. }\par\pard\li
586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {1. Disolucin de sales o neutra: Hay sales que se separan en sus io
nes por contacto con la fase lquida. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs14\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {2.}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { Disolucin cida. Se requiere d
e un proveer protones (H}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs20\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {) para realizar la lixiviacin.}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3.}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { Disolucin alcalina.
El in (OH}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
) es el agente activo para metales que forman complejos solubles. }\par\pard\li5
86\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4. Intercambio bsico. Este tipo
de reaccin produce un slido cuyo Kps es menor que el Kps del reactante. }\par\pa
rd\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {5. Lixiviacin con formacin
de complejos. El lixiviante forma complejos solubles con el metal de inters. }\
par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {6. Lixiviacin con o
xidacin directa. El agente lixiviante es un oxidante, un compuesto vido de electro
nes. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {7. Lixivia
cin cida con oxidacin. La lixiviacin cida es posible, despus de una oxidacin. }\par\p
rd\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {8.}\fs16\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 { Lixiviacin con oxidacin y formacin de complejos. En este caso los
productos de oxidacin no son }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {solubles o no son estables a menos que exista un agente comple
jante. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {9. Lixivi
acin con reduccin. Existen algunos compuestos que son solubles en sus e
stados de oxidacin }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {inferiores y por lo tanto sern solubles bajo condiciones reductoras.}{\super
\fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {.}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {. }\par\pard\li58
6\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li586\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Reactivos de Lixiviac
in. }\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-306\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Para que ocurra la lixiviacin, debe emplearse
un reactivo, llamado lixiviante, cuyo objetivo es solubilizar }\par\pard\li586\r
i0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {en el medio acuoso el metal que se
quiere recuperar. }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773
\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Factores que debe cumplir un bue
n lixiviante: }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\s
l-253\slmult0 \*\tx1306\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1. }\tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {Habilidad para disolver el metal de inters (qu tan rpido disuelve al metal?,
hasta qu grado?). }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx1306\fs20\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {2. }\tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Selectividad (qu pasa con los eleme
ntos indeseables?). }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx1306\fs20\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {3. }\tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Compatibilidad de las solucion
es obtenidas con las operaciones siguientes. }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\*\tx1306\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4. }\tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Propi
edades no corrosivas (materiales de construccin). }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slm
ult0 \*\tx1306\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {5. }\tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {F
acilidad de regenerar o reciclar el reactivo lixiviante. }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl
-226\slmult0 \*\tx1306\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {6. }\tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {Disponibilidad y costo. }\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx1306\fs2

0\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {7. }\tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Grado de toxicidad.
}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-253\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Los reactivos lixiviantes ms comunes son los siguien
tes: }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn1
33\cols5\colno1\colw2106\colsr-0\colno2\colw2093\colsr-0\colno3\colw2240\colsr-0
\colno4\colw1840\colsr-0\colno5\colw2813\pard\li893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li893\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {cidos }\b0 \par\
pard\li840\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Sulfrico}\par\column\pa
0\f0\charscalex100\b {Bsicos }\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {Hidrxido de sodio}\par\column\pard\li146\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li146\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Complejantes
}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Sulfato de amo
nio}\par\column\pard\li146\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li146\ri0\sl-25
3\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Oxidantes }\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\
slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Cloruro frrico}\par\column\pard\li320\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li320\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b {Reductores }\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {Anhdrido sulfuroso}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\margls
xn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4253\colsr-0\colno2\colw2200\colsr-0\colno3\c
olw2226\colsr-0\colno4\colw2413\pard\li733\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs20\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {Clorhdrico}\tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Carbonato de sodio
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Cianuro de
sodio}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Sulfat
o frrico}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Hidrg
eno}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133
\cols5\colno1\colw2480\colsr-0\colno2\colw1786\colsr-0\colno3\colw1920\colsr-0\c
olno4\colw2226\colsr-0\colno5\colw2680\pard\li933\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {Ntrico}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {Amonaco}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {Cloruro de sodio}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {Hipoclorto de sodio}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {cido sulfhdrico}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn1
6840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4666\colsr-0\colno2\colw1400\colsr
-0\colno3\colw3946\colsr-0\colno4\colw1080\pard\li800\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx19
73\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Sulfuroso}\tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Carbona
to de amonio}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586
rd\li586\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Oscar Benavente }\par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Tiourea}\par\column
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Perxido de hidrgeno}\par\
pard\li373\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Aire (oxgeno)}\par\colu
mn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4 }\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect
\sectd\sbkpage

7;32768}}
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Historia de la Hidrometalurgia }\b0 \i0 \par\pard\l
r\pard\li586\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {La Hidrometalurgia
en la historia }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Universidad Catolica del Norte }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1189
3\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li586\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {A diferencia de la p
irometalrgia, la cual, fue desarrollada durante la edad de los Metales (4000
y 3000 }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {A.C). L
a Hidrometalurgia no fue conocida, ni registrada, sino hasta bastante ms tarde. }
fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Las primeras aplicaciones de la Hidrometaturgia fuero
n realizadas en China, durante la dinasta Han (5 }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {dinasta, aos 117 al 122 A.C.) Liu-An, rey d
e Huainan, en su libro Huainancius, reportaba la }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {transformacin del fierro en cobre metlico
al poner en contacto fierro metlico con chalcantita Cu}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {2+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+ Fe }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8660X}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { Cu +
Fe}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2+}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {,
, sin embargo, la cementacin, como proceso industrial, solo fue aplicad
a durante los }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
siglos VIl y VIll D.C., mediante el tratamiento de vertientes de agua
s cidas que eran producidas por la }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {oxidacin natural o inducida de minerales sulfurados de co
bre. El metal era obtenido por la oxidacin in-}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {situ de minerales de cobre, las cuales surgan en for
ma de vertientes conteniendo sulfato de cobre, el que }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-22
6\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {al saturarse precipitaba como chalcant
ita, este proceso recibi el nombre de cobre-hiel, dado el sabor }\par\p
ard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {amargo del sulfato. }\
par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {En Occidente, no fue hasta el Siglo VIl que los alquim
istas se apasionaron con la transmutacin del fierro }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {en cobre al poner en contacto el vitriolo azu
l (una solucin de sulfato de cobre) con algn trozo de fierro, . }\par\pard\li586\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {El descubrimiento en el Siglo VIII, por parte de Jabir lbn el-Hayyan (
720-813), del agua regia, (mezcla de }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {HCl y HNO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {) nico solvente capaz de disolver el oro, marca el inicio de la H
idrometalurgia actual. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {En el Siglo XVI, la extraccin
de cobre por mtodos lquidos recibi alguna atencin. As, la lixiviacin en }\par\pard\li6
00\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {pilas fue usada en las montaas
de Hartz, en Alemania, y en las minas de Ro Tinto, en Espaa. En estas }\par\pard\l
i600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {operaciones los minerales

de pirita conteniendo sulfuros de cobre se apilaban al aire libre, d
onde se }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {dejaban
oxidar expuestos a la accin de la lluvia, del aire y la intervencin
natural de bacterias. Las }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {soluciones de sulfato se recogan en la base de las pilas
y se precipitaba el cobre usando chatarra de }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240
\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {fierro. Este proceso de precipitacin re
cibi desde ese entonces el nombre castellano de cementacin, }\par\pard\li6
00\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {que le es asignado hasta hoy.
}\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {En el Siglo XVIII, la produccin de potasa en
Qubec para la industria de jabn y vidrio, se realizaba }\par\pard\li600
\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {lixiviando con agua las cenizas
de los hornos de lea y de la quema de bosques, las cenizas se agitaban }\par\pard
\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {con agua, se filtraban,
y luego se evaporaban hasta sequedad para producir la potasa. Se es
tima que }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {para l
ograr 1 ton de potasa era necesario quemar alrededor de 1 hectrea de bosques. }\p
ar\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {El ao 1887 se puede sealar como el nacimiento de
la Hidrometalurgia industrial moderna, cuando }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\
slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {simultneamente se inventaron dos procesos de
gran relevancia. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{1. El proceso de cianuracin de oro, desarrollado por John Stewart Mac Arthur y l
os hermanos Robert y }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {William Forrest. Consista en la disolucin del oro desde minerales de baja ley
con una solucin alcalina }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {diluida de cianuro de sodio, seguidamente el oro es precipitado por cem
entacin con zinc. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{2. El proceso inventado por Karl Joseph Bayer para la produccin de un precipita
do cristalino y puro de }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {AI(OH)}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
, mediante la lixiviacin alcalina en caliente de bauxita. De las soluc
iones alcalinas precipita el }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {hidrxido en forma filtrable, el cual, despus de ser lavad
o y secado, se calcina para producir un Al}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {0}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3 }}\par
\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {puro. Este ltimo es el
ectrolizado en sales fundidas para producir aluminio metlico. }\par\pard\li586\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {A inicios del Siglo XX, los desarrollos en la produccin de en
erga elctrica permitieron reemplazar la }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {cementacin con chatarra de Fe por la electrlisis de solu
ciones de lixiviacin, efectuado por primera vez }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {en el mundo a escala industrial en Chuquicamata,
Chile (1915). }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La
sntesis del amonaco, NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {, en Alemania, durante la I Guerra Mundial, permiti su uso en la forma de
}\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {hidrxido de am
onio, NH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {(OH),
en la lixiviacin de cobre nativo, en el Distrito del Lago Superior,
y de }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {minerales
de malaquita/azurita, en Alaska (1916), de igual manera, la lixiviacin
cida de zinc, desde }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {minerales oxidados. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Dcada de los 40, el
esfuerzo blico para obtener el uranio que se requera en el Proyecto Ma
nhattan }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {para la
produccin de la bomba atmica, permiti desarrollar a nivel industrial los procesos d
e extraccin }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {por s

olventes y de intercambio inico con resinas slidas. }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw10013\colsr-0\c
olno2\colw1080\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Oscar Benavente }\par\column\pard\l
rd\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {5 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn
666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Dcada de los 50, se desarrollo la lixiviacin a
moniacal a presin de concentrados sulfurados de nquel y }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-24
0\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {su recuperacin por precipitacin con gas hidrg
eno, por Sherrit-Gordon, en Fort Saskatchewan, Canad, }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {la aplicacin de este proceso rpidamente
se ampli, tanto en medio cido como alcalino, a los }\par\pard\li586\ri0\
sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {concentrados sulfurados de otros meta
les como cobalto, zinc, cobre, lateritas, concentrados mixtos muy }\par\pard\li5
86\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {difciles de separar (Co/Ni, Co
/Ni/Cu, etc.), y a minerales de uranio y de tungsteno en los aos 70 y
de }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {oro en los ao
s 80. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { Dcada de los 60, se comenz a entender el rol de
las bacterias en la disolucin de algunos minerales }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {sulfurados particularmente de piritas FeS}{\s
ub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { lo que potenci su
aplicacin en la lixiviacin de minerales de }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {cobre considerados econmicamente marginales, tanto in-si
tu como en botaderos en Arizona, USA. Esta }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {tcnica fue posteriormente aplicada con provecho para l
a produccin de uranio en los aos 70 y de oro }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {desde minerales encapsulados con piritas en los aos 80
. En 1967, se pone en marcha exitosamente la }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {primera planta comercial de SX-EO para cobre, Blueb
ird, de la Ranchers Exploration, en Arizona, usando }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\

slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {LIX 64, el primer reactivo comercial para co
bre. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Dcada de los 70, el desarrollaron de nuevos reac
tivos de extraccin por solventes para cobre, unida a la }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-2
26\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {electro-obtencin, permiti la aplicacin m
asiva de esta tcnica. Inicialmente, se destacan proyectos en }\par\pard\l
i600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {USA, Zambia y Per. En este pe
rodo se establecieron los mecanismos electroqumicos que gobiernan la }\par\pard\li
600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {disolucin de los sulfuros, est
o permiti el desarrollo de tecnologas para el tratamiento hidrometalrgico }\par\par
d\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {de concentrados de cob
re. Entre ellos se destacan: el proceso ARBITER usando amonaco y los }
\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {procesos CYMETY C
LEAR, ambos en ambiente clorhdrico probados a escala piloto por Cyprus y Duval. }
fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Dcada de los 80, la aplicacin de carbn activado,
unida a la lixiviacin en pilas con aglomeracin, }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-2
26\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {potencian la produccin de oro desde minera
les de baja ley, asimismo la aplicacin de oxidacin previa }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {permiti el tratamiento de minerales de or
o considerados refractarios. Durante esta dcada en la industria }\par\pard\li600\
ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {del cobre de USA se produce el fe
nmeno de conversin tecnolgica de la minera tradicional. Impulsada }\par\pard\li600\r
i0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {por altos costos debido que l
a industria minera estaba en una fase de madurez, con sindicatos }\par
\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {poderosos, enfrento l
as primeras regulaciones ambientales, adems, se produjo una baja de precios del }
\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {cobre, lo cual
hizo cerrar a la mayor parte de las operaciones mineras. Varios prod
uctores }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {desapare
cieron, pero otros iniciaron una conversin hacia operaciones de lixiviac
in LX, principalmente }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {en botaderos, seguida de SX y EO lo que les cambi de escenario ambiental y
el perfil de costos y as les }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {permiti reabrir muchas de sus operaciones cerradas. }\par\pard\li586
rd\li586\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Estado Actual de la Hi
drometalurgia del cobre en Chile }\b0 \par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {En Chile dada
la enorme gravitacin tanto en trminos econmicos como de volmenes produci
dos, }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {hablar de
desarrollo ligado a la Industria minera, significa inevitablemente refe
rirse al desarrollo de la }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {minera del cobre. En relacin con la Hidrometalurgia ocurre lo mismo
y si bien puede resultar interesante }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {el desarrollo de las tcnicas hidrometalrgicas en las
industrias del salitre, del yodo y del litio, como }\par\pard\li586\ri0\
sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {asimismo las usadas en la minera del o
ro, todas estas tcnicas estn incluidas y representadas, en las }\par\pard\li586\ri
0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {tecnologas usadas por la Hidrometalu
rgia del cobre. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0
\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La Hidrometalurgia del cobre en
Chile est basada en las tecnologas de lixiviacin, extraccin por }\par\pard
\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {solventes y electro-obte
ncin (LX-SX-EO). Dichas tcnicas, aunque se desarrollaron en pocas }\par\par
d\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {diferentes y se han adopt
ado por separado y en diversas pocas de la historia de la metalurgia del cobre, }
\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {han alcanzado una
avanzada etapa de desarrollo y madurez. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Desde la in

troduccin de la lixiviacin por percolacin en bateas seguida de electro-obtencin dire
cta en }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Chuquicam
ata, 1915 y Potrerillos, 1928, se ha recorrido un largo camino. Otras
faenas, como Mantos }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {Blancos y Sagasca, utilizaron esta experiencia en sus plantas c
onstruidas en 1961 y 1972, }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {respectivamente. De todas ellas, en la actualidad slo se
mantienen operativas las bateas de Mantos }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Blancos. En la industria del salitre (fines
del Siglo XIX) tambin se ha operado con bateas, conocidas }\par\pard\l
i586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {como cachuchos, procesos Sha
nks y Guggenheim, solamente las plantas de Mara Elena y de Pedro de }\par\pard\li
586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Valdivia siguen operando. }\p
18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Para el cobre, se uso inicialmente la lixiviacin
en bateas, el cobre era recuperado como cemento de }\par\pard\li586\ri0
\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {cobre. Esta tecnologa se ha usad
o en diversas instalaciones de la pequea minera del cobre y, }\par\pard\
li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {principalmente, en las plan
tas regionales de la Empresa Nacional de Minera (ENAMI). Este producto si }\par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\c
olno1\colw10013\colsr-0\colno2\colw1080\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Oscar Benavente }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\p
ghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {bien se
trata de un precipitado de muy alta ley, con 75 a 85% de cobre r
equiere, de un tratamiento de }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {fundicin y refinacin que aumenta los costos y, generalmente, los
torna prohibitivos. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li58
6\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Otra aplicacin, usada con mi
nerales de altas leyes, es la lixiviacin por agitacin con lavado en }\p
ar\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {contracorriente, se

guida de cementacin con chatarra, a fines de los 60 e inicios de los 70, este pro
ceso }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {en la min
era del cobre ha sido utilizado hasta fines de los 80, las plantas d
e agitacin de Carolina de }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {Michilla, Ojancos, ENAMI-Taltal y ENAMI-Vallenar. No obstante
, todava hoy en Mantos Blancos se }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {contina lixiviado por agitacin las especies oxidadas
de cobre contenidas en los concentrados del }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\s
lmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {circuito de flotacin de xidos, como un c
omplemento al circuito principal de lixiviacin de minerales en }\par\pard
\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {bateas. En la metalurgia d
el oro son numerosas las plantas que usan la lixiviacin por agitacin, seguida }\pa
r\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {de lavado o filtrado
en contracorriente, para tratar minerales de mayor ley y para concentrados, com
o es }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {el caso de
El Pen, La Coipa, CanCan y El Indio. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Con la invencin de
l proceso de aglomeracin-curado seguido de lixiviacin en pilas, proceso TL, permit
e }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {la puesta en m
archa de la mina Lo Aguirre, de la Sociedad Minera Pudahuel, en 1980, este proce
so ha }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {permitido
la explotacin de minerales de leyes bajas: desde 1,8% de Lo Aguirre,
en 1980, a leyes }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {menores que 0,5% como ocurre actualmente en El Abra, Radomiro Tomic y Lomas
Bayas. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\
slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La tcnica de aglomeracin y lixiviacin en pilas,
con cal, cemento y soluciones de cianuro se ha usado, }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-2
26\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {para la recuperacin de oro y plata.
Mediante este proceso se han tratado minerales de baja ley, }\par\pard
\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {alcanzando incluso leyes
de oro inferiores a 1 gramo por tonelada, San Cristbal, Antofagasta,
y de }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Refugio,
en Maricunga, y el proyecto de Cerro Casale, tambin ubicado en el di
strito de Maricunga, }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {antiguos relaves, como fue el caso del retratamiento de los relaves de fl
otacin de Mantos de Punitaqui, }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {por Minera Tamaya, a partir de 1988. De manera similar, en la mine
ra del salitre y del yodo, la lixiviacin }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {en pilas se desarrolla desde inicios de los aos 90. }\par\
pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La incorporacin de extraccin por solventes para cobre
en la planta piloto de Chuquicamata, 1970 es }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-22
6\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {seguida por la puesta en marcha de
Lo Aguirre, 1980, la cual es la primera aplicacin comercial de }\par\pa
rd\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {extraccin por solventes e
n Chile. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253
\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Otras aplicaciones de la extraccin por solve
nte en Chile son: }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\r
i0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1- La planta de SX-EO en 1984.de E
l Teniente, trata las aguas que percolan por la lixiviacin in-situ en el }\par\pa
rd\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {crter de la explotacin, pr
oducto del paso de aguas de deshielo, produce soluciones con 1 a 1,5 g/l Cu, }\p
ar\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {pero altamente vari
ables en concentracin y caudal segn la estacin. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2- La
planta SX-EO del Proyecto Ripios de Chuquicamata en 1987, lixiviacin en bota
dero de los ripios }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {de lixiviacin en bateas de Chuquicamata, los que, unidos a las soluciones de l
as bateas cargadas con }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {mineral fresco, dan una alimentacin media a SX de 10 a 12 g/l

Cu, se constituye en una de las }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {operaciones de SX con las soluciones de mayor concentracin
en el mundo. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\s
l-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3- La Lixiviacin Bacterial TL-SX-EO
de sulfuros de cobre en Lo Aguirre, es la primera LX bacterial de
}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {minerales fresco
s, 1985, se trata del tratamiento secundario (mediante lixiviacin bacteriana) de
los ripios }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {con
contenidos de cobre sulfurado remanentes de la lixiviacin TL primaria,
efectuada qumicamente }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {sobre los minerales principalmente oxidados y mixtos de cobre que caracter
izaron la operacin inicial del }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {yacimiento Lo Aguirre, gradualmente la alimentacin fresca de minera
les desde la mina se fue tornando }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {cada vez ms alta en sulfuros, hasta hacerse insignificantes los
contenidos de xidos ya desde 1987, con }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {lo cual, a partir de ese momento, la lixiviacin pas a ser ni
camente bacterial. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\
ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Hacia fines de los aos 80 e
inicios de los 90, debido a un aumento en los precios del cobre, a
l }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {agotamiento d
e las ms altas leyes en los minerales, a los mayores costos asociados
a los procesos }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {tradicionales, a la creciente preocupacin por el ambiente y a la llegada de in
versionistas extranjeros, es }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {posible apreciar un significativo cambio en la tendencia, s
urgiendo un gran nmero de proyectos para }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult
0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {cobre susceptibles de aprovechar las tcnicas de LXSX-EO. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Desde entonces se han estudiado, a nive
l piloto y en el propio lugar de cada proyecto, numerosas }\par\pard\l
i586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {variaciones del sistema,
como son la recuperacin de cobre desde minerales exticos y refractarios,
}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {alimentacin slo d
e sulfuros, tratamiento de minerales de leyes extremadamente bajas, uso exclusiv
o de }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {agua de m
ar, trabajo a gran altura sobre el nivel del mar, trabajo bajo condi
ciones climticas muy }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {adversas, etc., mantenindose en todos los casos las caractersticas
propias del proceso: bajos costos }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\
pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw10013\colsr-0\colno2\colw10
80\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Oscar Benavente }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {7 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn
133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {operacio
nales, simplicidad del proceso, buena compatibilidad con el ambiente y alta cali
dad del producto, }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{en la generalidad de los casos, en la forma de ctodos de alta calidad, segn norm
as BSI y ASTM. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\
sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La primera inversin de esta serie
corresponde al Proyecto Lince, perteneciente a la asociacin entre }\par
\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Outokumpu, y Minera
Michilla. Esta aplicacin tiene la particularidad de ser la primera op
eracin en el }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {mu
ndo que utiliz agua de mar para la lixiviacin, para la obtencin de ctodos de alta ca
lidad va LX-SX-}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {EO
. Su produccin se encuentra inscrita y aceptada en el London Metal Exchange (LME)
y es reconocida }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{por la calidad de sus ctodos. Su inicio de operaciones fue en 1991 y se expandi a
l doble en 1995. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri
0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Posteriormente, surgen otros proyec
tos como Cerro Colorado en 1993 (con dos expansiones en 96 y 98) }\par\pard\li58
6\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {y Quebrada Blanca, en 1994,
este ltimo ubicado a gran altitud (4.300 m s.n.m.) y con el desafo
de }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {implementar
la lixiviacin bacterial en condiciones climticas adversas, El Abra, en 1
996, la mayor }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
operacin en el mundo de este tipo construida como una sola unidad: 225.000 ton/ao
de ctodos, entre }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
muchos otros. }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\
margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw10013\colsr-0\colno2\colw1080\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li58
ard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li58

f0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Oscar Benavente }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
rd\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pg
hsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
\pard\li3506\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Universidad Catolica
del Norte }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
53\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Elementos de qumica de soluciones en Hid
rometalurgia }\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn
666\margrsxn133\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-25
3\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {En Hidrometalurgia se trata con reacciones
heterogneas del tipo slido/lquido, slido/liquido/gas. Para }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {lo cual, se deben revisar algunos aspect
os de la estructura de los minerales. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Estructura de los Minerales }\b0 \i0 \par\pa
0\f1\charscalex100 {Los minerales se clasifican, desde el punto de vista
estructural como: metlicos, inicos o covalentes. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Esta clasificacin es ideal, pues es comn enc
ontrar situaciones de traslape entre estos tipos de enlaces}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {Estructura de enlaces metlicos }\b0 \par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {En los metal
es, los tomos estn empaquetados muy prximos entre s, esto da como result
ado el }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {arreglo
muy denso. Existen traslapes de los orbtales entre tomos en la totalid
ad del cristal, as es }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {posible, que un electrn se mueva desde un orbital de un tomo hacia un orb
ital de otro tomo, de esta }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {manera, los electrones de valencia pueden considerarse deslocalizados,
es decir, ellos no pertenecen a }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {un tomo individual sino al cristal considerado como un todo. Est
o explica la alta conductividad elctrica }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {de los metales. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Estructura de enlaces inicos }\b0 \par\pard\li5
86\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {La estabilidad de los minerales que contienen iones, se debe a la
tendencia de ciertos tomos a perder }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {electrones, y a otros de ganarlos. Estos tomos estn fuertemente
unidos por fuerzas electrostticas. Por }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {ejemplo, el cristal de NaCI, cada n Na}{\super \fs12\up4\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { est rodeado de seis iones Cl}
{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { y. simil
armente, cada in Cl}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs18\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 { est }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {ro
deado de seis iones Na}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs18\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {. Los enlaces inicos mantienen unido cada in a todos sus vecinos a
travs }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {del cristal
. As, el cristal es una unidad gigante, ionicamente sujeta. Como resultado, estos
cristales son }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {d
uros, rgidos y alto punto de fusin, son malos conductores elctricos pero
cuando se disuelven o se }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {funden, los iones pasan a ser independientes y altamente
mviles, y la solucin o sustancia fundida se }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\sl
mult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {transforma en un conductor elctrico. Los
cristales inicos se fracturan con dificultad, pero, cuando las }\par\pard
\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {fracturas ocurren, se prod
ucen a lo largo de los planos de iones del cristal. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Estructura de enlaces covalentes }

\b0 \par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-320\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {En las especies covalentes, los tomos estn s
ujetos por enlaces de electrones compartidos o }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226
\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {covalentes. Pueden ser minerales formados p
or unidades discretas o bien de estructura reticulada: }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-2
0 {a) }{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \ul {Unidades discretas:}\b0 \ul0 \fs20\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 { no existen fuerzas de enlace que se extiendan ms
all de esas unidades }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {discretas, por esto, las fuerzas intermoleculares son dbiles, ellos son b
landos, de bajo punto de fusin y }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {calor de vaporizacin. En el azufre elemental (S}{\super \f
s12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {0}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {), cada tomo est
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}}}}\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\col
s2\colno1\colw6106\colsr-0\colno2\colw4986\pard\li586\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Hidrometalurgia I }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Universidad Catolica del Norte }\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\s
sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Metlico-inico}\b0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {: minerales como la galena (PbS), esfalerita (ZnS) y calcopiri
ta (CuFeS}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {),
presentan }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {propie
dades caractersticas de los metales: lustre, opacidad y conductividad elc
trica. Esta ltima }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {propiedad es, sin embargo, mucho menor que la de los metales, moti
vo por el cual se les llama }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {semiconductores. Es el resultado de un movimiento restringido
de los electrones en el reticulado debido a }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {defectos estructurales. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{Covalente-inico:}\b0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { un enlace inico puede ser
parcialmente covalente y viceversa, el cloruro de plata, }\par\pard\li5
86\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {AgCl, es un cristal predominan
temente inico, pero los electrones del cloruro no estn todos localizados }\par\par
d\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {en torno al ncleo de
cloro y pueden pasar al ncleo de plata, dado que estos electrones estn
}\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {compartidos, e
l enlace entre ellos es parcialmente covalente y es ms fuerte que el
enlace inico, esto }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {explica su insolubilidad en agua. Existen tambin minerales enlazados
en forma tanto inica como }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {covalente. En los carbonatos, el enlace entre carbono y o
xgeno es covalente, mientras que entre el }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {carbono y el ion metlico es inico. La ensta
tita (Mg}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {(Si}{
\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs14\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {6}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {)) consiste de una cadena
de silicato, en la }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {que el silicio est enlazado covalentemente con el oxgeno, mientra
s el magnesio est presente como }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {ion. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Metlico-covalente}\b0 \fs
20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {: la pirita (FeS}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\
fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {) puede ser considerada un mineral de enlace mixto de
l tipo metlico-}\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {co
valente. Tiene un lustre metlico, estructura cbica y el ion disulfuro S}{\sub \fs1
4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2-}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 { es covalente por naturaleza. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Caractersticas Estructurales del Agua }\b0 \i0 \
s18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Estructu
ra del Agua }\b0 \par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0
\sl-306\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {En la molcula de agua, el ncleo
del hidrgeno no se posiciona en una lnea recta, sino que en las }\par
\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {esquinas de un tringul
o. Adems de los enlaces covalentes, entre el oxgeno y el ncleo de hidrgeno }\par\pa
rd\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {hay dos pares de electro
nes solitarios en la capa exterior del tomo de oxgeno. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{Una consecuencia de este arreglo de electrones es que la molcula de agua es pola
r, es decir, el centro }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {de las cargas positivas no coincide con el de las cargas negativas. Una c
arga positiva se ubica en cada }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\

charscalex100 {ncleo de hidrgeno y ocho cargas positivas en el ncleo del
oxgeno, la carga negativa del par de }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \
fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {electrones solitarios est localizada mucho ms arri
ba del ncleo de oxgeno, y hay un desplazamiento }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-22
6\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {de electrones en los enlaces hacia el tomo
de oxgeno, ms electronegativo. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li600\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Como resultado de la al
ta polaridad de las molculas de agua, el enlace de hidrgeno se posiciona entre }\p
ar\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {los mismos dipolos
de las molculas de agua, como se aprecia en la Figura 1. Cada molcula de agua
}\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {forma cuatro
enlaces de hidrgeno con las dems molculas que la rodean. Los enlaces de
hidrgeno }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {son db
iles, por efecto de la temperatura, las vibraciones moleculares aumenta
n y son suficientes para }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {romperse en el punto de ebullicin. Al enfriarse, el agua s
e congela para formar cristales de hielo de }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {estructura hexagonal. }\par\pard\li1560\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1560\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li1560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1560\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1560\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b {Figura 1 molecula de agua con mostrando la polaridad del ella
ce de hidrogeno }\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\margl
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8\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Constante
Dielctrica }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Universidad Catolica del Norte }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghs
xn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li586\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La constante dielctrica cor
responde a la habilidad para neutralizar un campo elctrico, por medio de la }\par
\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {orientacin de sus molcu
las, de forma que sus extremos positivos enfrenten el polo negativo del campo }\
par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {elctrico, y a su
vez sus extremos cargados negativamente enfrentan el polo positivo. E
l grado de }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {neu
tralizacin del campo elctrico est directamente relacionado con la polaridad de la s
ustancia. }\par\pard\li5280\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5280\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Cnte dielctrica (}\fs20\cf0\f2\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u949X}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {) }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5746\colsr-0\colno
2\colw5346\pard\li3746\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Compuesto
}\par\pard\li3746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f1\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\c
f1\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf1\f1\charscalex100 {O }\par\pard\li3746\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Metanol }\par\pard\li3746\ri0\sl-226\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Etanol }\par\pard\li3746\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {S }\par\pard\li3746\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {C
}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {6}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {6}}\par\pard\li3746\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {CCl}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4}}\par\pard\li3746\ri0\sl-226\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4}}\par\p
ard\li3746\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Aire }\par\pard\li3746
\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Mica }\par\pard\li3746\ri0\sl-22
6\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Poliestireno }\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {a 298 K }\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-240\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf1\f1\charscalex100 {78.5 }\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {32.6 }\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {24 }\par\pard\li226\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {9.
3 }\par\pard\li226\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2.2 }\par\pard
\li226\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2.2 }\par\pard\li226\ri0\s
l-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1.7 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1.00006 }\par\pard\li226\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {5.4 }\par\pard\li226\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {2.5 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\ma
rgrsxn133\pard\li2720\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Tabla 1 C
onstante dielctrica para algunos compuestos }\b0 \par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {El ag
ua tiene una alta constante dielctrica, por tanto, es uno de los solventes ms pola
res que existen, }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{esto se debe a la presencia de un tomo muy electronegativo, O, y dos muy poco el
ectronegativos, los H. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {Como consecuencia las molculas o partculas cargadas elctricamente so
n fcilmente disociadas en }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {presencia de agua. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Ionizacin del agua }\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-21
{El agua pura es un mal conductor elctrico. Esta dbil conductancia se debe a la p
olaridad del agua y a la }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {asociacin de las molculas de H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}

\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {O a travs de puentes de hidrgeno. Si una molcu
la de agua es }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{dividida en H}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 { y OH}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {, el ion H}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+ }}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {es muy pequeo y presenta una elevada densidad de carga, por lo tanto, }\par
\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {no puede existir a
islado por s mismo, se asociar a otra molcula de H}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {O en la ubicacin del par de }\pa
r\pard\li600\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {electrones solitario
s para formar H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{O}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {, ion
hidronio, como se muestra a continuacin: }\par\pard\li4000\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs
14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\
marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols6\colno1\colw1346\colsr-0\colno2\colw1013\colsr-0\co
lno3\colw373\colsr-0\colno4\colw493\colsr-0\colno5\colw666\colsr-0\colno6\colw72
00\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {H}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li72
0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {H}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0
\sl-333\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \
*\tx733\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{ }\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8658X}\par\column\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63726X}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63727X}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63727X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-22
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63727X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63727X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63728X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {H}\i0 { }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {H}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N}\par\column\pard\li213\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li213\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx386\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {O}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {H}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63737X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-22
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63738X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63738X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63738X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63738X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u63739X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\
marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {El enlace entre el O y el H
, representado por una flecha llena, se llama }{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b {enlace dativo, }\b0 { }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {o }{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\b {enlace de}\b0 \par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\b {coordinacin, }\b0 { }\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {dado que es su
ministrado por el par de electrones solitarios del tomo de oxgeno. El }
\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {nmero de iones H}{
\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { y OH}{\su
per \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { es muy pequeo
, por lo que la constante de equilibrio a temperatura ambiente }\par\pard\li586\
ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {para la reaccin que sigue: }\par\p
f0\f1\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {O }\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8660X}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
H}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { + OH}{
\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs20
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {K = [H}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs20\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {] [OH}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs20\cf0\

f1\charscalex100 {] = 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-14}}\par\pard\
li586\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {[H}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] concentracin del ion hidrgeno (pr
otn). }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {[OH}{\super
\fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] concentracin de
iones OH}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{ (hidroxilo). }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\
sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La constante de equilibrio depende de
la temperatura, Tabla II. }\par\pard\li1906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1906\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Tabla II Efecto de l
a temperatura en la constante de ionizacion del agua }\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9893\col
sr-0\colno2\colw1200\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\
586\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Oscar Benavente }\par\column\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\m
arglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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3\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\cols3\colno1\colw3466\colsr-0\colno2\colw1973\colsr-0\
colno3\colw5653\pard\li586\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hidrom
etalurgia I }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {cidos y Bases }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {Temperatura }\par\pard\li506\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {0 }\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {10 }\par\pa
rd\li453\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {20 }\par\pard\li453\ri0\
sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {25 }\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-240\slmult
0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {30 }\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {40 }\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {50 }\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {60 }\par\
pard\li453\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {70 }\par\pard\li453\ri
0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {80 }\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-240\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {90 }\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {100 }\par\column\pard\li666\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Universidad Catolica del Norte }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {K}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {H2O}}\fs20\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {x10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {14}}\par\pard\li
133\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {0.1139 }\par\pard\li133\ri0\s
l-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {0.2920 }\par\pard\li133\ri0\sl-240\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {0.6809 }\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1.008 }\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {1.469 }\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {2.919 }\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {5.474
}\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {9.614 }\par\pard
\li186\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {15.10 }\par\pard\li240\ri0
\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {23.4 }\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-240\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {35.5 }\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {51.3 }\par\pard\li346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
fs40\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {[ ][ ]}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsx
n16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw6000\colsr-0\colno2\colw653\cols
r-0\colno3\colw213\colsr-0\colno4\colw4226\pard\li586\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {En agua presenta el equilibrio H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {O }{ }\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u8660X}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {H}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { + OH}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {K}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}\par\col
umn\pard\li266\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {OH}\i0 \par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs34\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {[}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {H}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {O}\i0 \fs34\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{]}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u872
2X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {, pero
la concentracin [H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {O] es }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\ma

mult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {constante, con lo que queda }\par\pard\li1
666\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs40\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {[ ][ ]}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2346\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {K}\i0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {H}\i0 }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {O}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {OH}\i0 { }\fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u8722X}{\sub \fs26\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}}\par\column{\trowd\trleft0\
trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl0\trpaddr0\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdr
none\clbrdrl\brdrnone\clbrdrb\brdrnone\clbrdrr\brdrnone\cltxlrtb\clNoWrap\clftsW
idth3\clwWidth6853\clpadt0\clpadr0\clpadft3\clpadfr3\cellx10720 \pard\li0\ri0\sl
-213\widctlpar\intbl \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-186\widctlpar\intbl \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {H}\i0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {2}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {O}\i0 \fs26\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}\fs26\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {OH}\i0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {K}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {, cuyo valor a 18C se denomina producto inico del }\fs14\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\cell\row}\pard\li240\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw1440\colsr
-0\colno2\colw1666\colsr-0\colno3\colw733\colsr-0\colno4\colw7253\pard\li586\ri0
\sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {agua }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-93
\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {. }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx5480\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Un cido
es una sustancia que produce protones.}\tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {U
na base es una sustancia que produce iones }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {hidroxilo.}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Si u
na solucin acuosa es neutra, se cumplir que [H}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] = [OH}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {-}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] = 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{-7}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { si es cida [H}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] > 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {-7 }}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {y es }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {bsica [OH}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}
\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] > 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-7}}\
fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La acidez o alcalini
dad de una solucin est definida por la escala de pH y pOH, definida
como pH = -}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Lo
g[H}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] y
pOH = -Log[OH}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {]. Las escalas de pH y pOH se relacionan entre s, y los valo
res de pH y de }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {pOH suman 14. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri
0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {El pH de una solucin 0,1 Molar de HC
I (3,65 g/l ) equivale a pH=1, y el pH de una solucin de 0,1 Molar }\par\pard\li5
86\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {de NaOH (4 g/l ) es pH 13. }\p
18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucione
s Tampn o Amortiguadores de pH }\b0 \par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {En los procesos
hidrometatrgicos es importante que el pH no se desve mucho desde un determinado
}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {valor.}{ }\fs20
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Esto se logra, normalmente, aadiendo al sistema una solucin
tampn, buffer o amortiguadora de }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {tal forma que cuando un cido o una base se producen a causa del
proceso, el pH del sistema no cambie }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {sustancialmente. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\

cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La solucin ta
mpn es una mezcla de un cido dbil y una de sus sales, por ejemplo, ci
do actico y }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {ace
tato de sodio. La ionizacin del cido actico est dada por: CH}{\sub \fs14\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {COOH }{ }\fs20\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u8660X}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {COO}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {-}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { + H}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {y su }\par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\coln
o1\colw7946\colsr-0\colno2\colw3146\pard\li6493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f2\
charscalex100 {[ ][}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs40\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {]}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols8\colno1\colw6066\colsr-0\
colno2\colw240\colsr-0\colno3\colw360\colsr-0\colno4\colw320\colsr-0\colno5\colw
1186\colsr-0\colno6\colw280\colsr-0\colno7\colw720\colsr-0\colno8\colw1920\pard\
li586\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {constante de equilibrio
de disociacin, est dada: }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {K}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs34\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{[}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {CH}\i0
{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {COO}\i0 \par\
pard\li893\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs34\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {]}\par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li613\ri0\sl120\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {8}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\fs16\cf
0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 { donde: }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn168
40\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li6733\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {CH}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {COOH}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols11\colno1\colw1120\col
sr-0\colno2\colw213\colsr-0\colno3\colw1400\colsr-0\colno4\colw2346\colsr-0\coln
o5\colw386\colsr-0\colno6\colw333\colsr-0\colno7\colw573\colsr-0\colno8\colw160\
colsr-0\colno9\colw346\colsr-0\colno10\colw1320\colsr-0\colno11\colw2893\pard\li
626\ri0\sl-600\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {[ ] [}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscal
ex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {K
}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {CH}\i0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3
}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {COO}\i0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}
{ }\fs40\cf0\f2\charscalex100\ul {]}\ul0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { y toma
ndo logaritmo}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {pH}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l
og}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {K}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u87
22X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {log}\par\column\pard\li213\ri0\sl-120\slmult0
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs34\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 {[}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {CH}\i0 }\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {COOH}\i0 {\super \fs34\up-2\cf0\f2\charscal
ex100\ul {]}\ul0 }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \*\tx1053\fs40\cf0\f2\charsc
alex100 {[}\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs40\cf0\f2\charscal
ex100 {]}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-3
20\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {, en una solucin }\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw6973\co
lsr-0\colno2\colw4120\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs34\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{[}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {CH}\i0 }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {COOH}\i0 { }\fs34\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {]}\par\column
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx440\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {CH}\i0 \tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {COO}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pg
hsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw7333\colsr-0\colno2\colw3760\
pard\li2440\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs34\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {[}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {CH}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {COOH}\i0 {\super \fs34\up
-2\cf0\f2\charscalex100\ul {]}\ul0 }\par\pard\li3493\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs14\cf
0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{\super \fs24\up2\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}}\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2
480\colsr-0\colno2\colw373\colsr-0\colno3\colw746\colsr-0\colno4\colw466\colsr-0
\colno5\colw7026\pard\li586\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {tampn
la relacin }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{[}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {]}{\super \fs24\up9
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {, entonces el pH es igual a 4,74, si un cido se agrega
a esta }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margr
sxn133\pard\li2533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {CH}\i0 { }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {COO}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pgh
sxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {3}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {sol
ucin, una proporcin del ion acetato se convierte en cido actico y si se agrega una b
ase, de cido }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\ma
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5
86\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li586\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Oscar Benavente }\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12 }\
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard
\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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l Norte }\par\pard\li386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li386\ri0\sl-546\
slmult0 \fs34\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {[}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {CH}\i0
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {COOH}\i0 {\super \fs34\up-2\cf0\f2\charscalex100
\ul {]}\ul0 }\par\pard\li480\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {CH
}\i0 {\super \fs14\up11\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {C
OO}\i0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs40\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {]}
\par\pard\li440\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {[}\par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw6
946\colsr-0\colno2\colw866\colsr-0\colno3\colw3280\pard\li586\ri0\sl-186\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {actico se convierte en ion acetato.}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {En cualquier caso, la relacin }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-186\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {relacin a la unidad y el pH se mantiene casi inaltera
do. }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { cambia ligeramen
te con }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsx
n133\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {El pH de una solucin de 100 ml de 0,5 M cido
actico (CH}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {CO
OH) y 0,5 M acetato de sodio }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {(CH}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {COONa) es 4.74, si se le agrega 0,001 moles de hidrxido de sodio (NaOH).}

{ }\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Los 100 ml de solucin }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\
slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {contienen 0,05 moles de CH}{\sub \fs14\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {COOH y 0,05 moles de CH
}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {COONa.}{ }\fs1
8\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Cuando se agregan 0,001 moles de }\par\pard\li586\r
i0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {NaOH a esta solucin, una cantidad e
quivalente de cido actico reaccionar para convertirse en acetato }\par\pard\li600\r
i0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {de sodio.}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {Esto entrega 0,049 moles de cido y 0,051 moles de ion acetato
en la solucin final.}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Las }\par\pard\li586\ri0\
sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {concentraciones respectivas sern 0,49
M y 0,51 M, y el pH = - Log 1,8 x 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-5}
}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { -Log (0,49/0.51) = 4,76 }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {El cambio de pH fue insignificante, solame
nte desde 4,74 a 4,76.}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {En contraste, cuando se ag
regan 0,001 }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {mole
s de NaOH a 100 ml de agua, sin solucin tampn, el pH resultante llega a 10. }\par\
cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Solubilidad en agua }\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li600\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {La solubilidad en el agua se relaciona con su polaridad y la asociacin
de las molculas de H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {O entre s, }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
a travs de los enlaces de hidrgeno.}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {A contin
uacin se vern las reglas generales de solubilidad, el }\par\pard\li586\ri0
\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {producto de solubilidad y el efecto
de iones compartidos y formacin de complejos. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Reglas generales de solubilidad }\b0 \par
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Las soluciones acuosas se producen al disolver una
sustancia en agua resultando una mezcla }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {homognea sin reaccin qumica, es decir, sin romperse
los enlaces o transferirse electrones.}{ }\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Las reglas
}\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {generales de so
lubilidad son las siguientes: }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li600\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \ul {Gases:}\b0 \ul0
\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { Pequeas molculas gaseosas como el oxgeno, O}{\s
ub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {, o hidrgeno, H}
{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {, se disuelve
n en agua }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {enca
jando en los espacios de la estructura del agua.}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
La solubilidad gaseosa es pequea y disminuye al }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {aumentar la temperatura debido a que las fuerzas
que las mantienen unidas son muy dbiles. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \ul {Molcula
s polares:}\b0 \ul0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { como la acetona o el alc
ohol, y bases se disuelven fcilmente en agua formando }\par\pard\li600\ri
0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {enlaces de hidrgeno. La solubili
dad disminuye al aumentar la temperatura a causa de la debilidad de }
\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {esos enlaces con
respecto a las vibraciones trmicas. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Molculas no-pola
res:}\b0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { estas molculas, como el tetracloruro de car
bono, CCl}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {, o e
l benceno, C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {6}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {H}
{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {6}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {, son }\par\par
d\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {insolubles en agua debido
a la inhabilidad de sta para formar enlaces de hidrgeno. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex1

00\b {Cristales inicos:}\b0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { Se disuelven en agu
a a causa de dos razones: i) la tendencia a hidratarse de los }\par\
pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {iones en el cristal
, ii) el debilitamiento de las fuerzas electrostticas de atraccin intern
a en un cristal }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {inico (energa del reticulado) como resultado de la presencia de las
molculas de agua, altamente }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {polares.}{ }\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La alta constante dielctric
a del agua hace que las fuerzas de atraccin entre cationes y aniones }\par\pard\l
i600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {en una sal se reduzcan, por
un factor de 80 veces, cuando el agua se encuentra entre ellos. }\par\pard\li600
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\b \ul {Cristales no-inicos:}\b0 \ul0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { co
mo los metales o cristales covalentes son insolubles debido a la impo
sibilidad }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {de la
s molculas de agua de debilitar los fuertes enlaces, metlicos o covalen
tes, que mantienen }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {fuertemente sujetos los tomos dentro del cristal. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-21
{Efecto de solventes orgnicos: la adicin de un solvente orgnico a una solucin acuos
a de un electrolito }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {normalmente disminuye la solubilidad de los solutos, debido a que
la constante dielctrica del medio }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {disminuye, lo que fortalece las fuerzas entre los i
ones.}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Por ejemplo, la adicin de acetona (con
stante }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {dielctrica
= 20) a una solucin de sulfato ferroso produce la precipitacin del F
eSO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {*H}{\sub \f
s14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {O, ya que la }\par\p
ard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {acetona tiene una const
ante dielctrica menor que la del agua. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Efecto de fuer
zas nter-inicas: electrolitos levemente solubles son ms solubles en soluciones de s
ales }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {extraas que
en agua pura.}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {En soluciones diluidas los iones es
tn libres y separados, de forma que no se }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {influencian entre s.}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Sin
embargo, en soluciones ms concentradas: }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {i) Cualquier in est rodeado con iones de carga opuesta. }\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2
\colno1\colw9893\colsr-0\colno2\colw1200\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Oscar Benavente }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893
\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft3240\shptop9880\shpright3240\shpbottom10173\shpfhdr0\shp
wr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2341\shpz29\shpbxpage\shpbypage
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\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {ii) Las
interacciones electrostticas son ms fuertes, ya que los iones estn ms prximos. }\par\
cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Producto de
solubilidad }\b0 \par\pard\li3666\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3666\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}\par\pard\li3613\ri0\s

l-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {V}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1
0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3666\*\tx3906\fs20
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {En un proceso homogneo AB }\tab \fs14\cf0\f2\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u8592X}\tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { A + B, la velocidad de
la reaccin directa (haca adelante) V}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1}}\
fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {, es }\par\pard\li3600\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {V}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl186\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {proporcional a la concentracin de AB
, mientras que la velocidad de la reaccin reversible (hacia atrs }\par\p
ard\li586\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {hacia la izquierda) V}{
\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {, es proporciona
l tanto a las concentraciones de A como de B. Esto puede expresarse }\par\pard\l
i586\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {como: }\par\pard\li613\ri0\
sl-546\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {V}\i0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {1}}\fs26\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {k}\i0 {\s
ub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs34\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {[ ]}{\sub \fs20\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {y}}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {V}\i0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs26\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {k}\i0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs34\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{[ ][ ]}\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Donde k}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1
}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { y k}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 { son las constantes de velocidad de las reacciones
hacia delante y hacia atrs, }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx2186\f
s18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {respectivamente.}\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Ahor
a bien, en el equilibrio ambas velocidades se igualan, es decir, V}{\
sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { = V}{\sub \fs1
2\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {, lo que }\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\col
w2253\colsr-0\colno2\colw8840\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs34\cf0\f2\charsc
alex100 {[ ][ ]}\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {e
quivale a }{\sub \fs34\cf0\f2\charscalex100\ul {[ ]}\ul0 }\par\column\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx506\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {k}\i0 }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charsca
lex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {K}\i0 { }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
donde K es la constante de equilibrio. }\par\pard\li213\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {k}\i0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li586\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {Consideremos ahora la disolucin de una sal AB, escasamente soluble en ag
ua, la que se disocia en los }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {iones A}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+ }}\fs20\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {y B}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {.}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La velocidad de disolucin depender del re
a superficial de la sal.}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Una vez que la solucin }\
par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {se satura, la diso
lucin se detiene, ya que la velocidad de recristalizacin se iguala con la de disol
ucin.}\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Dado que la cantidad de AB no influye en
el grado de saturacin, puede ser considerada como una }\par\pard\li600\
ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {constante.}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {As, queda }{ }\fs40\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {[ ][ ]}\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u8722X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {K}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {PS}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100
{=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {K}\i0 {\super \fs34\up-1\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {[ ]}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { donde: Kps es el}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {producto de solubilidad. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {Las concentraciones deben expresarse en molaridad. }\par\pard\li

charscalex100 {La Tabla III muestra el producto de solubilidad determinados a pa
rtir de datos experimentales.}\par\pard\li3880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li3880\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Tabla III }\b0 \fs2
0\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Productos de solubilidad }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
gwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5706\colsr-0\col
no2\colw5386\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx4080\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
b {Compuesto }\b0 \tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Kps }\b0 \par\column\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx1440\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Compuesto }\b0 \tab
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Kps }\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893
\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4080\colsr-0\colno2\colw16
26\colsr-0\colno3\colw1440\colsr-0\colno4\colw3946\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-333\slmult
0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {AI(OH)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\par\p
ard\li2640\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {BaCO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {BaCrO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4}}\par\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {BaF}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\par\par
d\li2640\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {BaSO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {4}}\par\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{CaCO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {CaF}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\l
i2640\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {CaSO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {4}}\par\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {C
u(OH)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {U(IO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3 x 10}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {-34}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {5 x
10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-9}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2,1 x 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-1
0}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1,7 x 10}{\super
\fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-6}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {1,1 x 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-10}}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4,5 x 10}{\super \fs14\up4\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-9}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {3,9 x 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-11}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2,4 X 10}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {-5}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4,8
X 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-20}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {7,4 x 10}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
-8}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Mg(OH)}{
\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {Mn(OH)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Hg}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2
}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {CI}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {AgBrO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {AgBr
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {AgCl }\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Ag}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {CrO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4}}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Agl }\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {AgSCN }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {ZnCO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {8.9 X 10}{\super
f1\charscalex100 {2 X 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-13}}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1,2 X 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {-18}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {5,5 x 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-5}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {5 X 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {-13}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1,8 x 1

0}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-10}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1,2 X 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-12
}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {8,3 X 10}{\super
f1\charscalex100 {1,1 X 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-12}}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1 x 10}{\super \fs14\up3\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {-10}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\ma
rglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw4080\colsr-0\colno2\colw1626\colsr-0\coln
o3\colw5386\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La(OH)}{\
sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {PbSO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4}}\par\column\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2 X 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {-21}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{1,6 X 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-8}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1440\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Zn(OH)}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {2amorfo}\tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3 X 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {-16}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{Zn(OH)}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2cristalino}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { 6
x 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-17}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
gwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Se suele ut
ilizar esta constante de equilibrio de electrolitos fuertes slo en los casos de b
aja concentracin }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
por 2 razones principalmente: }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16
840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw1306\colsr-0\colno2\colw9786\pard\l
i586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1. }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Las soluciones concentradas no s
on soluciones ideales, y las expresiones de la constante de }\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\
colw9893\colsr-0\colno2\colw1200\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {equilibrio no son aplicables. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
100 {Oscar Benavente }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\m
arglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}

xn133\cols2\colno1\colw1306\colsr-0\colno2\colw9786\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-24
0\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2. }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Debido a la baja concentracin, no se puede calc
ular directamente la solubilidad de estas sales, sin }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {embargo, se puede detectar los iones disuelto
s mediante la medicin de voltaje. Estas mediciones dan }\par\pard\li586\r
i0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {directamente el Kps. }\par\pard\li
charscalex100\ul {CLCULO DE LA SOLUBILIDAD}\ul0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100\ul { }
\ul0 \par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Cmo calcular la solubilidad de una sal a partir d
el valor de Kps, o viceversa. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {El producto de solubilidad de la reaccin: BaCO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { Ba}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {+2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { + CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{3}}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { -2 }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {es Kps = 5,0 x
10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-9}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {; lu
ego, [Ba}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{][CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { -2}{\sub
\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {]= }}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {K}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {ps}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 { =5,0x10}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-9}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {, las unidades de concentracin es mol/L, la ecuacin indica que por cada mol
de Ba}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+2}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { q
ue se }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {disuelve,
hay un mol del CO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {-2}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {, [Ba}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
+2}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] = [CO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs
12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-2}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {], por lo tanto obtenemo
s que: [Ba}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2+}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {][CO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-2}\fs1
8\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] = [Ba}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2+}}\fs1

8\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {]}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 { = 5,0x }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {10}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-9 }}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {=> [Ba}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+2}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {] = 7,07 x10}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-5}}\fs16\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {, que es la concentracin de Ba}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {+2}}\fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {, igual a la concentracin de CO}{\
sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-2}\fs18\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {, luego la }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {solubilidad del BaCO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 { es 7,07 x 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-5}}\fs20
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { M }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {Para una reaccin del tipo: A}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {(s)}}\fs
20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {bB}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+c}}\fs14\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {(ac)}{\super \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+cC}}\fs14\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {-b}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {(ac)}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {,
el producto de solubilidad es Kps = [B}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+
c}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {]}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {b}}\fs2
0\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {[C}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-b}}\fs20\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {]}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {c}}\par\pard\li586\
ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx4813\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Considerando la siguie
nte reaccin: CaF}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2(s)}\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 { Ca}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+2}}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{(ac)}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { + 2F}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{-}}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {(ac)}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {: Kps [Ca}{\
super \fs12\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+2}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {][F}{\supe
r \fs12\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {]}{\super \fs12
\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {, de la tabla sabe
mos que }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Kps = 3
,9 x 10}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-11}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{. Segn la estequiometra y considerando agua pura, la nica fuente de Ca}{\super \fs
12\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+2}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { y F}{\super \fs12\
up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { es la sal, }\par\pard\
li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {se disuelven 2 veces ms ione
s F}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { que
Ca}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {. Con
esto, podemos escribir lo siguiente: [F}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{-}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] = 2[Ca}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{+2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {]: }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs20\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {[Ca}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+2}}\fs20\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {].(2[Ca}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+2}}\fs20\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 { ])}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 { = 3,9x 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-11}}\fs20\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 { => [Ca}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {] = 2,1 x 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-4}}\fs20\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 { M }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
586\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Como se disuelve 1 mol de Ca}
{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { por cad
a mol de sal, la solubilidad del CaF}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 { es 2,1x10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-4}}\fs
20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { M. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {Cuando se disuelve cromato de plata (Ag}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {CrO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4}}\
fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {) en agua pura, cul es la relacin entre [Ag}{\super \fs1
2\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] y [CrO}{\sub \fs12
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4}}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-2}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {]? }}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {C
ombinando este resultado y la ecuacin de Kps calcule la solubilidad de la sal. }\
par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*
\tx3173\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La reaccin es Ag}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex

100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {CrO}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4(s)}\tab \f
s18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { 2Ag}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs12\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {(aq)}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { + CrO}{\super \fs12\up4\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+2}}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4 (ac)}\fs18\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {, se disuelven 2 moles de plata por cada cromato, luego: }\par\pard\li5
86\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {[Ag}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {+}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] = 2[CrO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {4}}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-2}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] lo cual
es la relacin entre las concentraciones. El producto de solubilidad es [Ag}{\sup
er \fs12\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {]}{\super \fs1
2\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {[CrO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {4}}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-2}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {] }}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {= Kps =
1,2 x10}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-12}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{, remplazando, obtenemos que (2[CrO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4}}\fs14
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-2}{\sub \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {])}}\fs14\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {2}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { [CrO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{4}}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-2}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] = 1,2 x 10}\fs
14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-12 }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=> [CrO}{\sub \fs14\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {4}}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-2}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{] = 6,69 x 10}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-5}}\par\pard\li586\ri0\
sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {M, como se disuelve 1 mol de cromato
por cada mol de sal, entonces la solubilidad del cromato de plata es }\par\pard\
li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {6,69 x 10}{\super \fs14\up4
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-5}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl
100 {La solubilidad del CuCl (PM CuCl = 99) en agua es 0,042 g/l a
20C, es decir, la solucin saturada }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {contiene 0,042/99 mol/l de Cu}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { y una cantidad igual de CI}{\super
\fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {.}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {As: Kps = [Cu}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs20\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {] [Cl}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs20\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {]= (0,042/99) * (0,042/99) }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {= 1,8 * 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {7}}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult
0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {PbCl}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2 }}\fs20\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {(PM = 278) la solubilidad en agua es 6,37 g/l a
0C , es decir, en el equilibrio se tiene: }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {PbCl}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2(s)}\fs20\cf0\
f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8660X}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Pb}{\super \fs14\up4\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {2+}}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {(aq)}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {+2CI}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{(aq)}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { la solucin saturada contiene 6,37/278 (
mol/l) de Pb}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 { y 2x6,37/278 (mol/l) de }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {CI}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs20\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {.}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {As resulta que: Kps=[Pb}{\super \f
s14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {]x[CI}{\super \fs1
4\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {]}{\super \fs14\up4\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { = (6,37/278) x (2x6,37/278)
}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { = 4,8 x
10}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-5 }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Conociendo el Kp
s de una sustancia, se puede determinar su solubilidad.}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-2
0 {El producto de solubilidad del Mg(OH)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\f
s20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { est dado por Mg(OH)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
2}}\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8660X}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { Mg}{\sup
er \fs14\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { + 2 OH}{\sup

er \fs14\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {- }}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Kps = 8,9 x 1
0}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-12}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {, y s
u PM }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {= 58,3 lueg
o: }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Kps = [Mg}{\s
uper \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] [OH}{\sup
er \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {]}{\super \fs1
4\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { = 8,9 x 10}{\super \
fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-12}}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {Ya que la solubilidad normalmente se expresa en g/l,
definiremos las concentraciones molares del ion }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-24
0\slmult0 \*\tx6866\*\tx7066\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {[Mg}{\super \fs14\up4\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {2+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] y del anin [OH}{\super
\fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {], respectivamen
te como [Mg}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {] = X/PM}\tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {y}\tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {[OH}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
]=2X/PM reemplazando en }\par\pard\li1093\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs34\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 {[ ][ ]}{\super \fs16\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols6\colno1\colw880\c
olsr-0\colno2\colw360\colsr-0\colno3\colw453\colsr-0\colno4\colw373\colsr-0\coln
o5\colw1106\colsr-0\colno6\colw7920\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {K}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\chars
calex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {X}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {[ ]}\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\column\par
d\li920\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-3
06\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}{ }\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u87
22X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { o sea:
4X}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=8,9x1
0 }{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {12}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {x(58,
3)}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { despe
jando: X = 1,31 x 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-4}}\fs20\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 { * 58,3 g/l = 7,61 x }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghs
xn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-3}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 { g/l. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-2
00\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Efecto de iones Compartidos y Formacin d
e Complejos }\b0 \par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0
\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La solubilidad cambia con la pr
esencia de otros iones: disminuye como resultado del efecto de iones }
\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {compartidos, y au
menta a causa de la formacin de complejos. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {La Figura
2 muestra la solubilidad del AgCl al adicionar HCl, se aprecia una disminucin de
la solubilidad }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {a
bajas concentraciones de HCI, debido a la presencia de [Cl}{\super \f
s14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] como ion compa
rtido entre HCI y AgCl, }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn1684
0\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw9893\colsr-0\colno2\colw1200\pard\li5
pard\li586\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Oscar Benavente }\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15 }\par\pard
\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbkpage

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5C83D7A9A00E94A9A5C7D29DD28C8F6A004CD2D34FF9340ED400EA29BD3228078FC2801D9A29BF5A
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03A0006281C8EB4801CE0F4A005E334B81E82900A5A0028A28A0043D28E697A1A280184123340078
A7D1400DC1E697B734B4B400DE4D277CD3E8A00673D4D18E73EB4FA2802319F434EC64734B450034
E48A690C4D4B499A00E13E2C2EEF02CA31D278C9FCEB4BE1CFFC881A47FD723FCCD50F8B0C078224
24065F3E3C8271919AD1F879FF00221E927180623C7FC08D0074A41CE7BD03A734EA5A004C514514
00668A3BD1CE6800A28E28340051483B5291400678A406971498A005C51DEB23C4F1DECBE1FB94B0
F30CE76F119C315DC3701EFB7349E1A8AEA1D1952E848A44D29896439658F79D80FF00C071401E67
E02047C59D638C7FAFEFFEDD76DE2BD12FA3BF83C4DA1286D52D176CB01E97517743EFE95E7B2F87
BC75A6789EFF0053D174C68DE69A40B2EE8CEE42C4F463F4AD0F3FE2F15522070C4F208B7C5007A2
F87BC55A5F88EDF36B304B94E26B497E59626EE083FCEB6B2075C0AF09D4FC31F10357BAFB4DE690
B2CEBC2CC1A08DCFD4A907F5A493C1DF10AE148786FB04636B6A4081CFA6FA00F6BBDD5F4DD3A232
DEDF5B4083A992402B9BB9F88BA6C92FD9F44B4BCD6AE3FBB6711D9FF7D9E2BCCA2F873E30864F36
2D1A0130C61DEE227E9ECC4D6D47A6FC57B780470148547DD48DA10A3F002803ADFB078CFC4808D4
2EE2D06C9BAC36877CEC3DDCF03F0ADBD0BC21A2F87B2F65680DC37DFB994EF95FEAC79AF39307C5
AD8BF3B64752244E7F4A531FC590A3633E4F27734671401EC34578E06F8BF9C147C1FEE983FAD491
C5F175BEF332F1DDEDCD007AFD15E3DF65F8C383894E7A0264B6FCE93EC3F1819B9BA23FEDAC03FA
5007B1515E3874EF8BE3FE5F07E33C5FE14DFECBF8BA0906FB8FFAEE99FE5401ECB4578E9D37E2D2
81FE979FA4EB9FE548B61F170726EB8F4F3933FA8A00F623D2932715E422D3E2E15FF5EF9EFF00BD
847F4A68B0F8BDCFFA530FFB696F401EC3CD20278EB5E3FF00D9BF179864DEB83E9E6DB8FE4290E9
1F178EEC6A2DED99E11FC85007B173464D78EAE8DF174302750DC075CDCC7CFE429CDA4FC593FF00
2FB8E3902E57AFE5401EC27AD2738AF1DFEC6F8B241CEA24679E2E071FA520D33E2E2E00BC271DFC
F8F9FCC5007B1E4E68E6BC80E99F171B245E95247FCF687FC29A349F8B607FC8418FD2687FC2803D
879A39AF1E6D1FE2E9CE3526E7FE9BC5FE149FD87F16C9FF009099C7BDD27F45A00F64A6107767B5
78F9F0FF00C582BCEABCFA0BC1FF00C4D397C3FF0015B80DAAAE3BE2F3FF00B1A00E97E2C6FF00F8
42DC2E7779F1E31C77AD3F87673E01D24F6F29BFF4235C15E784FE246A16CD6D7D7715CC2724A3DD
6467B1FBBDABD27C21A75DE91E14D3EC2F1116E218CAB856C8CEE27FAD006DE0EECE78A39A39F414
BCFB500145145002134B4719A41D6800CE68A283CD002D149CD2E2800A28C5140099EB4B4628A002
8AE3F4FBBD59FC652452B5C987CDB859119488D621B3CA23B64F3D39EB5D850014628A2800A28A5A
0061DFE60C6DD98E7D734EA5A4A0028A28A0028A28A003141145140098C52E28AC292FEEE3F1BC1A
7F9F9B496C9E6316C1C306001CF5F5A00DC6E01A692D8E869F450034E48EF4734EA2801A33EF4734
EA5A006F38A3914B4B400CCB73914D5DDCF5152D277A006F38E680081DE9D450020A5E714B494009
8347354F58B98ECF4A9EE26BB6B48E31B9A55009033D0678C9E9F8D56F0CDDCF7DA05B5C5C5CA5C4
AE09322639E4E01C00323BE2803579A51D2968A004C7E74949EB41E9400BDA8E693268C9DB9A005A
5A68FBD9EF8A4C9A007F6A2933C5193D680168A4C9A3268017B51499A0920D002F6A293270290124
73400EA2901349938EB400EA29B93914B9A0075252668E73400B58169E246B9B193549208A1D295D
944AD2132361B683B42F73DB35BB938AC93E1AD2F64C82DDD6198967844CE23DC4E72133B41CF390
280216F18E8C92246F34CAECDB18181FE43BB6FCC7181CF1CD1378C74782DC5C3C9398598AC72081
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6E7DF19A00E5D7E202FD9ADE796C2455669C4A406C288F3F758A80C4FE95A2DAFEA9059E9F777165
6822BD9E28E358E662CA1C1393C63231DAB463F0DE93145046B68BB206778D5998805FEF704F39F7
A6AF8674A481228E060B1B0788195D846C33B4804F18CD0069C922C48EEC784524FD00AE4AD7C7D6
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355E4F0D691264BD8C449657248EA55768CFAF1C500653F8CA196F6CA2B58D8248EC2659976B04D9
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41391814BB78EBDF340183ED400832077A0673D6948A31CE6800E40E693D29C45263DE8003CF079A
0600C0A3AF7A318EF400668CD1B7DE971EF40094B4514005145140051451400514514000A28A2801
077FAD2D145001DE8A28A003F8A8ED4514001ED41E94514005145140076A28A2800A28A280034514
5002514514001A4A28A006E7934EED451400B4D63C8A28A0051F7851DE8A28017B5068A28010D145
1400BDE8F5A28A0041D29C68A28013BD1451401FFFD9}
}}}}

7;32768}}

\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {cuando e
l [Cl}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] a
umenta, la concentracin del ion [Ag}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\f
s20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] debe disminuir para mantener el valor del Kps. El }\
par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {aumento de la s
olubilidad a altas concentraciones de HCI se debe a la formacin de un
ion complejo, }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{[AgCl}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {]}{\supe
r \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3-}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {, la concentra
cin del ion plata no-acomplejado, [Ag}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}
\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {], disminuye.}{ }\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Para ma
ntener el valor de Kps }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {constante, el equilibrio de desplaza favoreciendo la disolucin del AgCl. }
\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li353
pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-360\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { Figura 2 Solubilidad del AgCl en HCl }\b0 \par\p
f0\f1\charscalex100 {Cmo se calcular la solubilidad o Kps, si hay ms de una sal
que aporta iones? Por ejemplo, si en una }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult
0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {solucin saturada de cloruro de plata (1L), s
e agrega 1.0x10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 { M de AgNO}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3(s)}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 { (altamente soluble). La }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {presencia del Ag}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs
18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { proveniente del AgNO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{3}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { es un "esfuerzo" aplicado al equilibrio de la s
olubilidad del cloruro }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {de plata, la posicin del equilibrio debe desplazarse de manera de suavizar
el esfuerzo, a medida que se }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {agrega AgNO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs18\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 { precipita algo de AgCl, por lo que se puede concluir que
la solubilidad del AgCl (con }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {respecto a [Cl}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs
20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] en una solucin de [Ag}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] = 1,0 X 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {-2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { M es menor que en agua pura. }\par\
pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Se calcula [CI-] en
la solucin, basado en el producto de solubilidad, Kps= 1.8x10}{\super
\fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-10}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {, tenemos que
}\par\pard\li1506\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {K}\i0 \par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\col
no1\colw946\colsr-0\colno2\colw746\colsr-0\colno3\colw9400\pard\li693\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cl}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\sl
mult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{\sub \fs26\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {
=}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ps}\i0
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\col
s2\colno1\colw1373\colsr-0\colno2\colw9720\pard\li613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx10
53\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[}\tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}\par\column\p
ard\li400\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \*\tx506\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\

i {Ag}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
0\f1\charscalex100 {Ahora, [Ag}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs20\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] proviene de 2 sales, [Ag}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {] = [Ag}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {]}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {AgNO3}\fs20
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { + [Ag}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs20\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {]}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {AgCl}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {, [Ag}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{]}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {AgNO3}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { es 1.0x 10}{\s
uper \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { M cantidad
agregada }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {en el
experimento y el [Ag}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs18\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {]}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {AgCl}\fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
debe ser menor que 1,34x10}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-5}}\fs
16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { M, lo cual es la concentracin de Ag}{\super \fs
12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { en }\par\pard\li58
6\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {agua pura. Entonces, podemos
aproximar relativamente bien que [Ag}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {+}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {]= 1.0x10}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {-2}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { M, pues }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {[Ag}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\
fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {]}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {AgCl}\fs20\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {<<<[Ag}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {]}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {AgNO3}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {, entonc
es, [Cl-] = 1.8 x 10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-8}}\fs20\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 { M }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{Hay 1.8 x10}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-8}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 { moles de CI}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs16\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 { disuelto en 1 L proveniente del AgCl, lo cual implica
una disminucin de la }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {solubilidad del AgCl en una solucin de AgNO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { con una concentracin de 1.0x10}{\super \fs14\
up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { M. }\par\pard\li586\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\chars
calex100\ul {PRECIPITACIN SELECTIVA}\ul0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100\ul { }\ul0 \p
20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Si a una solucin con 0,10 M de NaCI y 0,010 M de Na}{\su
b \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {CrO}{\sub \fs14\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {4 }}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {se agrega AgNO}{\sub \fs14\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {3.}}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {Sabiendo que las sales AgCI}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {(s)}}\fs18\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 { y Ag}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {CrO}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4(s)}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {,
son relativamente insolubles, una o ambas podran precipitar, }\par\pard\li600\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {los Kps de las sales de plata son: }
\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Kps AgCl = [Ag}{\
super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {][Cl}{\supe
r \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {]= 1,8x 10-}{\s
uper \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {10}}\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Kps Ag}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {CrO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4 =}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {[Ag}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{]}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {[CrO}
{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4}}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-2}\fs20\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {] =1,2 X 10}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-12}}\par\pa
rd\li586\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Las altas concentracione
s de Ag}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
harn que los productos de reaccin de AgCI}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {(s)}}\

fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { y Ag}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {CrO}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4(s)}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 { excedan sus }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
Kps, y como formarn ambos precipitados. }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Estos precipi
tados continuarn creciendo hasta que cada producto de reaccin sea igual o menor qu
e su }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Kps. Si se
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{010}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u6
3735X\uc1\u63735X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\
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{M }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133
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harscalex100 {CrO}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4(S)}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
no puede permanecer en equilibrio con la solucin hasta que la concentracin de Ag}{
\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { alcance }
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\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {(s)}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { precipitar cua
ndo la concentracin de Ag}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs18\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 { alcance 1,8x10}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-9}}\fs1
8\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { M. Evidentemente, }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {el AgCl precipitar primero, mientras que el Ag}
{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {CrO}{\sub \fs12
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { no formar un precipita
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x100 {-}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { como para permitir que la concentracin de A
g}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { llegue
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{ M. }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Suponiendo
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2\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {3}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {, entonces la }\par\par
d\li586\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {concentracin de Cl}{\super
\fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {-}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { en solucin que
se requiere para que el Ag}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {CrO}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {4}}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 { precipite (usando la concentracin }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {de Ag}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs20\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 { determinada antes) es 1.64x10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\char
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3\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Hidratacin e Hidrlisis }\b0 \par\pard\li60
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {Los iones en solucin se encuentran rodeados de molculas de agua. Los
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calex100 {que los aniones debido a su menor tamao presentan una carga
ms concentrada, atrayendo mayor }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {nmero de molculas de H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2}}\fs2
0\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {O, como se aprecia en la Tabla IV. }\par\pard\li3280\ri0
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alex100\b {Tabla IV Moleculas de agua de hidratacion }\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\
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ex100 {Na}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\par\pard\li2693\ri0\sl-240
\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Pb}{\super \fs14\up4\c

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Hidrometalurgia

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{\rtf\ansi\deff0\ansicpg1252

Estructura de enlaces mixtos ___________________________________________________

_________________________________ 46}\b0 \par\pard\li1066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs

erias y su Accin Sobre los Sulfuros _____________________________________________

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\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Que pa

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e extraccin }\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {por s

ird, de la Ranchers Exploration, en Arizona, usando }\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-240\

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ar\pard\li586\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {contracorriente, se

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