Richard Vincent - S16-2009 PDF

The Steel Workshop
S16-2009: Whats New?

by
Richard B. Vincent
Canam Group Inc.
Chairman of
CSA
S16 Committee
S16
-2009
Whats New?
Goal of the presentation:

Review whats new &
Review whats changed
in the 2009 Edition of S16.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
S16 presentation format:

General change from a sentence with a list of items or
requirements to an enumerated list format.
Done to make each requirement more visible.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
1: Scope and application
Scope:
States that design is an inextricable part of the

design-fabrication-erection sequence.
Design cannot be considered in isolation.

e.g.
P-, P-, tolerances, bolt types and installation.
Provides via Annex A a link to the CISC Code of

Standard Practice.
S16 -2009
Whats New?

1.
Scope:
Unless there is a specific CSA design standard, S16 is to be

used unconditionally for structural steel design.
However, supplemental requirements may be needed.

e.g.: loads may be unique, platework structures, crane
runway girder design
S16 is to Canada as AISCs specification is to U.S.A.

S16 -2009
Whats New?

Inspector
a qualified person who acts for and on behalf of the
owner or designer on all inspection and quality matters
within the scope of the contract documents.
Protected zones
areas of members in a seismic force resisting system that
undergo large inelastic strains and in which limitations
apply to fabrication and attachments.
arc-spot welds of deck are permitted to be attached deck to
beam flange
applicable to six of the seismic LLRS in Clause 27.
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Segmented member
a member with a constant cross-section when axial loads
are applied between in-plane lateral supports or frame
connections, and a member with cross-section changes
between in-plane lateral supports or frame connections.
Seismic design storey drift

the storey drift obtained from the lateral deflections
obtained from a linear elastic analysis multiplied
by RdRo /IE.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
2: Definitions and symbols

Symbols

Generally all symbols are listed in Clause 2.2

Minor exceptions are when a symbol is used only once and
is defined where it is used.
Reference Standards
Steels - ASTM A 572
Galvanizing CSA G164
Metalizing - CSA G189
Steel Castings - ASTM A 216, ASTM A 352, and ASTM A 958
Bolting -ASTM F 2280
Anchor rods - CSA G40.21 or ASTM F 1554
S16 -2009
Whats New?
4: Structural documents
Drawings
Need to show protected zones on structural design
documents
Shop details also need to show protected zones
Building Information Modeling (BIM)

More often seen in large industrial projects
CISC Code of Standard Practice now has an appendix

dealing with subject.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
5: Material Standards and identification

Material Selection - Rolled shapes
W-shapes - none currently rolled in Canada.
ASTM A572 grade 50 generally meets CSA G40.21 grade
350W (Fy = 345 MPa vs. 350 MPa).
ASTM A992 - newer and tighter specification derived from
ASTM A572 grade 50 (e.g. Fy/Fu controlled) - must be
specified for ductile seismic elements
ASTM A992 becoming basic steel grade. Can be purchased
with Charpy V-notch testing to ASTM standards
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Material Selection - HSS
ASTM A500 Grade C commonly available grade in Canada
ASTM A500 Grade B has been USA basic grade and it is not
same as Grade C nor Grade A.
Round HSS in ASTM A500 have lower Fy than squares and
rectangular tubes
CSA G40.21 350W Class H can be made at Harrow plant of
Atlas Tube
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Material Selection - HSS
Work underway at ASTM to produce new ASTM HSS
specification that would address many current issues,
such as thickness tolerance, chemistry, but not
necessarily that of the corner radius.
This may still take a few years to complete.
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Material Selection - WWF, Plate
WWF is a Canadian product
Plate is rolled in Canada (and around the world)
Wide variety of grades but CSA G40.21 350W and AT cat. 3
commonly rolled at Essar Algoma
Bolts
ASTM A325 - diameter common for most applications
ASTM A490 less common.
ASTM F1852 (twist-off style for A325 applications) - more
commonly used as electric gun is quiet and faster to
install
S16 -2009
Whats New?
6: Design requirements
Several new requirements have been added
1: Clause 6.7
Requirements under fire conditions & refers users to
Annex K.
This is a mandatory Annex.
2: Clause 6.8
Refers users to Annex L for guidance on assessment of
the risk of brittle fracture.
This is an informative Annex.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
For specified loads and importance factors for snow, wind &
earthquake loads, the user is directed to Article 4.1.2.1 of
the NBCC.
For factored loads, the user is again directed to NBCC for load
factors, D, for load combination cases in accordance
with Division B, Article 4.1.3.2.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
Wind loads:
One change of note that has occurred in the NBCC is the
removal of exposure C from the wind load commentary.
So, those designing buildings in dense urban environments will
now require exposure B and thus be designed for a higher wind
load effect.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.5 Bending Laterally supported members

Flexural Strength
Maximum bending strength when member is fully laterally
supported
Class 1 and 2: Mr = IMp
NEW -singly symmetric I-sections and T-sections are not
permitted to yield under service load
Class 3:
Mr = IMy
Class 4:
Mr = ISeFy
& b/t replaced with bel/t
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.6 Bending Laterally unsupported members

Laterally Unsupported Beams
Mu for an un-braced length
Z 2S
u
SE
EI y GJ
I yC w
L
2
NEW equation for Z2
S16 -2009
Whats New?
Z2
4 M max
2
M max
4 M a2 7 M b2 4 M c2
d 2. 5
Mmax = maximum factored bending moment magnitude

in unbraced segment
Ma = factored bending moment at one-quarter point of
unbraced segment
Mb = factored bending moment at mid-point of
unbraced segment
Mc = factored bending moment at three-quarter point
of unbraced segment
S16 -2009
Whats New?
Position of the load with respect to the shear centre

For unbraced beam segments loaded above the shear centre
between brace points, where the method of load delivery
to the member provides neither lateral nor rotational restraint to
the member, the associated destabilizing effect shall be
taken into account using a rational method.
For loads applied at the level of the top flange, in lieu of a more
accurate analysis, Mu may be determined using Z2 = 1.0 and
using an effective length, for pinned-ended beams, equal to
1.2L and, for all other cases, 1.4L.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.6 (e) Flexure of monosymmetric sections

Previous editions referred user to a rational method such as the
one given in the SSRCs Guide to Stability Design Criteria for
Metal Structures.
This edition gives users methods to determine resistances.
Sections covered:
Tees
I sections with unequal flanges (crane girders)
Any section with a single axis of symmetry
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Need to check:
Lateral-torsional buckling strength for each flange at any point
under compression along unbraced length.
Yielding does not occur under service loads (more likely with
closely spaced braces)
Resistance expression used depends on relative values of M, Myr
and Mu
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Mu > Myr
Basic expression
Mr
L Lu
d IM
I M p M p M yr
Lyr Lu
where
Myr = 0.75 SxFy
and Sx is lesser of two possible values
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Mr = IMu
Mu Myr
Mu
Cw
E x E x2 4 GJL

2
S EI
y
y
Z3S EI y
2
2 L2
where
Ex = asymmetry parameter for singly symmetric beams
Expressions for Ex - Cw - Z3 etc are given in S16.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.4 Shear
Shear resistance:
Clause 13.4 reorganized
No technical change but users fell the new layout favoured the
usual cases (unstiffened beams and girders) over the
less frequent case (stiffened beams and girders)
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.4 Shear
13.4.1.1 Elastic analysis
Vr = IAwFs
where
Aw = shear area
(dw for rolled shapes and hw for girders, 2ht for
rectangular HSS)
and
Fs is as follows:
(a) for unstiffened webs
(b) for stiffened webs
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.2 Tension & 13.11 Block Shear

A couple of changes of which you need be aware.
Two main issues are:
1. Format of ultimate tensile resistance
2. When Block Shear failure mode is present
Ultimate Tensile Resistance:

Tradition expressions:
or
Tr = 0.85IAnFu
Tr = 0.85IAneFu
Where here difference was either An or Ane

and I was taken as 0.90
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.2 Tension & 13.11 Block Shear

Ultimate Tensile Resistance:
Retained second expression but modified to
Tr = IuAneFu
where Iu is taken as 0.75
(basically 0.9 of 0.85 as before)
However you must satisfy that expression as well as the Block
Shear requirements given in Clause 13.11.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
12 Gross and net areas

Defined in Clause 12
For bolted segments inclined to the force between openings
(e.g., bolt holes) does not apply to area parallel to the force
When a tension load is transmitted by welds, add up to three
net areas, An1, An2 , and An3 , but now it is clear that you cant
exceed gross area, Ag
Otherwise, no technical changes in Clause 12
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.11 Block shear

Block shear
Applies to tension members, beams, and plate connections.
The factored resistance for a potential failure involving the
simultaneous development of tensile and shear component
areas.
Revised substantially based on better and more information
University of Alberta tests and analyses.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.11 Block shear

Block shear
New expression and a table replace what was in previous
edition.
Expression is now
Tr
( Fy Fu )
Iu U t An Fu 0.6 Agv
where Ut is an efficiency factor & given in accompanying table

S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.11 Block shear
10
Block shear
Connection type
Ut
Flange-connected Ts
Angles connected by one leg and
stem-connected Ts
Coped beams
One bolt line
Two bolt lines
1.0
0.6
0.9
0.3
Ut = 1.0 is used for symmetrical blocks or failure patterns and

concentric loading
If Fy > 485 MPa, then use Fy in place of the term (Fy + Fu)/2
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.11 Block shear

Block shear
What to do if one or two bolts in a line to prevent breakout
toward edge of plate?
Can use this term to determine breakout resistance
Tr
( Fy Fu )
Iu U t An Fu 0.6 Agv
=0
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.3 Axial compression

Compression Members
Overview
Modified determination of O
Added clauses for single angles used in
Individual members and planar trusses
Box or space trusses
Added more for members that exceed width-to-thickness
ratios (used to be called Class 4)
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Allows use of consistent compressive resistance
expression for all cases covered.
Basic expression remains
Cr
IAFy (1 O )
2 n 1 / n
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Fy
Fe
&
Fe
For usual cases this becomes
KL Fy
2
r S E
S16 -2009
Whats New?
S 2E
KL
13.3.2 Flexural, torsional, or flexural-torsional buckling

Only change is that following note has been added for
clarification
For equal-leg double angles connected back-to-back to a
common gusset plate, flexural-torsional buckling is not a
controlling limit state.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.3.3 Single-angle members in compression

Four sub-clauses:
1. General single angles neglecting the effects of
eccentricities, under certain conditions
2. KL/r for certain individual angles and angles of planar trusses.
3. KL/r for angles of box and space trusses
4. Others - e.g. differing end conditions, transversely loaded
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.3.3.1 General
General - single angles, with conditions, neglecting
eccentricities.
Slenderness to be used is defined as long as
1 - loaded at the ends through the same one leg
2 - attached by welding or by minimum two-bolt
connections
3 - no intermediate transverse loads
Cr
Where n = 1.34
IAFy (1 O )
2 n 1/ n
Fy
Fe
S16 -2009
Whats New?
Fe
S 2E
KL
13.3.3.2 Individual members and planar trusses

To determine KL/r for:
1 - Individual angles with leg length ratio < 1.7 and
connected through longer leg.
2 - Angles of a planar truss with adjacent web members
connected to same sideweb members connected
to same side of chord or gusset.
0 L/rx 80:
KL/r = 72 + 0.75 L/rx
L/rx > 80:
KL/r = 32 + 1.25 L/rx 200
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.3.3.2 Individual members and planar trusses

Modifications to KL/r :
When leg length ratio < 1.7 and is connected through shorter
leg,
then KL/r is
>
KL
2
'
4 (bl / bs ) 1 t 0.95 L / ry
r
bl = longer leg of angle
bs = shorter leg of angle
ry = radius of gyration of single-angle member about minor
principal axis
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.3.3.3 Box and space trusses

To determine KL/r for
1 - Angles with leg length ratio < 1.7 and connected
through longer leg.
2 - With adjacent web members connected to same side
of chord or gusset.
0 L/rx 75:
KL/r = 60 + 0.80 L/rx
L/rx > 75:
KL/r = 45 + L/rx 200
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.3.3.3 Box and space trusses

Modifications to KL/r :
When leg length ratio < 1.7 and is connected through shorter
leg,
then KL/r is
>
KL
2
'
6 (bl / bs ) 1 t 0.82 L / ry
r
bl = longer leg of angle
bs = shorter leg of angle
ry = radius of gyration of single-angle member about minor
principal axis
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.3.3.4 Other members

When
1 - Angles with leg length ratio > 1.7 or
2 - Adjacent web members connected to opposite side of
chord or gusset, or
3 - Subjected to transverse loads.
Use Clause 13.3.2 accounting for eccentricities.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.3.4 Segmented members in compression

Handled in a new Clause 13.3.4
Rational method
Notional loads need not be applied between in-plane
lateral supports.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.3.5 Members in compression subjected to elastic

local buckling
This is for members we used to call Class 4 and still have two
options
1 - Use effective area based on reducing elements
2 -Use effective yield stress which will make section meet
slenderness limits
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.3.5 Members in compression subjected to elastic

local buckling
Effective Area Approach
Cr
IAFy (1 O )
2 n 1/ n
Fy
Fye
Fe
Effective Yield Stress Approach
Cr
IAFye (1 O )
2 n 1/ n
ye
S16 -2009
Whats New?
Fe
25 Column bases and anchor rods

New Clause 25.2:
Now need at least four anchor rods.
When not feasible, take special precautions.
Anchor Rods:
New ASTM specification as well as G40 20/G40.21
F1554 - Standard Specification for Anchor Bolts, Steel,
36, 55, and 105-ksiYield Strength
In computing the tensile resistance now
An = the tensile area of the rods = 0.85 Ag
This replaces the two expressions for Imperial rods &
metric rods based on number of threads or the pitch
S16 -2009
Whats New?
25 Column bases and anchor rods

Bearing on concrete:
I increased to 0.65 from 0.60 to match CSA A23.3
S16 -2009
Whats New?
15 Trusses
Analysis Methods
1 - Simple
Removed the restraint for the relative resistance
for out-of-plane > in-plane for use of the simplified
method
2 - Detailed
Removed trusses with bottom chord bearing from
obligatory detailed method
Splices
Splices may occur at any point in a chord or web
member (Clauses 15.2.4 and 15.2.5)
S16 -2009
Whats New?
16 Open-web steel joists

16.5.1 Loading for open-web steel joists
New requirement under companion action loading
(d) for roof joists, 100% of the snow load plus 40% of
the downward wind load (companion load)
16.5.2 Design assumptions
The resistance of the deck connections as well as the resistance
of the deck shall be verified by the joist designer to ensure
that adequate lateral support is provided to the top chord of a
joist as determined in accordance with Clause 9.2.7.
When additional stability elements are necessary, they shall be
designed in accordance with Clause 9.2.6.2.
S16 -2009
Whats New?

16.5.3 Verification of joist manufacturers design
Former Criteria
Tests used to be to the satisfaction of the building
designer.
2009 edition reads
test as described in the testing procedure in Part 5
(steps 1 to 4) of Steel Joist Facts (CISC 1980)
S16 -2009
Whats New?

16.5.14 Camber
New in this edition is this statement
Negative cambers to satisfy roof drainage requirements
shall be designed for appropriate rainwater ponding
loads.
This new note is to tie several clauses together.
Note: For manufacturing tolerances, see Clause 16.10.9. For
maximum deviation between adjacent joists, or joists and

adjacent beams or walls, see Clause 16.12.2.5. For
special camber requirements, see Clause 6.3.2.2.
S16 -2009
Whats New?

16.5.16 Welding
This clause has been shortened and simply states that welding
shall conform to Clause 24 and use specific welding procedures
that have been accepted by the CWB.
16.10 Manufacturing tolerances

These remain as before, except for one small change to the
minimum camber an OWSJ shall be manufactured.
Was 3 mm & changed to 4 mm
S16 -2009
Whats New?

16.12.2 Erection tolerances
Again, remains mainly as before, but for the addition of a single
statement to Clause 16.12.2.5 dealing with deviation in
elevation between adjacent joists.
New statement deals with adjacent walls and beams and states:
The maximum shall also apply to joists adjacent to beams or
walls.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
17 Composite beams, trusses, and joists

Biggest change in this clause is to the manner by which
deflections due to shrinkage strains are calculated.
This is also reflected in changes to the Annex H dealing with
deflections so caused.
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Deflections due to shrinkage strain
For the component of the overall deflection due to shrinkage of
concrete use:
1 - a selected free shrinkage strain;
2 - strain compatibility between the steel and concrete;
and,
3 - an age-adjusted effective modulus of elasticity of
concrete as it shrinks and creeps
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Values youll need (Annex H)
1-
c = empirical coefficient used to match theory with test

results (Annex H: = 0.5)
2-
f = free shrinkage strain of concrete

(Annex H: = 583 106 )
3-
F = aging coefficient of concrete (Annex H: = 0.73)
4-
I= creep coefficient of concrete (Annex H: = 2.7)
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Basic expression for s:
2
L
<
8
's
where
ns
E
'
c
L H f Ac y
c
8 ns I es
E/E
'
c
Ec /(1 FI )
Ies I s 0.85p
0.25
(Its I s )
c = empirical coefficient used to match theory with test results

S16 -2009
Whats New?

Shear studs
When studs are in ribbed slabs with ribs parallel to the beam,
several changes in determining shear stud resistances.
a) 3.0 > wd/hd 1.50
qrr
wd
1.5 d qrs
qrs 0.75 0.167
h
b) wd/hd 1.50
qrr
wd
' 0.8
' 0.2
Isc 0.92 dh( f c ) 11sd ( f c ) d 0.75qrs
hd
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Channel connectors
For channel shear connectors in solid slabs of normal density
concrete
qrs
45Isc (t 0.5w) Lc
S16 -2009
Whats New?
'
c

Mrc & Ic
In order to align S16 and A23.3, changes were made in S16 to
Ic, the concrete stress block and hence to the expression
to determine the lever arm.
While Ic increases from 0.60 to 0.65 there is an offset with the
introduction of D1
D1 = 0.85 0.0015 fc 0.67
D1 and Cr
The compressive force in the concrete is then taken as follows:
Cr = D1Icbfc
This then affects the calculation of lever arm, e.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
18 Composite columns
New values of Ic and D1 apply here as well in determining the
axial compressive resistance of the concrete, Cr
For bending resistance of HSS,
Ic is replaced with 1.18 D1 Ic
S16 -2009
Whats New?
20
18.3 Partially encased composite columns

New clause:
18.3.3 Bending Resistance
M rc
C r e C e'
'
r
For strong axis bending
'
r
1.18D1Ic a (b t ) f
'
c
For weak axis bending
'
r
1.18D1Ic a(b 2t ) f
S16 -2009
Whats New?
'
c
18.3 Partially encased composite columns
New clause:
18.3.4 Axial compression and bending
Basic interaction expression with biaxial bending
Cf
Crc
M fx
M rcx
M fy
M rcy
S16 -2009
Whats New?
d1
20 Plate walls
General
Clauses have been reordered
Wording improved
Explicit link to Clauses 27.9 and 27.10 for additional
requirements when under seismic loading
Additional requirements for limits on flexibility of
boundary elements for the extreme panels
Infill plates may have:
Unreinforced circular perforations (holes)
Quarter-circular cut-outs at upper corners under defined
circumstances
All of the above is found in Clause 27.9
S16 -2009
Whats New?
20 Plate walls
Angle of inclination:
New statement added
When the aspect ratio of the panel lies within the limits
0.6 L/h 2.5,
the angle of inclination from the vertical, D, of the inclined pinended strips may be taken as 40.
Otherwise, it shall be between 38 and 45 determined as was
case in S16-01.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
20 Plate walls
20.5 Limits on column and beam flexibilities
Columns - Unchanged from 2001 edition
Beams - New requirements for minimum moment of inertias for
extreme panel boundary beams, i.e. top and bottom of the wall.
General expression is
ZL
h
L w
0.7
I c I b 4 L
4
0.25
a) < 2.5 for beams at top panel of wall

b) < 2 0 for beams at bottom panel of wall
c) > 0.84Zh (flexibility limit for column)
S16 -2009
Whats New?
20 Plate walls
20.5 Limits on column and beam flexibilities
Beams: Minimum Ib to satisfy ZL
a) For top beam
wL 4
650 L ( wh
/ Ic )
b) For bottom beam if present

wL 4
267 L ( wh
/ Ic )
S16 -2009
Whats New?
20 Plate walls
20.7 & 20.8 Lateral support beams & columns
New statement
For both beams and columns, the infill panel cant be assumed
to be providing lateral support.
20.10 Infill plate connections
1
2
3
4
Must connect to surrounding beams and columns

Can use either bolts or welds
Must develop tensile strength of the infill plate strip
Splices allowed but must meet item #3 above
S16 -2009
Whats New?
20 Plate walls
Seismic requirements
Types of plate walls
a) Type D (ductile) plate walls
b) Type LD (limited-ductility) plate walls
Both existed previously but new detail requirements have been
added for both
S16 -2009
Whats New?
20 Plate walls
Type D (ductile) plate wallsType D (ductile) plate walls
Rd = 5.0 and Ro = 1.6
Substantially re written.
Where you find rules for perforated infill plates and corner cutouts.
Framed by rigidly connected beams and columns.
Infill plate to resist all of factored storey shear.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
20 Plate walls
Type D plate walls
1) Shear resistance
Vr=0.4IFywLsin2D
2) Probable yield force due to plate yielding taken as
RyTr value corresponding to RdRo = 1.3
S16 -2009
Whats New?
20 Plate walls
27.9.2.3 Perforated infill plates
Primarily a means to reduce capacity demand on other elements.
Make plate look like engineered Swiss cheese i.e., regular pattern
of perforations
How -by reducing shear capacity of infill plate but still allowing
development of continuous diagonal tension fields at 45o.
Reduced shear resistance is
Vr=0.4(1-0.7d/Sdiag)IFywLsin2D
S16 -2009
Whats New?
20 Plate walls
27.9.2.4 Infill plates with corner cut-outs
Where? at upper corners
Why? to allow services to pass through the infill plate.
How? shape of quarter circles
How? connected to a reinforcement arching plate
S16 -2009
Whats New?
20 Plate walls
27.9.3 Beams
Class 1 and braced
May develop plastic hinge
Interstorey drift angle limited to 0.02 r
Act with column in moment frame to resist 25% storey shear
Design as beam-columns for gravity, lateral and tension field
forces
Beam web-to-column connection requirements are specified
S16 -2009
Whats New?
20 Plate walls
27.9.4 Columns
Class 1 and braced.
Resist axial loads shear forces and bending due to tension field
forces.
Shear yielding should be prevented.
Stiffened so that plastic hinging forms above base plate.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
20 Plate walls
27.9.7 Protected zones
Areas of inelastic straining of plates, beams and column bases
For beams, area from face of column flange to depth of beam
from plastic hinge
Bolt holes in beam web follow connection requirements.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
20 Plate walls
27.10 Type LD (limited-ductility) plate walls
Rd = 2.0, Ro = 1.5
Meet requirement of Type D walls except
a) 60 m height limit
b) Simple connections of beams to columns permitted
c) Beams may be Class 2
d) Other specific exemptions enumerated (mainly those that
apply to moment frame actions)
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.12 Bolts and local connection resistance

Bolts:
New ASTM specification for twist off bolts of A490 strength level
ASTM F 2280.
Resistance factor for bearing of bolts on steel
Value increased from 0.67 to 0.80.
New requirements when dealing with tension and block shear
and bolt tear-out.
Moved from Clause 13.11(c) to Clause 13 12 1 2 (a) is the
expression for resistance of steel due to the bearing of
bolts in connections.
r
br
u
3I tdnF
S16 -2009
Whats New?

13.12.1.2 Bolts in bearing and shear
a) Factored bearing resistance at regular and short slotted bolt
holes
Br
3Ibr ntdFu
b) Factored bearing resistance perpendicular to long slotted bolt

holes
Br
2.4Ibr ntdFu
c) Bolt shear resistance remains unchanged
S16 -2009
Whats New?

13.12.1.3 Bolts in tension
For bolts in tension subject to fatigue loading user is directed by
a note in this clause to Clause 26.5
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.13 Welds
13.13.2.2 Fillet welds
Two changes
1) Recognizes that failure in base metal maybe an issue when
electrode severely overmatched but not generally the case
for normal fillet welds.
2) Multi-directional fillet weld strength addressed
Basic resistance expression is
Vr
0.67Iw Aw X u (1.00 0.50 sin T ) M w

0.85 T1 / 600
Mw
0.85 T 2 / 600
1.5
T1 = orientation of the weld segment under consideration

T2 = orientation of the weld segment in the joint that is nearest to 90
S16 -2009
Whats New?
13.14 Welds and high-strength bolts in combination

For joints combining welds and bolts in same plane, the
resistance is the largest of
a) Vfriction + Vr,trans + 0.85Vr,long
b) Vfriction + Vr,long + 0.5Vr,bolt and
c) Vr,bolt
Vfriction = plate friction resistance component
= 0.25Vs when the bolts are pretensioned
= 0 when the bolts are not pretensioned
Vr,trans = transverse weld resistance component (T= 90)
Vr,long = longitudinal weld resistance component
= Vr for combination joints with only longitudinal welds and
bolts (T = 0)
Vr,bolt = bolt shear resistance
S16 -2009
Whats New?
21.3 Restrained members

The shear force carried by stiffeners, Vst, is now stated as
follows:
Vst = Vf -0.8IAwFs
S16 -2009
Whats New?
21.8.1. Fillers in bolted connections

21.8.1.1
Previously fillers > 6 mm had to be developed with bolts by
extending filler beyond the splice material
New limit is 19 mm; and
Between 19 mm and 6.4 mm, must account for bending of the
bolt unless filler is extended by reducing shear resistance.
21.8.1.2
Reduction is as follows:
Rv = 1.1 0.0158t
where
t = thickness of the fillers
S16 -2009
Whats New?
21.10 Fastener and welds in combination

Both
Clause 21.10.1 New connections
and
Clause 21.10.2 Existing connections
were deleted and now simply refer to Clause 13.14
S16 -2009
Whats New?
22.2.2 Use of pretensioned high-strength bolts

Change was made to sub-clause (f) to include the word long
to describe the slotted joint and the qualifying text was
made to be parenthetical.
(f) connections using oversize or long slotted holes (unless
specifically designed to accommodate movement)
22.3.5.2
Bolt hole details for long slotted holes:
Plate washers or bars are no longer required for bearing-type
connections in double shear.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
Joint surface conditions

Clauses 24.4 (welding) and 28.7.4.3 (special surfaces)
Deals with issue of welding through paint (coatings)
Permits welding procedures to be developed and then accepted
by CWB
Meant to apply to
(a) welding of joist shoes to supporting members;
(b) joist bridging;
(c) metal deck to supporting members; and
(d) shear connectors.
However
Have welded joists to beams through one coat paints (e.g. CISC/CPMA
1-73a) and horizontal bridging for decades without problems
W59 TC discussed at length and will ask S16 TC to withdraw based on
an interpretation that the W59 TC made at last meeting
S16 -2009
Whats New?
Annex L Design to prevent brittle fracture

Brittle fracture is a fracture mechanism accompanied by limited
or no plastic deformation.
Affected:
Steel subjected to tensile stresses (from direct tension or
bending) when the rate of applied loading is high, e.g., dynamic
or impact loading.
Not affected:
Statically loaded structures that are subjected to low
temperature do not normally require the use of notch-tough
steel.
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Main influencing factors:
(a) steel strength
(b) material thickness
(c) loading rate (strain rate effect)
(d) minimum service temperature
(e) material toughness (usually Charpy V-Notch)
(f) type of structural element
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Other factors:
Control of discontinuities
Connection details
Welding procedures
Defect size
Residual stresses
Some things not meant to be welded e.g. HS bolts and nuts
Importance (primary tension, fracture critical, etc)
Weld metal toughness
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Strain rate effect:
Commonly used in CSA S6 CHBDC
Simply put, Charpy V notch test temperature is much warmer
than design temperature.
Rational - steel in service usually not subject to tensile strains at
rate of the Charpy V-notch impact test.
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Test temperatures and Energy Levels
For guidance to the designer, Annex L provides:
Four tables provide appropriate Charpy V-notch impact test
values (temperature and energy) for various service
temperature ranges, importance, and strain rate.
Fifth table gives values for weld metal
S16 -2009
Whats New?
30
Some other factors:

Brittle fractures can occur in pieces with one or more of the
following processes that have been introduced during fabrication
Hot dipped galvanized
Cold-worked material
Holes
Arc strikes
Combinations of hot-dipped galvanizing with extreme cold
working (bending)
Cold cambering
Rolling practice (straight or cross-rolled)
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Additional information:
Charpy V-notch testing
Mid three results of 5 samples tested
Sample position and orientation described in material standards
such as G40.20/40.21
Usual orientation best represents possible crack formation
S16 -2009
Whats New?
Annex K Structural design for fire conditions
Entirely new Annex

Alternate methods permitted by NBCC
Provides design alternate to prescriptive methods
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Clause 6.7 Requirements under fire conditions
Use one of the methods specified in Annex K.
1) Design by engineering analysis
(an alternative solution)
- New
2) Design by qualification testing
(acceptable solutions)
- Traditional approach using ULC listed assemblies
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Annex K - Scope:
Criteria for the design and evaluation of structural steel
components, systems and frames for fire conditions.
Determination of
heat input,
thermal expansion, and
degradation in mechanical properties of materials
(strength and stiffness) at elevated temperatures
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Performance objectives:
Design to maintain the load-bearing function of the element
during the design-basis fire.
Satisfy other performance requirements specified for the
building occupancy.
Deformation criteria of the load-carrying structure may be a key
objective.
Forces and deformations cant cause a breach of horizontal or
vertical fire separation.
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Load combinations:
D + TS + (DL or 0.25S)
D = specified dead load
TS = effects due to expansion, contraction, or deflection caused
by temperature changes due to the design-basis fire
(can be taken equal to zero for statically determinate structures
or for structures that have sufficient ductility to allow the
redistribution of temperature forces before collapse)
D = 1.0 for storage areas, equipment areas, and service rooms,
and 0.5 for other occupancies
L = specified occupancy live load
S = specified variable load due to snow
Notional lateral loads are to be included
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Structural design for fire conditions by analysis:
Design-basis fire
Identify the heating conditions for the structure related to
the fuel commodities and compartment characteristics
Localized fire
Post-flashover compartment fires
Exterior fires
Fire duration
Active fire protection systems
Temperatures in structural systems
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Material properties at elevated temperatures:
Table K.1
Reduction factors for stress-strain relationship of steel at
elevated temperatures (Eurocode 3 and Eurocode 4)
Table K.2
Values for the main parameters of the stress-strain
relationships of normal weight concrete (NWC) and
lightweight concrete (LWC) at elevated temperatures
(Eurocode 2 and Eurocode 4)
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Material properties at elevated temperatures:
Figure K.1
Stress-strain relationship for steel at elevated
temperatures (Eurocode 3)
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Structural design:
General structural integrity
adequate strength and deformation capacity to
withstand the structural actions developed during
the fire within the prescribed limits of deformation
Continuous load paths to transfer all forces from
the exposed region, to
the final point of resistance
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Structural design:
Strength requirements and deformation limits
Construct a mathematical model
Base model on principles of structural mechanics
Evaluate model for the internal forces and deformations
caused by the design fire
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Methods of analysis:
1) Advanced methods of analysis
Includes both a thermal response and the mechanical
response
Thermal response - temperature field in each structural
element
Temperature-dependent thermal properties of the
structural elements and fire-resistive materials
Mechanical response - forces and deflections based on
thermal response that
Account for deterioration in strength and stiffness,
thermal expansions, and large deformations
Limits states - excessive deflections, connection fractures,
and overall or local buckling
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Methods of analysis:
2) Simple methods of analysis
Applicable to individual members
Support and restraint conditions assumed unchanged
during fire
Thermal response modeled with a one-dimensional heat
transfer equation
The maximum steel temperature assumed constant
through the cross-section
Factored resistances then determined
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Tension members:
Determine reduced steel properties for maximum steel
temperature (Clause K.2.4), and
Use these reduced properties in Clause 13.2 to determine Tr
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Compression members - T < 200oC
Use these reduced properties in Clause 13.3 to determine Cr
Compression members T 200oC
Cr (T )
O (T )
1 O (T )
2 dn 1 / dn
KL
r
Fy (T )
Fe (T )
d = 0.6
n = as given in Clause 13.3.1
S16 -2009
Whats New?
AFy (T )

Flexural members - T < 200oC
Use these reduced properties in Clause 13.4 to 13.6 to
determine shear and moment resistances
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Flexural members - T 200oC
C M (T )
M r (T ) C K M P (T ) (1 C K ) M P (T ) 1 K P
M u (T )
CS (T )
T 800
d 2.4
500
CK = 0.12
S16 -2009
Whats New?
0.5 C S (T )

Combined axial force and flexure:
Use Clauses 13.8 and 13.9 with reduced steel material
properties with axial and flexural resistance determined in
previous slides.
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Composite floor members:
Use a one-dimensional heat transfer equation for temperature of
bottom flange
This temperature then taken constant up to mid-depth of web
and
Decrease linearly to top flange by no more than 25%
Then use Clause 17 and reduced steel properties
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Other components and connections:
Use Clause 13 with reduced steel properties at maximum
temperature
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Design by qualification testing:
Qualification standards (CSA S101)
Restrained construction
Defines when elements are restrained
Unrestrained construction
Defines when elements are unrestrained
S16 -2009
Whats New?

CISC Commentary:
CISC to adapt the AISC commentary to conform to Annex K
13-page document dealing with each clause in the Annex
Provides references and bibliography
S16 -2009
Whats New?
Clause 27 Seismic design

Clause 27s new topics:
Protected zones
Buckling Restrained Braced Frames - BRBFs
Plate walls - already reviewed
Ordinary frames - Conventional construction
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Structures other than buildings:
Clause 27 may be used provided that:
The structure has a clearly defined seismic-force-resisting
system
Requires a comparable level of safety and seismic performance
S16 -2009
Whats New?

27.1.2 Capacity design
Connections along the horizontal load path need to be designed
for forces corresponding to RdRo = 1.3.
Need to have a ductile governing ultimate limit state.
S16 -2009
Whats New?

27.1.4 Members and Connections supporting gravity loads
Applies generally, unless explicitly exempted
Splices in gravity columns not part of the seismic-force-resisting
system
Factored shear resistance for both axes
= 0.2ZFy/hs
of columns above and below
S16 -2009
Whats New?

27.1.7 Probable yield stress
Accounts for the fact that the average yield stress is always
higher than the specified minimum.
Today mill test coupons taken from flanges rather than webs for
w-shapes and from flats of HSS.
Ry = 1.1 and
RyFy 460 for HSS and 385 for other sections
S16 -2009
Whats New?

27.1.8 Stability effects
Notional loads and P-delta effects need to be considered
When sizing the energy-dissipating elements or mechanisms of
the seismic-force-resisting system
When determining the limiting forces corresponding to
RdRo = 1.3
NOT when determining member forces induced by yielding of
the energy-dissipating elements
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Avoid structural and other attachments that introduce
metallurgical notches or stress concentrations
Unless engineered and forming part of the design system or
Forming part of a test assembly that satisfies the physical test
requirements of Clause 27.2.5.1.
Discontinuities created by fabrication or erection operations shall
be repaired.
S16 -2009
Whats New?

27.2.8 Protected Zones
for (27.2 Type D (ductile) moment-resisting frames, Rd = 5.0, Ro = 1.5)
Regions at each end of the beams subject to inelastic
deformations
Face of the column flange to one-half of the beam depth
beyond the theoretical hinge point
No abrupt changes in beam flange
Exempted
Specially detailed reduced beam flanges
Bolt holes in web
S16 -2009
Whats New?
40
27.2.8 Protected Zones

for (27.2 Type D (ductile) moment-resisting frames, Rd = 5.0, Ro = 1.5)
Where inelastic deformations are anticipated in columns

Area from the face of the cap or base plate to one-half of
the column depth beyond the theoretical hinge point or
the column depth, whichever is greater
S16 -2009
Whats New?

27.5 Type MD (moderately ductile) concentrically braced
frames, Rd = 3.0, Ro = 1.3
Brace slenderness for certain seismic cases is limited to 70 for
HSS rather than the 200 for other members
full brace length
elements that connect braces to beams and columns
S16 -2009
Whats New?

27.6 Type LD (limited-ductility) concentrically braced
frames, Rd = 2.0, Ro = 1.3
Tension-compression bracing, in which pairs of braces meet a
column on one side between floors, may be used
Provided that the columns meet certain new requirements
S16 -2009
Whats New?

27.6.6 Columns with braces intersecting between floors
Must resist the simultaneous effects of
1 - gravity loads
2 - axial loads, shear forces, and bending moments
induced by yielding and buckling of the bracing
members at the design storey drift.
3 - out-of-plane transverse load at each brace-to-column
intersection point
Horizontal struts must also be provided between columns at the
brace intersection point levels
S16 -2009
Whats New?

27.7 Type D (ductile) eccentrically braced frames, Rd =
4.0, Ro = 1.5
Added are links made of built-up tubular cross-sections where
Vp = 0.55(2w)dFy for tubular links in beams
CJPG welds must be used to connect the webs to the flanges
but inaccessible backing bars need not be removed
Slenderness limits and a minimum stiffness are also required
S16 -2009
Whats New?

27.7.6 Link stiffeners
Links with wide-flange cross-sections
no change
Links with built-up tubular cross-sections
new provisions are detailed in the Standard
27.7.13 Protected zone
Link beams are a protected zone
Extent: one-half of the depth of the beam beyond the ends of
the link beams
Welding on link beams to attach link stiffeners is permitted
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Buckling restrained braces
Generally patented systems
Often made of a steel plate inside a steel tube (round or square)
stuffed with grout.
Steel plate extends beyond steel tube
Connection made to steel plate not the tube.
Tube contains grout
Grout and tube restrain buckling of the plate under compressive
forces.
Plate tends to buckle like a series of sinusoidal waves along the
restrained length
S16 -2009
Whats New?

27.8 Type D (ductile) buckling restrained braced frames,
Rd = 4.0, Ro = 1.2
Provides Rd = 4.0 and Ro = 1.2
Uses a new brace that restrains buckling to raise compressive
resistance to level of the tensile resistance
Knee and K-braced frames excluded
Height of BRBF = 40 m unless stable inelastic response
No height restriction when
I E Fa S a (0.2) d 0.35
S16 -2009
Whats New?

27.8.3 (BRBF) Bracing members
Tr = Cr = fAscFysc
Asc = cross-sectional area of the yielding segment of the steel
core
Fysc = specified minimum yield strength or actual yield strength
of the steel core
S16 -2009
Whats New?

27.8.3 (BRBF) Bracing members
Splices shall not be used in the steel core.
Plates used in the steel core that are 50 mm thick or greater
shall satisfy a specified minimum notch toughness
Must resist 2.0 times seismic storey drift
S16 -2009
Whats New?

27.8.4 (BRBF) Brace connections
Must resist probable tensile and compressive resistances of
brace
TySC
ZAsc R y FySC
C ySC
EZ Asc R y FySC
= strain hardening adjustment factor

= friction adjustment factor
S16 -2009
Whats New?

27.8.6 (BRBF) Testing
2.0 times the seismic design storey drift
and greater than 1.0.
27.8.7 (BRBF) Protected zone

steel core
elements that connect the steel core to frame members
S16 -2009
Whats New?

27.11 Conventional construction, Rd = 1.5, Ro = 1.3
Heights > 15 m permitted when
I E Fa S a (0.2) t 0.35
and not part of assembly occupancy
Increase factored seismic force
2% / m < force from RdRo = 1.3
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Heights 40 m permitted when
I E Fa S a (0.2) t 0.75
or
I E Fv S a (1.0) t 0.30
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Heights 60 m permitted when
30 d I E Fa Sa (0.2) d 0.75
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Clause 27.11.3 paragraphs (d) through (l) contain the rest of
the
detailed conditions for these cases when conventional
construction may be used for heights in excess of 15 m.
S16 -2009
Whats New?
Acknowledgements
Many thanks go to
Mike I. Gilmor, M.Eng., P.Eng., FCSCE

Vice-Chair, CSA S16 Technical Committee
Member of the Standing Committee on Structural
Design
who prepared the summary of the changes made to
S16 that were incorporated in this presentation
S16 -2009
Whats New?
S16 -2009
Whats New?

Richard Vincent - S16-2009 PDF

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Richard Vincent - S16-2009 PDF

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

The Steel Workshop

S16-2009: Whats New?

Goal of the presentation:

S16 presentation format:

Done to make each requirement more visible.

1: Scope and application

States that design is an inextricable part of the

Design cannot be considered in isolation.

Provides via Annex A a link to the CISC Code of

1: Scope and application

Unless there is a specific CSA design standard, S16 is to be

However, supplemental requirements may be needed.

S16 is to Canada as AISCs specification is to U.S.A.

1: Scope and application

1: Scope and application

Seismic design storey drift

2: Definitions and symbols

Generally all symbols are listed in Clause 2.2

Shop details also need to show protected zones

Building Information Modeling (BIM)

CISC Code of Standard Practice now has an appendix

5: Material Standards and identification

5: Material Standards and identification

5: Material Standards and identification

5: Material Standards and identification

13.5 Bending Laterally supported members

13.6 Bending Laterally unsupported members

NEW equation for Z2

Mmax = maximum factored bending moment magnitude

Position of the load with respect to the shear centre

13.6 (e) Flexure of monosymmetric sections

13.6 (e) Flexure of monosymmetric sections

13.6 (e) Flexure of monosymmetric sections

13.6 (e) Flexure of monosymmetric sections

13.2 Tension & 13.11 Block Shear

Ultimate Tensile Resistance:

Where here difference was either An or Ane

13.2 Tension & 13.11 Block Shear

12 Gross and net areas

13.11 Block shear

13.11 Block shear

where Ut is an efficiency factor & given in accompanying table

13.11 Block shear

Ut = 1.0 is used for symmetrical blocks or failure patterns and

13.11 Block shear

13.3 Axial compression

13.3 Axial compression

13.3 Axial compression

For usual cases this becomes

13.3.2 Flexural, torsional, or flexural-torsional buckling

13.3.3 Single-angle members in compression

13.3.3.2 Individual members and planar trusses

KL/r = 72 + 0.75 L/rx

L/rx > 80:

KL/r = 32 + 1.25 L/rx  200

13.3.3.2 Individual members and planar trusses

13.3.3.3 Box and space trusses

KL/r = 60 + 0.80 L/rx

L/rx > 75:

KL/r = 45 + L/rx  200

13.3.3.3 Box and space trusses

13.3.3.4 Other members

13.3.4 Segmented members in compression

KL/r = 32 + 1.25 L/rx 200

KL/r = 45 + L/rx 200

0.67Iw Aw X u (1.00 0.50 sin T ) M w